APPENDIX IX: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Most terms used (such as digestible energy, food conversion ratio, decorticated, etc.) have been defined in the text. These may be located by using the index to the manual. Tables of conversions have been provided in Appendix X.

A number of other words have however been used without textual definition. These are covered in this appendix.

ANADROMOUS

Fish which return (from the sea) to rivers to spawn.

BIOMASS

The total weight of living matter present, expressed in terms of a given area or volume of the habitat. In aquaculture this word normally refers only to the species being cultured.

BINARY-TYPE DIETS

An alternative to farmers carrying out all of the processes involved in feed manufacture on the farm. In this type of feed the farmer buys, for example, a mixture of dry ingredients (including vitamins, minerals, etc.) and mixes them with another ingredient (usually trash fish). The farmer does not have the problems of purchasing, processing, mixing and storing a multiplicity of ingredients. The farmer relies on a professional feed manufacturer to mix the dry ingredients but can still make fresh (normally moist) feed on a daily basis. This type of feed is frequently used in eel feeding and (in Japan, for example) the feeding of marine fish in cages. Although called binary feeds (meaning two parts), in fact the farmer often adds one or two other ingredients, such as fish oil.

BLACKSTRAP

A type of molasses.

COMPOUND FEED

A feed composed of several ingredients.

DETRITUS

In aquaculture this term is used to represent the loose material which accumulates, through natural processes, at the bottom of ponds or other enclosures.

HYPERVITAMINOSIS

Condition caused by intake of toxic (i.e., excess) amounts of a vitamin.

INORGANIC

Concerning chemical componds which do not contain carbon as the principal element (excepting carbonates, cyanides and cyanates). Matter other than plant or animal.

METABOLISM

The physical and chemical processes by which feedstuffs are synthesized into complex elements (anabolism), complex substances are transformed into simple ones (catabolism), and energy is made available for use by an organism.

MINERAL

Naturally occurring substance with a characteristic chemical composition expressed by a chemical formula; may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. Trace elements are, in feedstuff usage, sometimes included in the term 'minerals' but many, such as chlorine and iodine, are gases in their elemental form. However, their source in feedstuffs is often a mineral substance, such as salt (NaCI), or potassium iodate (KIO₃). Supplementary minerals are often provided in compound feed manufacture as MINERAL MIXES (see PREMIX).

NUTRIENT

Substance which is or provides nourishment (food). In discussing feeds this word is often used to refer to dietary components, such as lipids, fatty acids, or minerals.

ORGANIC

Concerning chemical compounds based on carbon chains or rings and also containing hydrogen, with or without oxygen, nitrogen and other elements.

POLLARDS

Fine bran containing some flour.

PREMIX

This word means a 'preliminary mix' and is applied to mixtures of vitamins and minerals (alone or together) and other ingredients (such as medications, preservatives and antioxidants) which are included in diets in very small quantities. Pre-mixing these ingredients in a carrier (such as wheat bran) before adding them to the final mixture facilitates their better distribution. If an ingredient which is included in a formula at (say) 1 g per ton is put directly into the final mixture it will not be properly distributed.

PROXIMATE

The 'proximate' analyses consist of moisture, lipid, protein, fibre, ash, and (by difference) carbohydrate (NFE).

PURIFIED DIET

A feed made out of refined ingredients with defined analyses. For example, protein might be supplied by casein rather than fish meal. These feeds are used for nutritional research, not for commercial purposes.

TANK

An aquaculture production unit normally made out of concrete, metal, wood, plastic, etc. In this manual this word does not refer to small ponds or reservoirs which are normally referred to as tanks in the Indian sub-continent, for example.

TANKAGE

A protein concentrate made from meat scraps by the 'wet rendering' process, as opposed to meat meal, which is the result of 'dry rendering'.

TELSON

Central (pointed) portion of the tail of shrimp and prawns.

TRACE ELEMENTS

See MINERAL.

VITAMIN MIX

See PREMIX.

ANADROMOUS	Fish which return (from the sea) to rivers to spawn.
BIOMASS	The total weight of living matter present, expressed in terms of a given area or volume of the habitat. In aquaculture this word normally refers only to the species being cultured.
BINARY-TYPE DIETS	An alternative to farmers carrying out all of the processes involved in feed manufacture on the farm. In this type of feed the farmer buys, for example, a mixture of dry ingredients (including vitamins, minerals, etc.) and mixes them with another ingredient (usually trash fish). The farmer does not have the problems of purchasing, processing, mixing and storing a multiplicity of ingredients. The farmer relies on a professional feed manufacturer to mix the dry ingredients but can still make fresh (normally moist) feed on a daily basis. This type of feed is frequently used in eel feeding and (in Japan, for example) the feeding of marine fish in cages. Although called binary feeds (meaning two parts), in fact the farmer often adds one or two other ingredients, such as fish oil.
BLACKSTRAP	A type of molasses.
COMPOUND FEED	A feed composed of several ingredients.
DETRITUS	In aquaculture this term is used to represent the loose material which accumulates, through natural processes, at the bottom of ponds or other enclosures.
HYPERVITAMINOSIS	Condition caused by intake of toxic (i.e., excess) amounts of a vitamin.
INORGANIC	Concerning chemical componds which do not contain carbon as the principal element (excepting carbonates, cyanides and cyanates). Matter other than plant or animal.
METABOLISM	The physical and chemical processes by which feedstuffs are synthesized into complex elements (anabolism), complex substances are transformed into simple ones (catabolism), and energy is made available for use by an organism.
MINERAL	Naturally occurring substance with a characteristic chemical composition expressed by a chemical formula; may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. Trace elements are, in feedstuff usage, sometimes included in the term 'minerals' but many, such as chlorine and iodine, are gases in their elemental form. However, their source in feedstuffs is often a mineral substance, such as salt (NaCI), or potassium iodate (KIO₃). Supplementary minerals are often provided in compound feed manufacture as MINERAL MIXES (see PREMIX).
NUTRIENT	Substance which is or provides nourishment (food). In discussing feeds this word is often used to refer to dietary components, such as lipids, fatty acids, or minerals.
ORGANIC	Concerning chemical compounds based on carbon chains or rings and also containing hydrogen, with or without oxygen, nitrogen and other elements.
POLLARDS	Fine bran containing some flour.
PREMIX	This word means a 'preliminary mix' and is applied to mixtures of vitamins and minerals (alone or together) and other ingredients (such as medications, preservatives and antioxidants) which are included in diets in very small quantities. Pre-mixing these ingredients in a carrier (such as wheat bran) before adding them to the final mixture facilitates their better distribution. If an ingredient which is included in a formula at (say) 1 g per ton is put directly into the final mixture it will not be properly distributed.
PROXIMATE	The 'proximate' analyses consist of moisture, lipid, protein, fibre, ash, and (by difference) carbohydrate (NFE).
PURIFIED DIET	A feed made out of refined ingredients with defined analyses. For example, protein might be supplied by casein rather than fish meal. These feeds are used for nutritional research, not for commercial purposes.
TANK	An aquaculture production unit normally made out of concrete, metal, wood, plastic, etc. In this manual this word does not refer to small ponds or reservoirs which are normally referred to as tanks in the Indian sub-continent, for example.
TANKAGE	A protein concentrate made from meat scraps by the 'wet rendering' process, as opposed to meat meal, which is the result of 'dry rendering'.
TELSON	Central (pointed) portion of the tail of shrimp and prawns.
TRACE ELEMENTS	See MINERAL.
VITAMIN MIX	See PREMIX.