Mangroves are situated within the tidal limits on alluvial flats in the delta and on sheltered muddy coastal areas. They are stratified depending on how much the area is affected by the daily rise and fall of the tides. The most abundant species are Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Heritiera fomes, Xylocarpus moluccensis (syn Carapa moluccensis), Sonneratia apetala and Excoecaria agallocha.
Kermode, D.W.D. 1964. Some aspects of silviculture in Burma Forest. Rangoon, Forest Department
Year |
Area |
Source |
Trend |
Methodology/Comments |
1972 |
571 056 |
Anon. 1979. Situation on the Delta and Coastal Mangroves and Management Proposal. |
Cited in: FAO. 1992. Report on Rehabilitation, Conservation and Management of Ayeyarwady Mangroves. By Han, U.S. Feasibility study on mangrove reforestation project. FO:MYA/90/003 Field Document No 5. Yangon, Myanmar. 98 pp. | |
1972 |
571 100 |
Saenger, P., Hegerl E.J. and J.D.S., Davie. 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on Ecology Papers No.3. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland. 88 pp. |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. It seems to be based on Anon, 1979 (see above) | |
1972 |
571 071 |
Hthay, U. T. and U.S. Han. 1984. Mangrove forests of Burma. In: proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment Research and Management, Kuala Lumpur, August 25-29, 1980. p. 82-85 Edited by E. Soepadmo, A.N. Rao and D.J. MacIntosh. 1984. |
X |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. The figure reported in the table of the document is 570 070.59 ha |
1976 |
812 000 |
Wacharakitty, S. 1983. Mangrove Ecosystem in General. In: ESCAP/UNESCO/NRCT Regional Remote Sensing Training Course of Mangrove Ecosystem. p. 22-33. Bangkok, Nov. 28-Dec. 16 1983 |
Cited in: FAO. 1994. Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper 117. Rome, 319 pp. This figure could represent the extent of the mangroves and other wetlands. | |
1980 |
800 051 |
FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical Forest Resourcess Assesment Project, Forest Resources of Tropical Asia. FAO, UNEP, 475 pp. |
Based on landsat imagery 1976, estimated rate of deforestation till 1980. Small scale imageries (1:1 000 000 scale colour composites) could have led to an over estimate of the extent of mangroves. | |
1983 |
517 100 |
Saenger, P., Hegerl E.J. and J.D.S., Davie. 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on Ecology Papers No.3. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland. 88 pp. |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. The "Year" is the publication year. | |
1988 |
382 423 |
FAO. 1992. Report on Rehabilitation, Conservation and Management of Ayeyarwady Mangroves. By Han, U.S. Feasibility study on mangrove reforestation project. FO:MYA/90/003 Field Document No 5. Yangon, Myanmar. 98 pp. |
No primary source provided. | |
1994 |
945 000 |
FAO. 1994. Feasibility Study on Mangrove Reforestation, Myanmar. Project findings and recommendations. FO:DP/MYA/90/003 Terminal report. FAO, Rome. 14 pp. |
Secondary reference, no primary source provided. The "Year" is the publication year. Appears to be too high. | |
1994 |
378 600 |
Htay U.S.A. 1994. Re-afforestation of mangrove forests in Myanmar. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on ITTO Project: Development and Dissemination of Re-Afforestation Techniques of Mangrove Forests. JAM and NATMANCOM/NRCT. |
Cited in: Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. and Field, C.D., eds. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan. 178 pp. | |
1995 |
344 400 |
Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. and Field, C.D., eds. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan. 178 pp. |
Map analysis. (Ayeyarwady Delta | |
1995 |
785 000 |
Kiaw Tint. 1995. |
Cited in: FAO. 1997. Country Report-Union of Myanmar. Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study Working Paper Series (FAO), no. 8 / FAO, Rome, Italy, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; Ministry of Forestry, Yangon (Myanmar). 35 pp. Full reference for the figure not provided. | |
1996 |
421 900 |
MacKinnon J. 1996. Review of Biodiversity Conservation in the Indo-Malayan Realm. Draft report prepared by the Asia Bureau for Conservation in collaboration with the World Conservation Monitoring Center. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. |
Cited in: Brunner, J., Talbott, K., Elkin, C. 1998. Logging Bu World Resources Institute. 55 pp. http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_content.cfm?PubID=2928 | |
1996 |
452 492 |
Ibid. |
X |
Combined national level mangrove estimate, based on the following remote sensing studies: Rakhine: Japan Forest Technical Association (JAFTA). 1999. Activity report of wide area tropical forest resources survey (Union of Myanmar), ISDP-98-1 Information system development project for the management of tropical forest. (Ref. Year: 1995); Ayeyarwady: U Tin Hla, U Htun Paw Oo, FD, MOF. 2001. The Mangrove Forest of Myanmar. Cited by Lwin, U San, 2002. (Ref Year: 2001); Tanintharyi: Government of the Union of Myanmar. Remote sensing and GIS Division, Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry. 1999. Report on the land use status of Tanintharyi Division and Ye Township. (Ref Year: 1996); Mon: Myint, S. 1998. Final technical report on monitoring the land use changes of Thanton District of Mon State between 1993 and 1997. (Ref Year: 1998). The reference year is the area weighted average. |
2000 |
690 000 |
Aizpuru, M., Achard, F., and Blasco, F. 2000. Global Assessment of Cover Change of the Mangrove Forests using satellite imagery at medium to high resolution. In EEC Research project n 15017-1999-05 FIED ISP FR – Joint Research center, Ispra. |
National estimate extrapolated from the The Irrawady Delta remote sensing case study. |