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Bibliography

REFERENCES ON CODES OF FOREST PRACTICE AND SIMILAR GUIDELINES

APA. 1993. Best management practices survey. Technical Release 93-R-37. Washington, DC, USA, American Pulpwood Association. 2 pp.

British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 1989. Interim harvesting guidelines for the interior of BC. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Canada. 10 pp. (Unpublished draft)

Cameron, A.L. & Henderson, L.E., eds. 1979. Environmental considerations for forest harvesting. Canberra and Melbourne, Australia, Harvesting Research Group, CSIRO. 71 pp.

Deal, E.L. & Hamilton, R.A. 1990. Pocket guide to the forest practices guidelines related to water quality. Extension Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. 31 pp.

DEC. 1985. Timber harvesting guidelines for New York. Leaflet LF-P185. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, USA. 8 pp.

FAO. 1977a. Guidelines for watershed management. Conservation guide 1. Rome, FAO. 293 pp.

FAO. 1988a. FAO watershed management field manual: landslide prevention measures. Conservation Guide 13/4. Rome, FAO. 156 pp.

FAO. 1989a. Forest management research and development, Papua New Guinea: project findings and recommendations. Project FO:DP/ PNG/84/ 003, Terminal report. Rome, FAO. 59 pp.

FAO. 1989b. Watershed management field manual: road design and construction in sensitive watersheds. Conservation Guide 13/5. Rome, FAO. 196 pp.

FAO & ILO. 1980. Chainsaws in tropical forests. FAO Training Series No. 2. Published jointly by FAO, Rome, Italy, and the International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. 96 pp.

FERIC. 1984. Handbook for ground skidding and road building in British Columbia. Vancouver, BC, Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 41 pp.

Fiji Ministry of Forests. 1990. Fiji national code of logging practice. Ministry of Forests, Suva, Fiji. 58 pp. (Plus 7-page booklet on chainsaw use and safety)

Forest Stewardship Council. 1993. Principles and criteria of natural forest management. Oaxaca, Mexico, Forest Stewardship Council. 13 pp.

Georgia Forestry Association. 1993. Best management practices. Georgia Trend, 8(11): 80.

Ghana Forestry Department. 1992. Logging manual for forest management in Ghana. Forestry Department, Accra, Ghana. 13 pp.

Green, R. & Tagamasau, A. 1992. A blueprint for sustainable use of PNG's forests: definitions and indicators of progress. Report of a workshop for Papua New Guinea. Canberra, Australia, CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. 37 pp.

Hamilton, L.S. & Snedaker, S.C., eds. 1984. Handbook for mangrove area management. Published jointly by the East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, USA; Gland, Switzerland, IUCN; Paris, France, UNESCO; and Nairobi, Kenya, UNEP. 123 pp.

Hogan, B. & Clinch, B. 1991. Montana forestry best management practices: forest stewardship guidelines for water quality. Publication EB0096. Montana State University Extension Service, Bozeman, MT, USA. 33 pp.

Initiative Tropenwald. 1993. Testkriterien zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Waldwirtschaftsbetrieben der Tropen. Berlin, Germany, Initiative Tropenwald. 29 pp.

ITTO. 1990. ITTO guidelines for the sustainable management of natural tropical forests. ITTO Technical Series No. 5. Yokohama, Japan, International Tropical Timber Organization. 18 pp.

ITTO. 1992. Criteria for the measurement of sustainable tropical forest management. ITTO Policy Development Series No. 3. Yokohama, Japan, International Tropical Timber Organization. 5 pp.

IUCN. 1980. World conservation strategy. Gland, Switzerland, World Conservation Union. (Portfolio of 3 booklets and 5 maps)

IUCN. 1990. The management of tropical moist forest lands: ecological guidelines. 2nd ed. Gland, Switzerland, World Conservation Union. 69 pp.

Jones, G.T. 1993. A guide to logging aesthetics. Publication NRAES-60. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Cooperative Extension. Ithaca, NY, USA. 29 pp.

Kochenderfer, J.N. 1970. Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians. Research Paper NE-158. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA, USA. 28 pp.

Korsgaard, S. 1985. Guidelines for sustained yield management of mixed dipterocarp forests of South East Asia. FAO Project GCP/RAS/106/JPN, Field Document No. 8. Bangkok, Thailand, FAO. 78 pp.

Lewis, T. 1991. Developing timber harvesting prescriptions to minimize site degradation. Land Management Report No. 62. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Canada. 64 pp.

Newton, C.M., Brynn, D.J., Capen, D.E., Clausen, J.C., Donnelly, J.R., Shane, J.B., Jr, Thomas, P.A., Turner, T.L. & Vissering, J.E. 1990. Impact assessment of timber harvesting activity in Vermont. University of Vermont, School of Natural Resources, in cooperation with Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Receation, and Associated Industries of Vermont. Burlington, VT, USA. 138 pp.

OFIA. 1992. Guiding principles and code of forest practices. Toronto, ON, Canada, Ontario Forest Industries Association. 12 pp.

Oregon Department of Forestry. 1992. Forest practice rules. Oregon Department of Forestry, Forest Practices Section, Salem, OR, USA. 72 pp.

OTA. 1984. Technologies to sustain tropical forest resources. OTA-F-214. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC, USA. 344 pp.

Packer, P.E. 1967. Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment. Forest Sci., 13: 2-18.

Pancel, L., ed. 1993. Tropical forestry handbook. Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag. 1 738 pp. (Two volumes)

Poore, D. & Sayer, J. 1990. The management of tropical moist forest lands: ecological guidelines. 2nd ed. Gland, Switzerland, World Conservation Union. 69 pp.

Queensland Forest Service. Undated. Guidelines for the selective logging of rainforest areas in north Queensland state forests and timber reserves. Queensland Forest Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 12 pp.

Rainforest Alliance. 1993. Generic guidelines for assessing natural forest management. New York, NY, USA, Smart Wood Certification Program, Rainforest Alliance. 8 pp.

UNEFOR. 1994. Código de conducta. Unión Nacional de Empresarios Forestales. Revista Forestal Centroamericana, 3(7). 50 pp.

Vaughan, L., Visser, R. & Smith, M. 1993. New Zealand forest code of practice. 2nd ed. Rotorua, New Zealand, Logging Industry Research Organisation (LIRO). 102 pp.

Washington State Forest Practices Board. 1982. Washington forest practices: rules and regulations. Public Lands Commission, State of Washington, Olympia, WA, USA. 104 pp.

WCB. 1981. Yarding and loading handbook. Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia, Richmond, BC, Canada. 182 pp.

WCB. 1983. Ground skidding handbook. Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia, Richmond, BC, Canada. 144 pp.

WCB. 1990. Fallers' & buckers' handbook. Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia, Richmond, BC, Canada. 132 pp.

WCB. 1990. Helicopter operations in the forest industry: a manual of standard practices. Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia, Richmond, BC, Canada. 66 pp.

OTHER REFERENCES

Abeli, W.S. & Dykstra, D.P. 1981. Logging and log transport in miombo woodland forests. Record No. 19. Division of Forestry, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania. 16 pp.

Abeli, W.S., Issara, D.G., Malilah, P.K. & Mrosso, D.K. 1988. Logging practices in Tanzanian natural forests. Pakistan J. For., 38(3): 133-141.

Adams, D. 1993. Felling techniques for riparian management zones. LIRO Rep., 18(11). 8 pp.

Allal, M. & Edmonds, G.A. with Bhalla, A.S. 1977. Manual del uso intensivo de mano de obra en la construcción de carreteras. Geneva, Switzerland, ILO. 271 pp.

Appanah, S. & Putz, F.E. 1984. Climber abundance in virgin dipterocarp forest and the effect of pre-felling climber cutting on logging damage. Malays. For., 47(4): 335-342.

Appanah, S., Weinland, G., Bossel, H. & Krieger, H. 1990. Are tropical rain forests non-renewable? An enquiry through modelling. J. Trop. For. Sci., 2(4): 331- 348.

Araki, D. 1990. Site disturbance training manual. Vancouver, BC, Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 76 pp.

ASA. 1982. Soil erosion and conservation in the tropics. Special Publication No. 43. Madison, WI, USA, American Society of Agronomy. 149 pp.

Aulerich, D.E. 1992. Planning requirements of harvesting tropical forests. Proc. IUFRO Symposium on Harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5-9 October 1992. 13 pp.

Aulerich, D.E., Aulerich, S.P. & Piedrahita, M. 1990. Applying steep terrain harvesting technology to the forests of Latin America. Proc. XIX World Congress of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Montreal, PQ, Canada, 5-11 August 1990. D3: 187- 197.

Aulerich, S.P. 1990. Wetland harvesting with cable systems. Paper 90-7574. Paper presented at the International Winter Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA. 10 pp.

Baharuddin Kasran. 1988. Effect of logging on sediment yield in a hill dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. J. Trop. For. Sci., 1(1): 56-66.

Bertault, J.G., Dupuy, B. & Maître, M.F. Silvicultural research for sustainable management of rain forest. In P.J. Wood, J.K. Vanclay & Wan Razali Wan Mohd, eds. The quest for sustainability: 100 years of silviculture and management in the tropics, p. 1-14. Proc. Tropical Silviculture Workshop at the IUFRO Centennial Conference, Berlin, Germany, 1-3 September 1992. Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, FRIM.

Blakeney, K.J. 1992. Cable and helicopter logging for reduced damage. Proc. IUFRO Symposium on Harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5-9 October 1992. 12 pp.

Bol, M.M.G.R. 1988. Economically and environmentally sound harvesting methods. Meddelelser fra Norsk Institutt for Skogforskning (Communications of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute), 41.22: 319-330.

Boxman, O., deGraff, N.R., Hendrison, J., Jonkers, W.B.J., Poels, R.L.H., Schmidt, P., Tjon Lim Sang, R. 1985. Towards sustained timber production from tropical rain forests in Suriname. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 33: 125-132.

Bradshaw, G. 1979. Preplanned skid trails and winching versus conventional harvesting on a partial cut. Research Note 62. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. 4 pp.

Brown, G.W. & Jemison, G.M. 1988. Timber harvest and environmental protection. Meddelelser fra Norsk Institutt for Skogforskning (Communications of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute), 41.23: 331- 336.

Brown, S. & Lugo, A.E. 1990. Tropical secondary forests. J. Trop. Ecol., 6: 1-32.

Bruijnzeel, L.A. 1990. Hydrology of moist tropical forests and effects of conversion: a state of knowledge review. Paris, France, UNESCO. 224 pp.

Brünig, E.F. & Poker, J. 1989. Management of tropical rainforests. Baden-Baden, Germany, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. 112 pp.

Budowski, G. 1988. Is sustainable harvest possible in the tropics? Am. For., 94(11 & 12): 34-37, 79-80.

Buenaflor, V.D. & Heinrich, R. 1980. FMC tracked skidder logging study in Indonesia. Project FO:INS/78/054. Working Paper No. 7. Bogor, Indonesia, FAO. 103 pp.

Buenaflor, V.D. 1990. Report on improved forest harvesting. UNDP/FAO Project FAO:DP/PNG/86/009. Lae, Papua New Guinea, Forest Research Institute. 36 pp.

Buschbacher, R.J. 1990. Natural forest management in the humid tropics: ecological, social, and economic considerations. Ambio., 19(5): 253-258.

Caldecott, J. 1988. A variable management system for the hill forests of Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Trop. For. Sci., 1(2): 103-113.

Chin, S.C. 1989. Managing Malaysia's forests for sustained production. Wallaceana, 55 & 56: 1-11.

Chua, D.K.H. 1986. Forest engineering - its role in the management of the mixed dipterocarp forest of Sarawak. Malays. For., 49(3): 306-312.

Cordero, W. 1988. Utilización del Sulky en Extracción de Madera con Bueyes. Serie Informativa Tecnología Apropiada 18, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica. 69 pp.

Costa Filho, P.P. 1991. Mechanized logging and the damages caused to tropical forests: case of the Brazilian Amazon. Voluntary contribution prepared for presentation at the 10th World Forestry Congress, Paris, France, 16-27 September 1991. 12 pp.

Costanza, R., ed. 1991. Ecological economics: the science and management of sustainability. New York, NY, USA, Columbia University Press.

Dada, S.A., Lucas, E.B. & Olorunniwo, F.O. 1989. A systems approach to planning and control of tree harvesting operations in the tropical high forests. In M.A. Pritchard, ed. A systems approach to forest operations planning and control. p. 147-153. Forestry Commission Bulletin 82. London, UK, Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Dawkins, H.C. 1958. The management of tropical high forest, with special reference to Uganda. IFI Paper 34. Oxford, UK, Imperial Forestry Institute.

DeBonis, J.N. 1986. Harvesting tropical forests in Ecuador. J. For., 84(4): 43-46.

Dykstra, D.P. 1976. Cable, balloon, and helicopter yarding compared for partial cutting and clearcutting in old-growth Douglas fir. Research Bulletin 22. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. 44 pp.

Dykstra, D.P. 1993a. Teaching environmentally benign logging methods in the professional and technical-level forestry schools of the Asia-Pacific region. Proc. 17th Session of the FAO Advisory Committee on Forestry Education, Bangkok, Thailand, 13-15 December 1993. Rome, FAO. 10 pp.

Dykstra, D.P. 1993b. Forest harvesting. In K.D. Singh, ed. Forest resources assessment 1990, tropical countries, p. 51-54 and Annex 1, Tables 5a-5c. FAO Forestry Paper 112. Rome, FAO.

Dykstra, D.P. 1993c. Tropical timber harvesting and the forestry profession. FAO For. Harv. Bull., 3(2): 2-4.

Dykstra, D.P. 1994. Timber harvesting and the problem of deforestation. FAO For. Harv. Bull., 4(1): 1-3.

Dykstra, D.P. & Heinrich, R. 1992. Sustaining tropical forests through environmentally sound timber harvesting practices. Unasylva, 169: 9-15.

Dykstra, D.P., Stokes, B.J., Costa Filho, P.P., Malinovski, J.R. & Lockaby, G. 1992. Field study of harvesting technologies in a tropical high forest of the Brazilian Amazon. Plan for collaborative research involving FAO, USDA Forest Service, EMBRAPA, Federal University of Paraná, Auburn University and SUDAM. Rome, FAO. 17 pp. (Also available in Portuguese)

Ellefson, P.V. & Cheng, A.S. 1994. State forest practice programs: regulation of private forestry comes of age. J. For., 92(5): 34-37.

Elliott, C. 1991. Tropical forest conservation. Position Paper 7. Gland, Switzerland, WWF International. 26 pp.

Estève, J. 1983. La destruction du couvert forestier consécutive à l'exploitation forestière de bois d'oeuvre en forêt dense tropicale humide africaine ou américaine. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 201: 77-84.

Estève, J. & Lepitre, C. 1970. Utilisation du tracteur articulé en exploitation forestière tropicale. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 130: 31-50 & 131: 51-68.

Estève, J. & Lepitre, C. 1972. Construction et coût des routes forestières en forêt dense tropicale. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 144: 33-53 & 145: 49-74.

Faber-Langendoen, D. 1992. Ecological constraints on rain forest management at Bajo Calima, western Colombia. For. Ecol. Manage., 53: 213-244.

FAO. 1974. Logging and log transport in tropical high forest. Publication P-37. Rome, FAO. 90 pp.

FAO. 1977b. Planning forest roads and harvesting systems. FAO Forestry Paper 2. Rome, FAO. 148 pp.

FAO. 1981. Cable logging systems. FAO Forestry Paper 24. Rome, FAO. 105 pp.

FAO. 1982a. Appropriate technology in forestry. FAO Forestry Paper 31. Rome, FAO, in collaboration with the Swedish International Development Authority, Stockholm. 137 pp.

FAO. 1982b. Basic technology in forest operations. FAO Forestry Paper 36. Rome, FAO. 132 pp.

FAO. 1985a. Intensive multiple-use forest management in the tropics. FAO Forestry Paper 55. Rome, FAO. 180 pp.

FAO. 1985b. Logging and transport in steep terrain. FAO Forestry Paper 14, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. 333 pp.

FAO. 1986. Wood extraction with oxen and agricultural tractors. FAO Forestry Paper 49. Rome, FAO. 96 pp.

FAO. 1987. Appropriate wood harvesting in plantation forests. FAO Forestry Paper 78. Rome, FAO. 266 pp.

FAO. 1988b. Case-study on intermediate technology in forest harvesting: agricultural tractor with winch, Tanzania. Finnish Funds-in-Trust, Project GCP/INT/427/FIN. FOPH Publication 1988/1. Rome, FAO. 45 pp. (Plus 30 slide transparencies)

FAO. 1988c. Case study on intermediate technology in forest harvesting: agricultural tractor and forest trailer with mechanical crane, Ethiopia. Swedish Funds-in-Trust, Project GCP/INT/343/SWE. FOPH Publication 1988/2. Rome, FAO. 40 pp. (plus 30 slide transparencies)

FAO. 1989c. Raw material procurement for forest industries in developing countries. FOPH Publication 1989/02. Rome, FAO Forest Harvesting and Transport Branch, FAO. 12 pp. (Plus 53 slide transparencies)

FAO. 1989d. Case-study on plastic log chute in steep terrain thinning operations. FOPH Publication 1989/5. Rome, Forest Harvesting and Transport Branch, FAO. 31 pp. (Plus 30 slide transparencies)

FAO. 1989e. Design manual on basic wood harvesting technology. FAO Training Series No. 18 (also issued as FAO Forestry Paper 91). Rome, FAO. 126 pp. (Six booklets)

FAO. 1989f. Small-scale harvesting operations of wood and non-wood forest products involving rural people. FAO Forestry Paper 87. Rome, FAO. 77 pp.

FAO. 1989g. Management of tropical moist forests in Africa. FAO Forestry Paper 88. Rome, FAO. 165 pp.

FAO. 1989h. Review of forest management systems of tropical Asia. FAO Forestry Paper 89. Rome, FAO. 228 pp.

FAO. 1990. Case-study on integrated small-scale forest harvesting and wood processing operation. FOPH Publication 1990/3. FAO, Rome, Forest Harvesting and Transport Branch. 27 pp. (Plus 30 slide transparencies)

FAO. 1991. Case study on forest harvesting with small-scale mobile cable system. FOPH Publication 1991/2.Rome, FAO, Forest Harvesting and Transport Branch. 16 pp.

FAO. 1992a. Cost control in forest harvesting and road construction. FAO Forestry Paper 99. Rome, FAO. 106 pp. (with MS-DOS diskette)

FAO. 1992b. Introduction to ergonomics in forestry in developing countries. FAO Forestry Paper 100. Rome, FAO. 200 pp.

FAO. 1993a. Reduction of wood waste by small- scale log production and conversion in tropical high forest. FAO Forest Harvesting Case Study 1. Rome, FAO, Forest Harvesting and Transport Branch. 33 pp.

FAO. 1993b. The challenge of sustainable forest management: what future for the world's forests? Rome, FAO. 128 pp.

FAO. 1993c. Forest resources assessment 1990: tropical countries. FAO Forestry Paper 112. Rome, FAO. 101 pp.

FAO. 1993d. Management and conservation of closed forests in tropical America. FAO Forestry Paper 101. Rome, FAO. 141 pp.

Fearnside, P.M. 1989. Forest management in Amazonia: the need for new criteria in evaluating development options. For. Ecol. Manage., 27: 61-79.

Finegan, B. 1992. The management potential of neotropical secondary lowland rain forest. For. Ecol. Manage., 47: 295- 321.

Forest Engineering Inc. 1991. Proc. Symposium on Forest Harvesting in Southeast Asia, Singapore, 17-20 June 1991. Corvallis, OR, USA, Forest Engineering Inc. 140 pp.

Fox, J.E.D. 1968. Logging damage and the influence of climber cutting prior to logging in the lowland dipterocarp forest of Sabah. Malays. For., 31(4): 326-347.

Froehlich, H.A., Aulerich, D.E. & Curtis, R. 1981. Designing skid trail systems to reduce soil impacts from tractive logging machines. Research Paper 44. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. 15 pp.

Gayoso, J. & Iroumé, A. 1991. Compaction and soil disturbances from logging in southern Chile. Ann. Sci. For., 48: 63- 71.

Gómez-Pompa, A., Vásquez-Yanes, C. & Guevara, C. 1972. The tropical rain forest: a non-renewable resource. Science, 177: 762-765.

Hamilton, L.S. 1988. Minimizing the adverse impacts of harvesting in humid tropical forests. In A.E. Lugo, J.R. Clark & R.D. Child, eds. Ecological development in the humid tropics, p. 191-235. Morrilton, AR, USA, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development.

Hartshorn, G.S. 1989. Gap-phase dynamics and tropical tree species richness. In L.B. Holm-Nielsen, I.C. Nielsen & H. Balslev, eds. Tropical forests: botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity, p. 65-73. London, UK, Academic Press.

Hawthorne, W.D. 1993. Forest regeneration after logging: findings of a study in the Bia South Game Production Reserve, Ghana. ODA Forestry Series No. 3. London, UK, Overseas Development Administration (ODA) and Kent, UK, Natural Resources Institute (INRI). 52 pp.

Heinrich, R. 1992. Environmentally sound forest harvesting to sustain tropical forests. Proc. IUFRO Symposium on Harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5-9 October 1992. 10 pp.

Hemphill, D.C. 1987. A preliminary description of logging road construction practises for unstable soils used in the U.S. northwest. Project Report 31. Rotorua, New Zealand, Logging Industry Research Organization (LIRO). 42 pp.

Hendrison, J. 1989. Damage-controlled logging in managed tropical rain forests in Suriname. Ecology and Management of Tropical Rain Forests in Suriname Series . Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen Agricultural University. 204 pp.

Hill, P.J. 1982. Principles of planning for forest harvesting. LIRO Rep., 7(4): 1-4.

Howard, A.F. 1993. A linear programming model for predicting the sustainable yield of timber from a community forest on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage., 61(1-2): 29-43.

ILO. 1987. The transfer of basic technology from the ECE region to other regions. Proceedings of an international workshop held in the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 23-27 June 1986. Geneva, Switzerland, International Labour Organisation (ILO). 113 pp.

ILO. 1992. Fitting the job to the forest worker: an illustrated training manual on ergonomics. Geneva, Switzerland, International Labour Organisation (ILO). 128 pp.

Jackson, B.D. & Stokes, B.J. 1990. Low-impact harvesting systems for wet sites. General Technical Report 70, vol. 2, p. 701-709. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Jagels, R. 1990. Is sustainable use feasible? Tropical forest exploitation revisited. J. For., 88(11): 43-46.

Johns, A.D. 1986. Effects of selective logging on the behavioural ecology of West Malaysian primates. Ecology, 67(3): 684- 694.

Johns, A.D. 1988. Effects of "selective" timber extraction on rain forest structure and composition and some consequences for frugivores and folivores. Biotropica, 20(1): 31-37.

Jonkers, W.B.J. 1987. Vegetation structure, logging damage and silviculture in a tropical rain forest in Suriname. Ecology and Management of Tropical Rain Forest in Suriname Series No. 3. Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen Agricultural University. 172 pp.

Jonsson, T. & Lindgren, P. 1990. Logging technology for tropical forests: for or against? Kista, Sweden, the Forest Operations Institute "Skogsarbeten." Report from the pre-project, "Improvement of harvesting systems for the sustainable management of tropical rain forests", carried out for ITTO, Yokohama, Japan. 125 pp.

Jusoff, K. 1988. Soil compaction from off- road transportation machine on tropical hill forest land. Pertanika, 11(1): 31- 37.

Jusoff, K. & Majid, N.M. 1986. The impact of skid trails on the physical properties of tropical hill forest soils. Pertanika, 9(3): 311-321.

Kirby, M.W. & J.B. Rupe. 1987. The cost of avoiding sedimentation. J. For., 85(4): 39-40.

Kleine, M. & Heuveldop, J. 1993. A management planning concept for sustained yield of tropical forests in Sabah, Malaysia. For. Ecol. Manage., 61: 277-297.

Laarman, J., Virtanen, K. & Jurvelius, M. 1981. Choice of technology in forestry: a Philippine case study. Geneva, Switzerland, International Labour Organisation (ILO). 115 pp.

Lai, F.S. & Norajiki, A.J. 1988. Some stream water quality characteristics of two small logged-over watersheds in Selangor. Pertanika, 11(3): 461-468.

Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silviculture in the tropics. Eschborn, Germany, GTZ. 296 pp.

Leslie, A.J. 1987. The economic feasibility of natural management of tropical forests. In F. Mergen & J.R. Vincent, eds. Natural management of tropical moist forests, p. 177-198. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Löffler, H.D. 1988. Classification of forest terrain according to the risk of soil damage by forest operations. Meddelelser fra Norsk Institutt for Skogforskning (Communications of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute) 41.32: 465-479.

Ludwig, R. 1992. Cable crane yarding, an economical and ecologically suitable system for commercial timber harvesting in logged-over rainforests of the Philippines. Proc. IUFRO Symposium on Harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5-9 October 1992. 12 pp.

Lugo, A.E. 1990. Forest management for ecological stability: a call for leadership. Proc. Society of American Foresters National Convention, 29 July to 1 August 1990, Washington, DC, USA. p. 27-30.

Lugo, A.E., Clark, J.R. & Child, R.D., eds. 1987. Ecological development in the humid tropics. Morrilton, AR, USA, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 362 pp.

Lysons, H.H. & Twito, R.H. 1973. Skyline logging: an economical means of reducing environmental impact of logging. J. For., 71: 580-583.

Malaysian Forester. 1986. Editorial: Forest operations and timber industries. Malays. For., 49(3): 206-207.

Malmer, A. & Grip, H. 1990. Soil disturbance and loss of infiltrability caused by mechanized and manual extraction of tropical rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia. For. Ecol. Manage., 38: 1-12.

Manikam, D. 1983. The skidding component of the mixed peat swamp logging system. Malays. For., 46(3): 327-346.

Marn, H.M. & Jonkers, W. 1982. Logging damage in tropical high forest. In P.B.L. Srivastava et al., eds. Tropical forests: source of energy through optimisation & diversification, p. 27-38. Proceedings of an international conference held 11-15 November 1980 at Penerbit Universiti Pertanian, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Mazier, D., Baumgartner, L. & Lepitre, C. 1975. Classification des terrains pour l'exploitation forestière tropicale: application au cas du Gabon. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 162: 47-67.

McCallum, B. 1993. Equipping the farm tractor for forest operations. Handbook HB-11. Pointe Claire, PQ, Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. 73 pp.

Mendoza, G.A. & Ayemou, A.O. 1992. Analysis of some forest management strategies in Côte d'Ivoire: a regional case study. For. Ecol. Manage., 47: 149-174.

Mendoza, G.A. & Setyarso, A. 1986. A transition matrix forest growth model for evaluating alternative harvesting schemes in Indonesia. For. Ecol. Manage., 15: 219-228.

Mergen, F. & Vincent, J.R., eds. 1987. Natural management of tropical moist forests. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. 212 pp.

Migunga, G.A. & Dykstra, D.P. 1983. Time study on cutting with crosscut saw and chainsaw in a Tanzanian softwood plantation. Record No. 30. Division of Forestry, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania. 18 pp.

Negreros-Castillo, P. & Mize, C. 1993. Effects of partial overstory removal on the natural regeneration of a tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico. For. Ecol. Manage., 58: 259-272.

Newman, A. 1990. Tropical rainforest. New York, NY, USA, Facts on File. 256 pp.

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