| Financing the eradication of rinderpest and other major epidemic diseases - the EU strategy and experience in Africa | Michael Dale |
| Financing the eradication of rinderpest and other major epidemic diseases - the EU strategy and experience in Asia | Alain Vandersmissen |
| IFAD experience of a multi-donor initiative for financing the eradication of the NWSW and the follow-up | Ahmed Sidahmed |
Michael Dale26
Africa is a continent struggling to feed a rapidly growing human population. The reality is that within 13/14 years there will be 50% more people to feed. In just over 20 years the population will have doubled (if 3% population increase is used). Urbanisation is expected to rise from an average of 30 % to over 50%. This urbanisation is and will create new patterns of food production, marketing and consumption. Because of the high population growth, there is an ever increasing demand on natural resources that exceed assimilation and regeneration capacity leading to increasing poverty. Increasingly this may well lead to a poor trade off, of long-term sustainable resource use against short-term consumption of stocks. Clearly strategies will need to be formulated that will address and foster an increase in food and livestock production but clearly need to be sustainably integrated with economic, social and environmental long term objectives.
Population growth must inevitably transform agriculture, and it is already doing so, e.g. periurban livestock development. This development must lead to increased efficiency and, as a consequence, intensification of agriculture and livestock production will probably lead to the development of mixed crop/livestock systems as a response to increasing demographic pressures. The motor to drive this system must come through incentives to farmers through a proper liberalization of the sector within an enabling policy environment. Clearly then, there must be a two way relationship between the functioning of the system and farmer level in addressing the problem of house hold resources security (i.e. land/labour/capital), bottoms-up approach; and the realisation of natural and regional objective - top-down approach. That relationship must be governed by sustainable workable mechanisms between those two needs in order to create the necessary enabling environment.
Clearly, agriculture and livestock development has to be considered as part of global rural development taking into account the complexity of the problems of socio-economics, demographic, physical and political aspects involved.
Among the key issues to be addressed will be the question of land use and land owner-ship which will need to be better defined.
the impoverishment of rural communities has close links with the degradation of the environment and will inevitably cause a disequilibrium in rural societies.
the increase participation of rural communities in their own development.
I believe that the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign financed by the EU since 1986 has made substantial contribution to the livestock sector in addressing some of the key issues: the eradication of rinderpest; introduction of privatisation of the veterinary services, insistence on cost recovery regional coordination etc.
However, while there has been a certain success in some aspects, the virtual eradication of rinderpest in West Africa, where vaccination should now cease. The disease is only in Sudan/Ethiopia and a few/pockets elsewhere, other aspects still need to be continued and supported veterinary service privatisation which has had some problems, legislation etc.
26 European Commission, DG VIII - E/6, Rue de Geneve, 12, Brussels, Belgium.
This has to be considered long-term investment. In effect, the emphasis has now changed from purely rinderpest concerns to other aspects. The philosophy of PARC now needs to be addressed in order to determine the best way forward. Although it is hoped that the evaluation of the PARC programme will come up with strategies we can already distinguish already certain important themes which will have to be addressed.
the mandate of regional coordination units to take into account other animal health problems other than rinderpest - CBPP/foot and mouth/trypanosomiasis etc.
regional coordination.
relationship with other sub-regional organisations.
implication of research specially adaptive research to meet immediate farmer/community needs.
intensification of the agricultural/livestock production-mixed crop/livestock systems.
environmental monitoring/land use and planning, land ownership, strategic plans for development/safe guard bio-diversity and the use of local African breeds of livestock.
training of veterinarians (not enough training in animal production) less emphasis on clinical training but more specifically aimed at animal production in developing communities as well as research.
In essence not only will any new PARC project need to widen its mandate in order to address the needs of the communities within which it is working but will need to make every effort to rationalise its activities making maximum use of sub-regional possibilities in order to capitalise on the use of diminishing human and financial resources.
Alain Vandersmissen 27
1. Introduction
The Animal Production and Health (APH) Sector, or Livestock Sector, accounts for an average of nearly one fifth of the agricultural GDP of Asian countries excluding China (1984/86) but as much as 39% in countries like Laos (1995). Most of their populations is engaged to a significant extent in animal breeding and their income rely largely on livestock directly or indirectly. Animal production is deeply integrated with crop production. Livestock also generate income directly through the sale of animal products and their processing, and indirectly through handicraft, manufacture of agricultural tools for animal draft and various services, including animal inputs production and distribution and veterinary services.
2. General framework of the actions promoted and funded by the European Commission in the Livestock Sector in Asia
Actions for the development of the APH Sector are indissociable of the European Union's (EU) political and economical relations with Asian countries. Such actions, including those aiming at Rinderpest eradication and at the control of other livestock diseases, can substantially contribute to the achievements of the objectives of the EU New Asia Strategy, presented by the European Commission (EC) to the European Council in July 1994.
As seen from the importance of the APH Sector to Asian economies and populations, it has a great potential for promoting the economic development of the less prosperous countries and regions in Asia, poverty alleviation and sustainable growth, one of the four main objectives of the Strategy.
As to social equity, livestock keeping is a promising sector for alleviating poverty in rural areas, since farmers often belong to the poor social classes, and extreme poverty found in cities. Cheaper animal products will become available to the most deprived populations. Breeding of shortcycle animals is particularly adapted to the needs of women, who are usually largely engaged in animal husbandry, have less job opportunities than men and limited financial and time availability. Increased family income usually reduces discrimination towards girls for access to food, school and health services.
Because livestock and crop production are so deeply integrated, the two sectors must be developed simultaneously. Furthermore, improvement of livestock productivity must be considered as an integrated part of the overall rural development and one of the few possible brakes upon migration to cities.
Reasons for the low animal productivity are numerous: insufficient and inefficient delivery of veterinary and extension services; high prevalence of diseases, including major epizootics and parasites; poor management practice and nutrition; low level of awareness of farmers; marketing constraints, etc.
Control of zoonotic diseases is particularly important in countries where the level of hygiene and nutrition of the populations favours their spread.
Trade, joint ventures, scientific collaboration and joint Research & Development projects in the field of APH will strengthen the EU economic presence in Asia, another main objective.
Through its New Political Approach towards Asia, the EU aims at strengthening the political dialogue with Asia and making a positive contribution to peaceful development and stability in the region. Regional and sub-regional co-ordination in the field of animal production and health, particularly the control of animal movements and diseases, will undeniably strengthen political ties between countries.
The EU New Trade and Co-operation Approach towards Asia proposes to assist the on-going reforms in previously centrally-planned Asian economies. This is of particular relevance to the Livestock Sector where inputs and services are predominantly delivered by the public sector and often still highly subsidised. A slow move is made towards cost recovery price policies, often unpopular but necessary due to budgetary constraints and the low commitment of beneficiaries that subsidies induce.
In order to maintain an open rule-based world trade system, appropriate control of animal and zoonotic diseases are required.
In the field of preservation of resources of common interest such as environment, animal production can be considered as a mean for agriculture intensification by providing draft power, manure utilised as fertiliser and as fuel, and as a biological factor for rangeland management.
In addition to these direct and specific contributions of the APH sector, improvement of living standards will strive for regional peace and stability, by reducing social frustrations and increasing governments' credibility to the citizens, and for natural resources preservation, when populations will be in a better position to adopt environmental friendly practice.
3. Type and contents of EC-funded actions in the APH Sector in Asia
Present projects in the APH Sector aim at strengthening Veterinary Services for livestock disease control, with special emphasis on institutional strengthening. Project objectives include the sustainable control and eradication of major epizootics, such as Rinderpest, Foot and Mouth Disease, etc.
Major components are policy formulation, formulation and enactment of a veterinary legislation, improved border control, upgrading of diagnostic and vaccine production capabilities, setup of information systems, increasing the efficiency of field veterinary services, etc. Development of human resources and harmonious complementarity between the private and public sectors are important orientations of these projects. Reinforcement of international, regional and sub-regional collaboration in the field of APH is also included as a project component. The EC considers indeed that such co-operation is desirable but that each country is entitled to go in this direction at its own pace and according to its own priorities.
4. The evolution in the design of APH projects: lessons from the past
The EC has assisted numerous APH projects in Asia for the past 15 years. A recent analysis of six of them has brought to the fore a significant evolution of project design. Three broad categories of projects could be described, including consolidation phases, considered as new projects. Project classification is shown in Table 1, and their main features are summarised below. These projects are implemented in five different countries. Three of them aim at intensification of livestock production and the other three aim at strengthening Veterinary Services.
The consolidation phase of the first two projects is presently coming to an end, while the other four projects are still going on. Rinderpest, once a calamity in India, is likely to be eradicated from the country within the project framework. During its course, the EC-assisted project in Bhutan has included FMD control in its activities. Encouraged by these national EC-funded projects, the Veterinary Services of India, Nepal and Bhutan have held bilateral meetings on Rinderpest eradication issues. It is hoped that multilateral meetings will soon take place.
| Project | Category | |
|---|---|---|
| ALA/79/04 | Balochistan Livestock Development - Balochistan, Pakistan | 1 |
| Consolidation phase | 3 | |
| ALA/80/12 | Baturraden Dairy Development - Central Java, Indonesia | 1 |
| Consolidation phase | 2 | |
| ALA/87/04 | Sheep Development - Tamil Nadu, India | 1 |
| Consolidation phase | 3 | |
| ALA/89/04 | Strengthening of Veterinary Services for Livestock Disease Control - | 2 |
| ALA/90/08 | Strengthening of Veterinary Services for Livestock Disease Control - | 2 |
| ALA/94/17 | Strengthening of Veterinary Services for Livestock Disease Control - | 3 |
Category 1 projects focus mostly on technical aspects and physical outputs (infrastructures and heavy equipment).
Category 2 projects give increasing attention to training, especially technical training of government staff, and to institutions development, including policy formulation and regional co-ordination. In parallel, needs in infrastructures are met through the renovation of existing buildings rather than the construction of new ones. Appropriate provision for light equipment, including computing facilities, is made.
Category 3 projects further emphasise monitoring and evaluation, financial viability, and integration between public services and the private sector (for inputs and services delivery), complementing and supporting each other. Training of field veterinary services, extension with farmers through Village Workers are important components.
The EC has also recently, as an exceptional measure taken on request of the FAO, organised the emergency sending of 3 million doses of Rinderpest vaccine to the Northern Areas of Pakistan28. This project, which had a value of a test, was unusual for the Directorate South and Southeast Asia, which does not possess any mechanism to respond to emergencies in the field of Animal Health. Although the action was highly justified by the epidemiological situation, and in particular by the danger of Rinderpest dissemination to the South and to Afghanistan, strong limiting factors within the Pakistani Veterinary Services have adversely affected the results of this effort. This state of fact, which had been considered as a major risk at the time of deciding to fund the action, confirms the necessity of targeting institutional strengthening in the APH Sector before, or at least in parallel, with more technically orientated actions.
It can be concluded that experience from previous projects in the APH sector has been best used to improve project design: in addition to technical aspects initially present, present projects also address managerial needs for planning, regulating, reporting, coordinating, implementing and monitoring. Human resources are developed adequately to meet these needs. Similar changes are also introduced when projects are extended and when short-term missions are fielded by the EC. Improvement of project design is also related to the evolution of the concept of development itself and to the introduction of the logical framework, precious tool for the project cycle. Finally projects have evolved in the line of the development and economical orientations of the Strategy towards Asia. As a result of this evolution, project implementation has become easier and substantial and sustainable outputs are achieved at project completion.
28 Project Pakistan ALA/95/09 “Emergency Supply of Rinderpest Vaccine for Northern Areas”
5. Prospects for the future
The European Commission is currently preparing similar projects for strengthening of Veterinary Services in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia.
In addition the Commission will finance the South Asia Rinderpest Eradication CampaignSupport Project, SAREC-SP, which will be the first project executed in the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding between the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, SAARC, and the EC, signed on July 10, 1996 in Brussels. The purposes of this project are to achieve the sustainable eradication of Rinderpest from South Asia and to strengthen veterinary co-operation which is mutually beneficial to Member Countries of the SAARC. A major output expected from the project is an institutionalised co-operation between Veterinary Services of SAARC Member Countries, in support of i) harmonisation of animal health legislation; ii) improved control of livestock border movements; iii) exchange of vital epidemiological information. The SAREC-SP is designed to dovetail in a flexible, need-based manner with the efforts and policies of national authorities of SAARC countries for Rinderpest eradication and control of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR). The project will provide them the required inputs and techniques, including a highly specialised technical assistance component that will be delivered in collaboration with the FAO. Present experience in Nepal shows that, with limited technical assistance inputs, substantial outputs can be achieved within a very short time in the field of legislation formulation and enactment.
Given the importance of the APH Sector for Asian countries, the EC will give special attention to new projects, be they classical or more innovative, provided that they are well integrated in the regional context and in the overall strategy of the EU in Asia, and that they include a strong component of institutional development at all levels, from policy formulation to field activities.
Ahmed E. Sidahmed29
As you meet to express your determination to see a world without rinderpest, I want to share with you some reasons for optimism based on facts well known to most of you. On 22 June 1992, Libya officially declared New World Screwworm (NWS) eradicated. The announcement was made at a ceremony in Tripoli attended by representatives from FAO, IFAD, UNDP and diplomats of countries supporting several bilateral agencies. Confirmation of the eradication was based on more than one year of intensive surveillance following the detection of the last positive case in April 1991. This was a record achievement. The pest was eradicated just after 3 years of the confirmation of its presence in Libya, and only 16 months from the start-off of the multi-donor campaign.
When the screwworm was positively identified in Libya, IFAD took the initiative and played a major role in designing the pilot phase and provided the necessary financial resources which allowed FAO to test the sterile insect technique for the first time in a country outside the Americas. The pilot phase (20 June 1990 to 14 February 1991) provided a critical mass of sterile flies to the major hot spots of the infested areas in Libya and overlapped with the major multidonor eradication programme which was executed by FAO through the Screwworm Emergency Centre for North Africa (SECNA). The task was an outstanding success and its operations were completed in June 1992, as originally scheduled.
The programme was complicated, challenging and involved 15 donor countries, seven recipient countries and five multilateral institutions. The total cost of the programme was estimated at US$ 75 million of which multi-donor contribution (hard currency) amounted to US$ 32 millions and Libya US$ 33.5 million. The programme was completed in less time and far less cost than was originally anticipated. An independent study showed a benefit:cost ratio of more than 50:1 in North Africa and the Near East Region (NENA) and 3:1 in Libya. This is significant saving because the cost of living with the NWS in terms of surveillance, animal treatment, mortality, and low productivity is enormous. If the pest was not eradicated from Libya, that country would have been spending more than US$ 28.0 million annually for inspection and treatment against the NWS.
For IFAD, same as for FAO and the members of the international community, this tremendous achievement was a living example of how effective could international cooperation be, irrespective of the challenge or the difficulties encountered. The record of the NWS campaign for which I was the FAO Senior Operations Officer under the leadership of the AGA Director has been sufficiently documented by FAO. One important feature of the programme was its close interaction with the donor community, and with the world at large. The Co-ordination Committee meetings held in FAO were periodic, well organised and well attended. A monthly newsletter was dispatched electronically by fax to a very wide range of professionals, policy makers and donors all over the world. Involving the various sectors of the Libya public through various media channels was an important part of the eradication programme. In addition, IFAD sponsored a very efficient regional communication and public awareness campaign.
Following declaration of eradication all donors and participating entities, agreed to use the un-spent funds in a preventive phase in order to safeguard what have been achieved and to avoid the possibility of pest resurgence in North Africa from the enzootic areas and to improve the technology of NWS eradication. The preventive phase included a set of risk-minimization strategies against future re-infestation and was carried out as an interim measure. This took the form of temporary supporting systems to monitor and report animal health/disease information, and to coordinate early warning and emergency preparedness, in the region.
29 Technical Advisor (Livestock and Rangeland Management), Technical Advisory Division, IFAD, Rome.
IFAD realizes that NWS is not the only threat to the animal welfare in the region. Rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and brucellosis are major concerns. Also, several outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants, sheep pox and others have also been recorded recently, and a wide range of diseases in ruminants and poultry are endemic in the region. In epidemiological terms, this region is part of a larger zone linked by a traditional legal and illegal movement of animals. To effectively address the animal disease-ridden scourge afflicating the region, it would be of primary importance to confine these diseases to the pockets where they currently persist through sustainable and well-focused pest and disease control operations until the problem is solved. To achieve this, one of the prerequisites would be the establishment of a carefully planned and highly reliable flow of information on the occurrence of the diseases, movements through hosts, geographical and regional distribution.
Realizing the dimensions of the problem, IFAD communicated with FAO early 1993 and both institutions collaborated closely in developing the details for a regional initiative envisaged as a follow-up to the successful screwworm eradication campaign in North Africa and as an activity to reduce the risk of future re-infestation. In June 1993 IFAD and FAO agreed on a strategy to improve animal health in North Africa region. This strategy was further modified during the programme formulation stages to include the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa.
The formulation phase of the new initiative was sponsored by IFAD through a preliminary grant using un-disbursed funds saved from the resources which were earmarked for the rundown phase of the NWS eradication programme. FAO implemented the formulation phase on behalf of the two agencies. Direct assistance to the formulation was provided by the Italian State Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Institute (IZSAM) – an FAO collaborating centres for veterinary epidemiology and informatics - and by the governments of Bahrain and Morocco. All of these collaborators committed resources to the preparatory phase of the programme by (i) sponsoring expert consultancies for the initial formulation mission, (ii) hosting the Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO) workshop held in Rabat, Morocco, and (iii) organizing the CVO workshop in Teramo. Twenty-nine countries in North Africa, Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula expressed interest to participate. This collaborative effort, which should be considered as another display of unity between several parties in search of a long lasting solution to regional animal health constraints, convinced IFAD's Executive Board in September 1995 to grant FAO US$ 1.25 million to implement a programme for the establishment of a Regional Animal Disease Surveillance and Control Network (RADISCON).
The immediate objective of the programme includes the establishment of a regional animal disease surveillance and control network in the participating countries, and an operational unit dedicated to animal disease surveillance for each of these countries by the end of 1996. This pre-empts bringing together in phases the participating countries which have expressed a strong interest in establishing a network. This programme would improve and build the physical, technical and human capacities of the veterinary services in each country. The strengthened veterinary services would be able to; (i) share animal disease and other related epidemiological information (including quantification and geographical data on infestations), (ii) implement effectively and assist each other in quarantine, isolation and control measures.
The programme will be implemented by FAO. It will be conducted under the umbrella of a Regional Animal Health Forum. The Forum's objectives include increased livestock productivity, reduction of the prevalence of zoonotic disease and promotion of trade in healthy animals and safe animal products. The RADISCON initiative is meant to be an important building block in the evolution of the Forum which will comprise the following:
an animal disease surveillance and control network;
a veterinary investigation service and field research;
improved animal disease diagnostic capacities and applied research;
upgraded animal quarantine capabilities; and
training appropriate to these activities.
Recognizing that these components are interrelated, a gradual and systematic building of activities is envisaged with animal disease surveillance (through RADISCON) taking the lead role.
The process of interaction between IFAD, an international financial agency committed toward poverty alleviation and household food security issues, and FAO - the globally accredited normative institution with the primary objective of advancing international agriculture - continues. Implicitly this process reflects the solid backing of the international community which has been investing and benefiting from establishing and maintaining these two organizations. The collaborative initiative which culminated in the eradication of the NWS from North Africa continued to the Caribbean Islands where IFAD has recently (April Board 1996)approved a US$ 1.0 million Grant for FAO to assist in the multidonor Amblyomma Control Programme in the CARICOM countries. IFAD's input to this programme is exclusively dedicated for supporting FAO in testing the adoption of the USA generated biorational control technique using decoys or biochemical signals. The Grant has the major objective of developing a sustainable and an environmentally friendly approach for control; should be flexible and should allow modifications to the technique by incorporating the Duncan Self-Medicating Applicators (rub-on stick approach) used in Zimbabwe. Also there should be room to test other biological systems as far as they have no additional cost or delay implications on the planned research.
On the other hand, the concept of RADISCON would hopefully continue and expand to other regions in Africa, Latin America and Asia. A promising note relates to the latest interaction between IFAD and FAO in conceptualizing another complementary initiative in Southern Africa. The effort accomplished so far is at its infancy and has been limited to the DANIDA/IFAD sponsored study on “Veterinary and animal control measures and reporting network to promote livestock production and marketing in the SADC region”. However, technical consultation continues with FAO in order to develop a strategic linkage with the animal disease component of the FAO global programme on Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pest Diseases (EMPRES).
FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS
FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPERS
| 1 | Animal breeding: selected articles from the World Animal Review, 1977 (C E F S) |
| 2 | Eradication of hog cholera and African swine fever, 1976 (E F S) |
| 3 | Insecticides and application equipment for tsetse control, 1977 (E F) |
| 4 | New feed resources, 1977 (E/F/S) |
| 5 | Bibliography of the criollo cattle of the Americas, 1977 (E/S) |
| 6 | Mediterranean cattle and sheep in crossbreeding, 1977 (E F) |
| 7 | The environmental impact of tsetse control operations, 1977 (E F) |
| 7 Rev. 1 | The environmental impact of tsetse control operations, 1980 (E F) |
| 8 | Declining breeds of Mediterranean sheep, 1978 (E F) |
| 9 | Slaughterhouse and slaughterslab design and construction, 1978 (E F S) |
| 10 | Treating straw for animal feeding, 1978 (C E F S) |
| 11 | Packaging, storage and distribution of processed milk, 1978 (E) |
| 12 | Ruminant nutrition: selected articles from the World Animal Review, 1978 (C E F S) |
| 13 | Buffalo reproduction and artificial insemination, 1979 (E *) |
| 14 | The African trypanosomiases, 1979 (E F) |
| 15 | Establishment of dairy training centres, 1979 (E) |
| 16 | Open yard housing for young cattle, 1981 (Ar E F S) |
| 17 | Prolific tropical sheep, 1980 (E F S) |
| 18 | Feed from animal wastes: state of knowledge, 1980 (C E) |
| 19 | East Coast fever and related tick-borne diseases, 1980 (E) |
| 20/1 | Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa - Vol. 1. General study, 1980 (E F) |
| 20/2 | Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa - Vol. 2. Country studies, 1980 (E F) |
| 20/3 | Le bétail trypanotolérant en Afrique occidentale et centrale - Vol. 3. Bilan d'une décennie, 1988 (F) |
| 21 | Guideline for dairy accounting, 1980 (E) |
| 22 | Recursos genéticos animales en América Latina, 1981 (S) |
| 23 | Disease control in semen and embryos, 1981 (C E F S) |
| 24 | Animal genetic resources - conservation and management, 1981 (C E) |
| 25 | Reproductive efficiency in cattle, 1982 (C E F S) |
| 26 | Camels and camel milk, 1982 (E) |
| 27 | Deer farming, 1982 (E) |
| 28 | Feed from animal wastes: feeding manual, 1982 (C E) |
| 29 | Echinococcosis/hydatidosis surveillance, prevention and control: FAO/UNEP/WHO guidelines, 1982 (E) |
| 30 | Sheep and goat breeds of India, 1982 (E) |
| 31 | Hormones in animal production, 1982 (E) |
| 32 | Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products in animal feeding, 1982 (E/F) |
| 33 | Haemorrhagic septicaemia, 1982 (E F) |
| 34 | Breeding plans for ruminant livestock in the tropics, 1982 (E F S) |
| 35 | Off-tastes in raw and reconstituted milk, 1983 (Ar E F S) |
| 36 | Ticks and tick-borne diseases: selected articles from the World Animal Review, 1983 (E F S) |
| 37 | African animal trypanosomiasis: selected articles from the World Animal Review, 1983 (E F) |
| 38 | Diagnosis and vaccination for the control of brucellosis in the Near East, 1982 (Ar E) |
| 39 | Solar energy in small-scale milk collection and processing, 1983 (E F) |
| 40 | Intensive sheep production in the Near East, 1983 (Ar E) |
| 41 | Integrating crops and livestock in West Africa, 1983 (E F) |
| 42 | Animal energy in agriculture in Africa and Asia, 1984 (E/F/ S) |
| 43 | Olive by-products for animal feed, 1985 (Ar E F S) |
| 44/1 | Animal genetic resources conservation by management, data banks and training, 1984 (E) |
| 44/2 | Animal genetic resources: cryogenic storage of germplasm and molecular engineering, 1984 (E) |
| 45 | Maintenance systems for the dairy plant, 1984 (E) |
| 46 | Livestock breeds of China, 1984 (E F S) |
| 47 | Réfrigération du lait à la ferme et organisation des transports, 1985 (F) |
| 48 | La fromagerie et les variétés de fromages du bassin méditerranéen, 1985 (F) |
| 49 | Manual for the slaughter of small ruminants in developing countries, 1985 (E) |
| 50 | Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines - 1. State of knowledge, 1985 (E) |
| 50/2 | Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines - 2. A practical manual for research workers, 1986 (E) |
| 51 | Dried salted meats: charque and carne-de-sol, 1985 (E) |
| 52 | Small-scale sausage production, 1985 (E) |
| 53 | Slaughterhouse cleaning and sanitation, 1985 (E) |
| 54 | Small ruminants in the Near East - Vol. l. Selected papers presented for the Expert Consultation on Small Ruminant Research and Development in the Near East (Tunis, 1985), 1987 (E) |
| 55 | Small ruminants in the Near East - Vol. II. Selected 1 articles from World Animal Review 1972–1986, 1987 (Ar E) |
| 56 | Sheep and goats in Pakistan, 1985 (E) |
| 57 | The Awassi sheep with special reference to the improved dairy type, 1985 (E) |
| 58 | Small ruminant production in the developing countries, 1986 (E) |
| 59/1 | Animal genetic resources data banks - 1. Computer systems study for regional data banks, 1986 (E) |
| 59/2 | Animal genetic resources data banks - 2. Descriptor lists for cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep and goats, 1986 (E F S) |
| 59/3 | Animal genetic resources data banks - 3. Descriptor lists for poultry, 1986 (E F S) |
| 60 | Sheep and goats in Turkey, 1986 (E) |
| 61 | The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia, 1986 (E) |
| 62 | Milk and dairy products: production and processing costs, 1988 (E F S) |
| 63 | Proceedings of the FAO expert consultation on the substitution of imported concentrate feeds in animal production systems in developing countries, 1987 (C E) |
| 64 | Poultry management and diseases in the Near East, 1987 (Ar ) |
| 65 | Animal genetic resources of the USSR, 1989 (E) |
| 66 | Animal genetic resources - strategies for improved use and conservation, 1987 (E) |
| 67/1 | Trypanotolerant cattle and livestock development in West and Central Africa - Vol. 1, 1987 (E) |
| 67/2 | Trypanotolerant cattle and livestock development in West and Central Africa - Vol. II, 1987 (E) |
| 68 | Crossbreeding Bos indicus and Bos taurus for milk production in the tropics, 1987 (E) |
| 69 | Village milk processing, 1988 (E F S) |
| 70 | Sheep and goat meat production in the humid tropics of West Africa, 1989 (E/F) |
| 71 | The development of village-based sheep production in West Africa, 1988 (Ar E F S) (Published as Training manual for extension workers, M/S5840E) |
| 72 | Sugarcane as feed, 1988 (E/S) |
| 73 | Standard design for small-scale modular slaughterhouses, 1988 (E) |
| 74 | Small ruminants in the Near East - Vol. III. North Africa, 1989 (E) |
| 75 | The eradication of ticks, 1989 (E/S) |
| 76 | Ex situ cryoconservation of genomes and genes of endangered cattle breeds by means of modern biotechnological methods, 1989 (E) |
| 77 | Training manual for embryo transfer in cattle, 1991 (E) |
| 78 | Milking, milk production hygiene and udder health, 1989 (E) |
| 79 | Manual of simple methods of meat preservation, 1990 (E) |
| 80 | Animal genetic resources - a global programme for sustainable development, 1990 (E) |
| 81 | Veterinary diagnostic bacteriology - a manual of laboratory procedures of selected diseases of livestock, 1990 (E F) |
| 82 | Reproduction in camels - a review, 1990 (E) |
| 83 | Training manual on artificial insemination in sheep and goats, 1991 (E F) |
| 84 | Training manual for embryo transfer in water buffaloes, 1991 (E) |
| 85 | The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries, 1990 (E) |
| 86 | Feeding dairy cows in the tropics, 1991 (E) |
| 87 | Manual for the production of anthrax and blackleg vaccines, 1991 (E F) |
| 88 | Small ruminant production and the small ruminant genetic resource in tropical Africa, 1991 (E) |
| 89 | Manual for the production of Marek's disease, Gumboro disease and inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines, 1991 (E F) |
| 90 | Application of biotechonology to nutrition of animals in developing countries, 1991 (E F) |
| 91 | Guidelines for slaughtering, meat cutting and further processing, 1991 (E F) |
| 92 | Manual on meat cold store operation and management, 1991 (E S) |
| 93 | Utilization of renewable energy sources and energy-saving technologies by small-scale milk plants and collection centres, 1992 (E) |
| 94 | Proceedings of the FAO expert consultation on the genetic aspects of trypanotolerance, 1992 (E) |
| 95 | Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in animal feeding, 1992 (E) |
| 96 | Distribution and impact of helminth diseases of livestock in developing countries, 1992 (E) |
| 97 | Construction and operation of medium-sized abattoirs in developing countries, 1992 (E) |
| 98 | Small-scale poultry processing, 1992 (Ar E) |
| 99 | In situ conservation of livestock and poultry, 1992 (E) |
| 100 | Programme for the control of African animal trypanosomiasis and related development, 1992 (E) |
| 101 | Genetic improvement of hair sheep in the tropics, 1992 (E) |
| 102 | Legume trees and other fodder trees as protein sources for livestock, 1992 (E) |
| 103 | Improving sheep reproduction in the Near East, 1992 (Ar ) |
| 104 | The management of global animal genetic resources, 1992 (E) |
| 105 | Sustainable livestock production in the mountain agro-ecosystem of Nepal, 1992 (E) |
| 106 | Sustainable animal production from small farm systems in South-East Asia, 1993 (E) |
| 107 | Strategies for sustainable animal agriculture in developing countries, 1993 (E) |
| 108 | Evaluation of breeds and crosses of domestic animals, 1993 (E) |
| 109 | Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 1993 (Ar E) |
| 110 | L'amélioration génétique des bovins en Afrique de l'Ouest, 1993 (F) |
| 111 | L'utilización sostenible de hembras F1 en la producción del ganado lechero tropical, 1993 (S) |
| 112 | Physiologie de la reproduction des bovins trypanotolérants, 1993 (F) |
| 113 | La technologie des fromages au lait de dromadaire (Camelus dromedarius), 1993 (F) |
| 114 | Food losses due to non-infectious and production diseases in developing countries, 1993 (E) 92-5-103260-2 |
| 115 | Manuel de formation pratique pour la transplantation embryonnaire chez la brebis et la chèvre, 1993 (F S) |
| 116 | Quality control of veterinary vaccines in developing countries, 1993 (E) 92-5-703398-6 |
| 117 | L'hygiène dans l'industrie alimentaire, 1993 - Les produits et l'aplication de l'hygiène, 1993 (F) |
| 118 | Quality control testing of rinderpest cell culture vaccine, 1994 (E) 92-5-703444-3 |
| 119 | Manual on meat inspection for developing countries, 1994 (E) |
| 120 | Manual para la instalación del pequeño matadero modular de la FAO, 1994 (S) |
| 121 | A systematic approach to tsetse and trypanosomiasis control, 1994 (E/F) 92-5-0035514-3 |
| 122 | El capibara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - Estado actual de su producción, 1994 (S) |
| 123 | Edible by-products of slaughter animals, 1995 (E S) |
| 124 | L'approvisionnement des villes africaines en lait et produits laitiers, 1995 (F) |
| 125 | Veterinary education, 1995 (E) 95-5-103637-3 |
| 126 | Tropical animal feeding - A manual for research workers, 1995 (E) |
| 127 | World livestock production systems - Current status, issues and trends, 1996 (E) |
| 128 | Quality control testing of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia live attenuated vaccine - Standard operating procedures, 1996 (E) |
| 129 | The world without rinderpest - FAO Technical Consultation on the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme, 1996 (E) |
Availability: November 1996
Ar - Arabic
C - Chinese
E - English
F - French
P - Portuguese
S - Spanish
Multil - Multilingual
* - Out of print
** - In preparation
The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents or directly from Sales and Marketing Group, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
