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155. MacLennan, R., Macrae, F., Bain, C., Battistutta, D., Chapuis, P., Gratten, H., Lambert, J., Newland, R.C., Ngu, M., Russel, A. (1995). Randomised trial of intake of fat, fiber and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87: 1760-6.

156. Thun, M.J., Calle, E.E., Namboodiri, S., Flanders, W.D., Coates, R.J, Byers, T., Boffetta, P., Garfinkel, L., Heath, C.W. Jr. (1992). Risk factors for fatal colon cancer in a large prospective study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84: 1491-1500.

157. Johnson, I.T. (1995). Butyrate and markers of neoplastic change in the colon. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 4: 365-72.

158. Hague, A., Paraskeva, C. (1995). The short chain fatty acid butyrate induces apoptosis in colorectal tumour cell lines. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 4: 359-64.

159. Balfour, J.A., McTavish, D. Acarbose: an update of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1993;46:1025-54.

160. Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, T.M.S. Slow release carbohydrate and the treatment of diabetes. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1981;40:227-35.

161. Jenkins, D.J.A., Taylor, R.H., Goff, D.V., Fielden, H., Misiewicz, J.J., Sarson, D.L., Bloom, S.R., Alberti, K.G.M.M. Scope and specificity of acarbose in slowing carbohydrate absorption in man. Diabetes 1981;30:951-54.

162. Cummings, J.H., Macfarlane, G.T. The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1991;70:443-59.

163. Nordgaard, I., Mortensen, P.B., Langkilde, A.M. Small intestinal malabsorption and colonic fermentation of resistant starch and resistant peptides to short-chain fatty acids. Nutrition 1995;11:129-37.

164. Roediger, W.E.W. The place of short-chain fatty acids in colonocyte metabolism in health and ulerative colitis: the impaired colonocyte barrier. In: Cummings, J.H., Rombeau, J.L., Sakata, T., eds. Physiological and clinical aspects of short-chain fatty acids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 337-51.

165. Sakata, T. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on the proliferation of gut epithelial cells in vivo. In: Cummings, J.H., Rombeau, J.L., Sakata, T., eds. Physiological and clinical aspects of short-chain fatty acids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 289-305.

166. Wolever, T.M.S., Jenkins, D.J.A. Effect of fiber and foods on carbohydrate metabolism. In: Spiller, G., ed. Handbook of dietary fiber in human nutrition, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 111-162.

167. Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, T.M.S., Leeds, A.R., Gassull, M.A., Dilawari, J.B., Goff, D.V., Metz, G.L., Alberti, K.G.M.M. Dietary fibres, fibre analogues and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity. British Medical Journal 1978;1:1392-94.

168. Wood, P., Braaten, J., Scott, F.W., Riedel, K.D., Wolynetz, M.S., Collins, M.W. Effect of dose and modification of viscous properties of oat gum on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load. British Journal of Nutrition 1994;72:731-43.

169. Wolever, T.M.S. In vitro and in vivo models for predicting the effect of dietary fiber and starchy foods on carbohydrate metabolism. In: Kritchevsky, D., Bonfield, C., eds. Dietary fiber in health and disease. Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN, 1995, pp. 360-77.

170. Gordon, D.T. Total dietary fiber and mineral absorption. In: Kritchevsky, D., Bonfield, C., Anderson, J.W., eds. Dietary fiber: chemistry, physiology and health effects. Plenum Press, New York, 1990, pp. 105-28.

171. Kelsay, J.L. Effects of fiber on vitamin bioavailability. In: Kritchevsky, D., Bonfield, C., Anderson, J.W., eds. Dietary fiber: chemistry, physiology and health effects. Plenum Press, New York, 1990, pp. 129-35.

172. Trinidad, T.P., Wolever, T.M.S., Thompson, L.U. Availability of calcium for absorption in the small intestine and colon from diets containing available and unavailable carbohydrates: an in vitro assessment. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1996;47:83-88.

173. Trinidad, T.P., Wolever, T.M.S., Thompson, L.U. The effect of acetate and propionate on calcium absorption from the rectum and distal colon of humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;63:574-78.

174. Glinsmann, W.H., Park, Y.K. (1995). Perspective on the 1986 Food and Drug Administration assessment of the safety of carbohydrate sweeteners: uniform definitions and recommendations for future assessments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62(1 Suppl), 161S-168S.

175. Glutton, A. (1994). Sweetness with no extra waist. Food Processing July, 27-30.

176. Ackermann, L.G.J. (1990). Structure elucidation of and synthetic approaches to monatin, a metabolite from sclerochiton ilicifolius. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 1 - 164.

177. Keyes, P.H. Recent advances in dental caries research: Bacteriology. International Dental Journal 1962;12:443-464.

178. Stephan, R.M., Miller, B.F. A quantitative method for evaluating physical and chemical agents which modify production of acids in bacterial plaques on human teeth. Journal of Dental Research 1943,22:45-51.

179. Imfeld, T. Identification of low-risk dietary components. Basel, Karger, 1983.

180. Gustafson, B., Quensel, C., Lanke, L., et al. The Vipeholm dental caries study: the effect of different carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436 individuals observed for five years. Acta Odontologica Scandanavica 1954;11:232-64.

181. Palin-Palokas, T., Hausen, H., Heinonen, 0. Relative importance of caries risk factors in Finnish mentally retarded children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1987;15:19-23.

182. Pulgar-Vidal, 0., Schrder, U. Dental health status in Latin-American preschool children in Malm. Swedish Dental Journal 1989; 13:103-109.

183. Devlin, J.T., Williams, C. Foods, Nutrition and Sports Performance; a final consensus statement. Journal of Sports Sciences 1991; 9 (Suppl 9):iii.

184. Ahlborg, B., Bergstrom, J., Brohult, J., Ekelund, L-G., Hultman, E., Maschio, G. Human muscle glycogen content and capacity for prolonged exercise after different diets. Forsvarsmedicin 1967;3:85-99.

185. Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., Saltin, B. Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise. Acta Physiologies Scandinavica 1967;71:129-139.

186. Costill, D.L., Gollnick, P.D., Jansson, E.D., Saltin, B., Stein, E.M. Glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres during distance running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1973;89:374-383.

187. Gollnick, P.D., Armstrong, R.B., Saubert, I.V.C.W., Sembrowich, W.L., Shepherd, R.E., Saltin, B. Glycogen Depletion patterns in human skeletal muscle fibers during prolonged work. Pfluegers Archives 1973;344:1-12.

188. Bergstrom, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., Saltin, B. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1967;71:140-150.

189. Sherman, W., Costill, D., Fink, W., Miller, J. Effect of exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilization during performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1981;114:114-118.

190. Brewer, J., Williams, C., Patton, A. The influence of high carbohydrate diets on endurance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1988;57:698-706.

191. Williams, C., Brewer, J., Walker, M. The effect of a high carbohydrate diet on running performance during a 30-km treadmill time trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1992;65:18-24.

192. Gaitanos, G.C., Williams, C., Boobis, L.H., Brooks, S. Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 1993;75:712-719.

193. Essen, B., Kaijser, L. Regulation of glycolysis in intermittent exercise in man. Journal of Physiology 1978;281:499-511.

194. Jacobs, I., Westlin, N., Karisson, J., Rasmusson, M., Houghton, B. Muscle glycogen and diet in elite soccer players. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1982;48:297-302.

195. Horowitz, J.F., Coyle, E.F. Metabolic responses to pre-exercise meals containing various carbohydrates and fat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;58:235-41.

196. Thomas, D., Brotherhood, J., Brand, J. Carbohydrate feeding before exercise: Effects of glycemic index. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1991;12:180-186.

197. Okano, G., Sato, Y., Takumi, Y., Sugawara, M. Effect of 4h pre-exercise high carbohydrate and high fat meal ingestion on endurance performance and metabolism. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996;17:530-534.

198. Pascoe, D.D., Costill, D.L., Robergs, R.A., Davis, J.A., Fink, W.J., Pearson, D.R. Effects of exercise mode on muscle glycogen restorage during repeated days of exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1990; 22:593-598.

199. Kirwan, J.P., Costill, D.L., Mitchell, J.B., Houmard, J.A., Flynn, M.G., Fink, W.J., Beltz, J.D. Carbohydrate balance in competitive runners during successive days of intense training. Journal of Applied Physiology 1988; 65:2601-2606.

200. Shannon, W.R. (1922) Neuropathologic manifestations in infants and children as a result of anaphylactic reaction to foods contained in their dietary. American Journal of Diseases of Children 24:89.

201. Randolph, T.G. (1947) Allergy as a causative factor of fatigue, irritability and behavior problems in children. Journal of Pediatrics 31:560.

202. Deutsch, R.M. (1977) The new nuts among the berries. Bull Publishing Co. p. 34, 235-238.

203. Speer, F. (1954) The allergic tension-fatigue syndrome. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1:1029.

204. Cott, A. (1977) Treatment of learning disabilities. In: William, R.J., Kalita, D.K., eds. A physician's handbook on orthomolecular medicine. New York, Pergamon Press 90-91.

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208. Gender-Frederick, L.A., Hall, J.L., Vogt, J. (1987) Memory enhancement in elderly humans: effects of glucose ingestion. Physiology and Behaviour 41(5):503-4.

209. Manning, C.A., Parsons, M.W., Gold, P.E. (1992) Anterograde and retrograde enhancement of 24 hour memory by glucose in elderly humans. Behavioral and Neural Biology 58(2): 125-30.

210. Hall, J.L., Gonder-Frederick, L.A, Chewning, W.W., Silveira, J., Gold, P.E. (1989) Glucose enhancement of performance on memory tests in young and aged humans. Neuropsychologia 27(9): 1129-3 8.

FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPERS

1/1

Review of food consumption surveys 1977- Vol. 1 Europe, North America, Oceania, 1977 (E)

1/2

Review of food consumption surveys 1 977 - Vol. 2 Africa, Latin America, Near East, Far East, Vol. 2 Africa, Latin America, Near East, Far East, 1979 (E)

2

Report of the joint FAO/WHO/UNEP conference on mycotoxins, 1977 (E F S)

3

Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on dietary fats and oils in human nutrition, 1977 (E F S)

4

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of thickening agents, anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants and emulsifiers, 1978 (E)

5

JECFA - guide to specifications, 1 978 (E F)

5 Rev 1

JECFA - guide to specifications, 1983 (E F)

5 Rev 2

JECFA - guide to specifications, 1991 (E)

6

The feeding of workers in developing countries, 1976 (E S)

7

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food colours, enzyme preparations and other food additives, 1978 (E F)

8

Women in food production, food handling and nutrition, 1979 (E F S)

9

Arsenic and tin in foods reviews of commonly used methods of analysis, 1 979 (E)

10

Prevention of mycotoxins, 1979 (E F S)

11

The economic value of breast feeding, 1979 (E F)

12

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food colours, flavouring agents and other food additives, 1979 (E F)

13

Perspective on mycotoxins, 1 979 (E F S)

14

Manuals of food quality control:

14/1

Food control laboratory, 1979 (Ar E)

14/1 Rev 1

The food control laboratory, 1986 (E)

14/2

Additives, contaminants, techniques, 1980 (E)

14/3

Commodities, 1979 (E)

14/4

Microbiological analysis, 1979 (E F S)

14/5

Food inspection, 1981 (Ar E) (Rev 1984, E S)

14/6

Food for export, 1979 (E S)

14/6

Rev 1 Food for export, 1990 (E S)

14/7

Food analysis general techniques, additives, contaminants and composition, 1986 (C E)

14/8

Food analysis quality, adulteration and tests of identity, 1986 (E)

14/9

Introduction to food sampling, 1988 (Ar C E F S)

14/10

Training in mycotoxins analysis, 1990 (E S)

14/11

Management of food control programmes, 1991 (E)

14/12

Quality assurance in the food control microbiological laboratory, 1992 (E F S)

14/13

Pesticide residue analysis in the food control laboratory, 1993 (E F)

14/14

Quality assurance in the food control chemical laboratory, 1993 (E)

14/15

Imported food inspection, 1993 (E F)

14/16

Radionuclides in food, 1994 (E)

15

Carbohydrates in human nutrition, 1980 (E F S)

16

Analysis of food consumption survey data for developing countries, 1980 (E F S)

17

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of sweetening agents, emulsifying agents, flavouring agents and other food additives, 1980 (E F)

18

Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1981 (E)

18 Rev 1

Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1984 (E)

18 Rev 2

Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1987 (E)

18 Rev 3

Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1990 (E)

19

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of carrier solvents, emulsifiers and stabilizers, enzyme preparations, flavouring agents, food colours, sweetening agents and other food additives, 1981 (E F)

20

Legumes in human nutrition, 1982 (E F S)

21

Mycotoxin surveillance - a guideline, 1982 (E)

22

Guidelines for agricultural training curricula in Africa, 1982 (E F)

23

Management of group feeding programmes, 1982 (E F P S)

23 Rev 1

Food and nutrition in the management of group feeding programmes, 1993 (E F S)

24

Evaluation of nutrition interventions, 1982 (E)

25

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of buffering agents, salts, emulsifiers, thickening agents, stabilizers, flavouring agents, food colours, sweetening agents and miscellaneous food additives, 1982 (E F)

26

Food composition tables for the Near East, 1983 (E)

27

Review of food consumption surveys 1981, 1983 (E)

28

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of buffering agents, salts, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickening agents, extraction solvents, flavouring agents, sweetening agents and miscellaneous food additives, 1 983 (E F)

29

Post-harvest losses in quality of food grains, 1983(E F)

30

FAO/WHO food additives data system, 1984 (E)

30 Rev 1

FAO/WHO food additives data system, 1985 (E)

31/1

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food colours, 1 984 (E F)

31/2

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food additives, 1 984 (E F)

32

Residues of veterinary drugs in foods, 1985 (E/F/S)

33

Nutritional implications of food aid an annotated bibliography, 1985 (E)

34

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1986 (E F)

35

Review of food consumption surveys 1985, 1986 (E)

36

Guidelines for can manufacturers and food canners, 1986 (E)

37

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1986 (E F)

38

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1988 (E)

39

Quality control in fruit and vegetable processing, 1988 (E FS)

40

Directory of food and nutrition institutions in the Near East, 1987 (E)

41

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods, 1988 (E)

41/2

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods Thirty-fourth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1990 (E)

41/3

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Thirty-sixth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1991 (E)

41/4

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Thirty-eighth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1991 (E)

41/5

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Fortieth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1993 (E)

41/6

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-second meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1994(E)

41/7

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-third meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1994 (E)

41/8

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-fifth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1996 (E)

41/9

Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-seventh meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1997 (E)

42

Traditional food plants, 1988 (E)

42/1

Edible plants of Uganda. The value of wild and cultivated plants as food, 1989 (E)

43

Guidelines for agricultural training curricula in Arab countries, 1988 (Ar)

44

Review of food consumption surveys 1988, 1988 (E)

45

Exposure of infants and children to lead, 1989 (E)

46

Street foods, 1990 (E/F/S)

47/1

Utilization of tropical foods: cereals, 1989 (E F S)

47/2

Utilization of tropical foods: roots and tubers, 1989 (E F S)

47/3

Utilization of tropical foods: trees, 1 989 (E F S)

47/4

Utilization of tropical foods: tropical beans, 1989 (E F S)

47/5

Utilization of tropical foods: tropical oil seeds, 1989(E F S)

47/6

Utilization of tropical foods: sugars, spices and stimulants, 1989 (E F S)

47/7

Utilization of tropical foods: fruits and leaves, 1990 (E F S)

47/8

Utilization of tropical foods: animal products, 1990(E F S)

48

Number not assigned

49

JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1990 (E)

50

Traditional foods in the Near East, 1991 (E)

51

Protein quality evaluation. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, 1991 (E F)

52/1

Compendium of food additive specifications -Vol. 1, 1993 (E)

52/2

Compendium of food additive specifications -Vol. 2, 1993 (E)

52 Add. 1

Compendium of food additive specifications -Addendum 1, 1992 (E)

52 Add. 2

Compendium of food additive specifications -Addendum 2, 1993 (E)

52 Add. 3

Compendium of food additive specifications -Addendum 3, 1995 (E)

52 Add. 4

Compendium of food additive specifications -Addendum 4, 1996 (E)

52 Add. 5

Compendium of food additive specifications -Addendum 5, 1997 (E)

53

Meat and meat products in human nutrition in developing countries, 1992 (E)

54

Number not assigned

55

Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn, 1993 (E)

56

Body mass index - A measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults, 1 994 (E F S)

57

Fats and oils in human nutrition, 1995 (Ar E F S)

58

The use of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles in food control, 1995 (E F S)

59

Nutrition education for the public, 1995 (E F S)

60

Food fortification: technology and quality control, 1996 (E)

61

Biotechnology and food safety, 1996 (E)

62

Nutrition education for the public - Discussion papers of the FAO Expert Consultation, 1996 (E)

63

Street foods, 1997 (E/F/S)

64

Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995 - A compendium, 1997 (E)

65

Risk management and food safety, 1997 (E)

66

Carbohydrates in human nutrition, 1998 (E)

67

Les activités nutritionnelles au niveau communautaire, 1998 (F)

Availability: March 1998

Ar - Arabic
C - Chinese
E - English
F - French
P - Portuguese
S - Spanish

Multil - Multilingual

* Out of print
** In preparation

The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents or directly from Sales and Marketing Group, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

In their efforts to improve nutrition, FAO and the World Health Organization (WHO) periodically convene Expert Consultations to provide advice to developing and developed counties. A primary objective of these consultations is the review of the state of knowledge on the role of various nutrients in the human diet, and the formulation of practical recommendations. The latest in a series of experts reports on nutrients, Carbohydrates in human nutrition gives the report and recommendations of a Joint Exprets Consultation on this subject which was held in Rome from 14 to 18 April 1997. The report discusses key factors that may influence consumption, health, food production and processing, food marketing and labelling. It gives recommendations about terminology and a classifications scheme for dietary carbohydrates; an energy value for dietary fibre; the minimum dietary energy intake from carbohydrates; the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods, with emphasis on traditional foods; and the use of the glycaemic index. An extensive bibliography is included.

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