Appendix I
Estimated distribution of the Nguni Breed in South Africa
|
Commercial herds
|
|
Communal herds
|
|
Nguni breed numbers in South Africa |
|
|
|
Year of data collection |
: |
1998* |
|
Population figures based on |
: |
census at breed level |
|
Reliability of data |
: |
reliable |
|
No. breeding females |
: |
12 669* |
|
No. males used for breeding |
: |
4 686* |
|
Total population |
: |
17 355* |
|
Population trend |
: |
stable |
|
Percentage of pure bred females |
: |
90 |
|
No. herdbook females |
: |
12 669* |
|
No. males in artificial insemination |
: |
4 |
|
Additional information |
: |
additional large numbers of unknown purity in rural areas |
Data: SA Stud Book and Livestock Improvement Association
70 percent participation of females in the performance testing (AII)
* Population figures on registered animals only. Additional large numbers in rural areas
Performance data: National Cattle Performance Testing Scheme of South Africa
Herds and females in the breed society and scheme
|
Year |
Herds |
Females (³2 years) |
||||
|
Society |
Scheme |
% |
Society |
Scheme |
% |
|
|
1993 |
103 |
82 |
80 |
6 913 |
5 982 |
87 |
|
1994 |
104 |
68 |
65 |
7 079 |
5 135 |
73 |
|
1995 |
103 |
66 |
64 |
7 383 |
5 763 |
78 |
|
1996 |
123 |
78 |
63 |
7 786 |
6 027 |
77 |
|
1997 |
131 |
83 |
63 |
8 832 |
7 141 |
81 |
|
1998 |
139 |
70 |
50 |
9 793 |
6 091 |
62 |
|
Breed average |
117 |
75 |
64 |
7 964 |
6 023 |
76 |
|
National average |
2 821 |
1 408 |
50 |
221 718 |
157 030 |
71 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Birth and weaner weights (male and female)
|
Year |
Birth animals |
Birth weight (kg) |
Weaner animals |
205-day weight (kg) |
Average daily gain for age (g/day) |
|
1993 |
3 859 |
39 |
4 533 |
235 |
955 |
|
1994 |
3 637 |
40 |
4 203 |
239 |
973 |
|
1995 |
3 919 |
39 |
4 434 |
243 |
992 |
|
1996 |
4 129 |
40 |
4 720 |
244 |
996 |
|
1997 |
4 092 |
39 |
4 696 |
238 |
972 |
|
1998 |
3 746 |
40 |
4 279 |
241 |
981 |
|
Breed average |
23 382 |
39 |
26 865 |
240 |
978 |
|
National average |
302 798 |
36 |
385 377 |
215 |
873 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Twelve- and eighteen-month weights (female)
|
Year |
12-month animals |
365-day weight (kg) |
Average daily gain for age (ADA) (g/day) |
18-month animals |
540-day weight (kg) |
ADA (g/day) |
|
1993 |
1 190 |
290 |
692 |
823 |
372 |
618 |
|
1994 |
942 |
290 |
689 |
765 |
394 |
658 |
|
1995 |
769 |
306 |
734 |
655 |
379 |
630 |
|
1996 |
980 |
313 |
749 |
779 |
381 |
634 |
|
1997 |
1 088 |
303 |
724 |
810 |
394 |
658 |
|
1998 |
1 194 |
299 |
713 |
935 |
383 |
638 |
|
Breed average |
6 163 |
299 |
716 |
4 767 |
384 |
639 |
|
National average |
132 370 |
252 |
596 |
103 819 |
328 |
543 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Age at first calving and intercalving period
|
Year |
First calving animals |
Age at 1st calving (months) |
Intercalving period animals |
Inter-calving period (days) |
|
1993 |
1 025 |
31 |
3 113 |
430 |
|
1994 |
986 |
31 |
3 087 |
425 |
|
1995 |
1 022 |
31 |
3 300 |
422 |
|
1996 |
1 078 |
31 |
3 554 |
415 |
|
1997 |
1 099 |
31 |
3 536 |
419 |
|
1998 |
972 |
30 |
3 169 |
408 |
|
Breed average |
6 182 |
31 |
19 957 |
420 |
|
National average |
82 874 |
34 |
290 607 |
423 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Cow weights
|
Year |
aCW-C animals |
Cow weight at calving (kg) |
bBW:CW (%) |
cCW-W animals |
Cow weight at weaning (kg) |
dWW:CW (%) |
|
1993 |
1 759 |
529 |
7.3 |
2 435 |
535 |
46.0 |
|
1994 |
1 855 |
546 |
7.4 |
2 283 |
546 |
45.9 |
|
1995 |
1 466 |
542 |
7.5 |
2 120 |
549 |
46.8 |
|
1996 |
1 550 |
554 |
7.4 |
2 352 |
551 |
46.3 |
|
1997 |
1 812 |
546 |
7.3 |
2 689 |
541 |
45.6 |
|
1998 |
1 638 |
542 |
7.5 |
2 508 |
548 |
46.2 |
|
Breed average |
10 080 |
543 |
7.4 |
14 387 |
544 |
46.1 |
|
National average |
113 988 |
490 |
7.4 |
178 428 |
501 |
45.2 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
aCW-C, cow weight at calving; bBW:CW, birth weight: cow weight; cCW-W, cow weight at weaning; dWW:CW, weaning weight: cow weight.
Standardized growth tests (Phase C) - results (male)
|
Year |
Tested animals |
Final weight (kg) |
Average daily gain (ADG) (g) |
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) |
aADA (g) |
Age (days) |
|
1993 |
165 |
520 |
1 811 |
6.85 |
1 317 |
365 |
|
1994 |
204 |
524 |
1 900 |
6.46 |
1 319 |
368 |
|
1995 |
294 |
521 |
1 871 |
6.78 |
1 331 |
362 |
|
1996 |
237 |
529 |
1 932 |
6.55 |
1 337 |
366 |
|
1997 |
170 |
528 |
1 953 |
6.49 |
1 333 |
354 |
|
1998 |
192 |
523 |
1 924 |
6.48 |
1 298 |
374 |
|
Breed average |
1 262 |
524 |
1 898 |
6.6 |
1 324 |
365 |
|
National average |
8 534 |
455 |
1 653 |
6.68 |
1 149 |
365 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
aADA, average daily gain for age.
Standardized growth tests (Phase C) - body measurements (male)
|
Year |
Tested animals |
Height (mm) |
Length (mm) |
Length: height ratio |
Skin thickness (mm) |
Scrotum circum-ference (mm) |
|
1993 |
165 |
1 236 |
1 455 |
1.18 |
16 |
376 |
|
1994 |
204 |
1 236 |
1 461 |
1.18 |
17 |
379 |
|
1995 |
294 |
1 238 |
1 461 |
1.18 |
16 |
376 |
|
1996 |
237 |
1 242 |
1 453 |
1.17 |
16 |
378 |
|
1997 |
170 |
1 246 |
1 460 |
1.17 |
16 |
378 |
|
1998 |
192 |
1 236 |
1 460 |
1.18 |
15 |
374 |
|
Breed average |
1 262 |
1 239 |
1 458 |
1.18 |
16 |
377 |
|
National average |
8 534 |
1 214 |
1 403 |
1.16 |
16 |
365 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
On-farm growth tests (Phase D) - number tested (male)
|
Year |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
Breed total |
National total |
|
Tested animals |
369 |
436 |
575 |
504 |
547 |
822 |
3 253 |
59 180 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Comparison of birth and weaner weights - breed average (male and female)
|
|
Afrikaner |
Angus |
Bonsmara |
Brahman |
Braunvieh |
Drakensberger |
Hereford |
Nguni |
Simmentaler |
|
Birth weight |
33 |
35 |
36 |
33 |
40 |
36 |
38 |
26 |
39 |
|
205-day weight |
185 |
215 |
214 |
209 |
220 |
206 |
204 |
155 |
240 |
|
aADA (g/day) |
743 |
881 |
869 |
863 |
881 |
828 |
810 |
629 |
978 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
aADA, average daily gain for age.
Comparison of 12- and 18-month weights (female)
|
|
Afrikaner |
Angus |
Bonsmara |
Brahman |
Braunvieh |
Drakensberger |
Hereford |
Nguni |
Simmentaler |
|
365-day weight (kg) |
211 |
263 |
248 |
254 |
372 |
231 |
262 |
178 |
299 |
|
365-day aADA (g/day) |
492 |
630 |
583 |
608 |
884 |
541 |
616 |
417 |
717 |
|
540-day weight (kg) |
290 |
353 |
325 |
330 |
365 |
310 |
336 |
239 |
384 |
|
540-day ADA (g/day) |
470 |
592 |
537 |
552 |
605 |
510 |
554 |
396 |
639 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
aADA, average daily gain for age.
Comparison: age at first calving and intercalving period
|
|
Afrikaner |
Angus |
Bonsmara |
Brahman |
Braunvieh |
Drakensberger |
Hereford |
Nguni |
Simmentaler |
|
Age at 1st calving |
37 |
32 |
33 |
35 |
30 |
36 |
34 |
34 |
31 |
|
Intercalving period (days) |
450 |
408 |
416 |
442 |
420 |
438 |
399 |
414 |
420 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Comparison: cow weights
|
|
Afrikaner |
Angus |
Bonsmara |
Brahman |
Braunvieh |
Drakensberger |
Hereford |
Nguni |
Simmentaler |
|
Cow weight at calving (kg) |
444 |
484 |
486 |
491 |
530 |
472 |
468 |
353 |
543 |
|
aBW:CW (%) |
7.5 |
7.2 |
7.5 |
6.6 |
7.5 |
7.7 |
8.2 |
7.5 |
7.4 |
|
Cow weight at weaning (kg) |
461 |
507 |
499 |
491 |
515 |
487 |
507 |
375 |
544 |
|
bWW-CW (%) |
41.6 |
46.1 |
45.3 |
44.0 |
45.1 |
44.1 |
42.0 |
44.2 |
46.1 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
aBirth weight: cow weight; bWeaning weight: cow weight.
Comparison: standardized growth tests (Phase C) - results (male)
|
|
Afrikaner |
Angus |
Bonsmara |
Brahman |
Braunvieh |
Drakensberger |
Hereford |
Nguni |
Simmentaler |
|
Final weight |
367 |
467 |
437 |
414 |
495 |
437 |
476 |
321 |
624 |
|
aADG (g) |
1 267 |
1 084 |
1 613 |
1 325 |
1 733 |
1 544 |
1 811 |
1 150 |
1 898 |
|
bFCR |
7.05 |
6.55 |
6.69 |
6.99 |
7.13 |
6.96 |
6.27 |
6.88 |
6.60 |
|
cADA (g) |
903 |
1 245 |
1 098 |
1 030 |
1 277 |
1 088 |
1 220 |
790 |
1 324 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
aADG, average daily gain; bFCR, feed conversion ratio; cADA, average daily gain for age.
Comparison: standardized growth tests (Phase C) - body measurements (male)
|
|
Afrikaner |
Angus |
Bonsmara |
Brahman |
Braunvieh |
Drakensberger |
Hereford |
Nguni |
Simmentaler |
|
Height (H) (mm) |
1 208 |
1 229 |
1 201 |
1 244 |
1 239 |
1 204 |
1 265 |
1 173 |
1 239 |
|
Length (L) (mm) |
1 325 |
1 414 |
1 390 |
1 356 |
1 426 |
1 385 |
1 457 |
1 291 |
1 458 |
|
L:H ratio |
1.1 |
1.15 |
1.16 |
1.09 |
1.15 |
1.15 |
1.15 |
1.10 |
1.18 |
|
Skin thickness (mm) |
19 |
13 |
16 |
17 |
15 |
16 |
15 |
18 |
16 |
|
Scrotum circumference (mm) |
337 |
356 |
346 |
290 |
365 |
349 |
344 |
315 |
377 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 2000
Comparative performance of cattle breeds in extensive and intensive systems (mass in kg; growth in g)
|
Trait |
Experimental, number tested (n) |
Breed averages (performance testing 1976-85) |
|||||||||
|
Nguni |
Charolais Nguni cross |
Charolais-half sib |
Charolais Nguni cross/Nguni |
Nguni |
Charolais |
Afrikaner |
Shorthorn |
Bonsmara |
Simmentaler |
Brahman |
|
|
Mean no. observations/breed = 23 550 |
|||||||||||
|
Extensive |
27 (127) |
34 (23) |
47 (40) |
1.26 |
28 |
42 |
32 |
34 |
35 |
39 |
32 |
|
Body mass |
179 (52) |
205 (7) |
211 (22) |
1.15 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Weaning mass (W-mass) |
193 (67) |
232 (14) |
234 (18) |
1.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Average |
186 |
219 |
223 |
1.18 |
164 |
228 |
173 |
194 |
197 |
221 |
197 |
|
aADG body weight |
775 |
900 |
856 |
1.16 |
663 |
907 |
688 |
780 |
790 |
888 |
805 |
|
W-mass male |
182 (44) |
204 (7) |
- |
1.12 |
176 |
316 |
208 |
232 |
232 |
267 |
251 |
|
female |
211 (39) |
252 (9) |
- |
1.19 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| |
|
|
|
|
Mean no. observations/breed = 630 |
||||||
|
Feedlot (male) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Final mass |
353 (15) |
486 (5) |
486 (5) |
1.38 |
373 |
567 |
407 |
458 |
472 |
554 |
424 |
|
ADG |
1 121 |
1 652 |
1 765 |
1.47 |
1 206 |
1 761 |
1 130 |
1 451 |
1 449 |
1 655 |
1 156 |
|
bFCR |
7.45 |
6.36 |
6.58 |
0.85 |
7.07 |
6.69 |
7.77 |
7.38 |
7.02 |
7.00 |
7.20 |
Source: Scholtz, Roux and Lombard, 1990
aADG, average daily gain; bFCR, feed conversion ratio.
Preliminary results on milk production and composition
| |
Weeks in lactation (n=6) |
||
|
Week 1-3 |
Week 4-6 |
Week 7-9 |
|
|
Milk production (litres) |
8.34 |
5.84 |
6.69 |
|
Butterfat content (%) |
6.06 |
5.5 |
6.61 |
|
Protein content (%) |
3.31 |
3.13 |
3.47 |
|
Lactose content (%) |
4.35 |
4.85 |
5.1 |
Source: Scholtz, 2000
Mean slaughter live and carcass weights per slaughter group for six different breeds
|
Breed |
Slaughter weight (kg) |
Carcass weight (kg) |
||||
|
*S1 (75%) |
S2 (90%) |
S3 (105%) |
*S1 (75%) |
S2 (90%) |
S3 (105%) |
|
|
Afrikaner |
283 |
338 |
387 |
148 |
181 |
216 |
|
Nguni |
249 |
302 |
342 |
138 |
171 |
196 |
|
Bonsmara |
349 |
412 |
478 |
197 |
236 |
282 |
|
Santa Gertrudis |
366 |
446 |
514 |
206 |
254 |
296 |
|
Pinzgauer |
363 |
424 |
522 |
199 |
236 |
312 |
|
Brown Swiss |
401 |
449 |
534 |
222 |
260 |
322 |
Source: Strydom et al., 2000
*S=Slaughter groups representing slaughter weights of 75, 90 and 105% of the final weight of the
Phase C (112-day) performance test for each breed.
Least square means and standard errors of means (SEM) for sensory meat quality and shear force measurements of the M. longissimus thoracis of six cattle breeds and three slaughter groups
| |
Genotype |
Slaughter group |
|||||||
|
Bonsmara |
Pinzgauer |
Santa Gertrudis |
Brown Swiss |
Afrikaner |
Nguni |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
Aromaa |
6.2 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
6.4 |
6.4 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
|
(0.04) |
(0.10) |
(0.10) |
(0.10) |
(0.10) |
(0.10) |
(0.05) |
(0.05) |
(0.05) |
|
|
Jucinessb |
4.9 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
|
(0.05) |
(0.17) |
(0.11) |
(0.18) |
(0.11) |
(0.08) |
(0.07) |
(0.06) |
(0.06) |
|
|
Flavoura |
5.8 |
6.3 |
5.7 |
5.9 |
6.3 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
|
(0.04) |
(0.08) |
(0.08) |
(0.08) |
(0.08) |
(0.08) |
(0.04) |
(0.04) |
(0.040) |
|
|
Tendernessc |
4.9 |
5.8 |
5.3 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
5.9 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
|
(0.07) |
(0.16) |
(0.16) |
(0.16) |
(0.16) |
(0.16) |
(0.08) |
(0.08) |
(0.08) |
|
|
Residual tissued |
4.8 |
4.2 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
5.2 |
5.7 |
4.8 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
|
(0.06) |
(0.19) |
(0.13) |
(0.21) |
(0.12) |
(0.09) |
(0.08) |
(0.07) |
(0.07) |
|
|
Shear forcee (N/25mmF) |
92.3a |
101.7a |
116.4b |
93.3a |
95.5a |
91.1a |
98.5a |
97.6ab |
90.4b |
|
(1.87) |
(4.17) |
(4.17) |
(4.17) |
(4.17) |
(4.17) |
(2.18) |
(2.18) |
(2.18) |
|
Source: Strydom et al., 2000
a Aroma and flavour: 1=extremely bland, 8=intense.
b Initial and sustained juiciness: 1=extremely dry, 8=extremely juicy.
c First bite and initial tenderness: 1=extremely tough, 8=extremely tender.
d Residual connective tissue: 1=extremely abundant, 8=none.
e Means in the same row and within each main effect (breed, slaughter group) that have different letters differ significantly (P<0.05).
Appendix II
Characteristics of the Nguni
Blood urea levels in three breeds of bull from March to August
|
Month |
Breed |
||
|
Simmentaler |
Afrikaner |
Nguni |
|
|
March |
21.01 |
22.31 |
23.13 |
|
April |
15.78 |
18.49 |
20.27 |
|
May |
11.51 |
13.35 |
16.09 |
|
June |
0.33 |
9.89 |
15.09 |
|
July |
9.32 |
12.95 |
16.54 |
|
August |
7.96 |
11.52 |
13.33 |
Source: Osler et al., 1993
Relative percentage of animals within three cattle breeds in the low-, medium- and high-resistance class after one and two years of exposure to natural tick infestation
|
Breed |
Sex |
No. animals |
Percentage of animals per resistance class |
|||||
|
Low |
Medium |
High |
||||||
|
1 year |
2 years |
1 year |
2 years |
1 Year |
2 years |
|||
|
Nguni |
|
20 |
30 |
30 |
40 |
15 |
30 |
55 |
|
Males |
10 |
30 |
40 |
60 |
10 |
10 |
50 |
|
|
Females |
10 |
30 |
30 |
20 |
20 |
50 |
50 |
|
|
Bonsmara |
|
18 |
56 |
56 |
22 |
17 |
22 |
27 |
|
Males |
9 |
55 |
44 |
11 |
22 |
34 |
34 |
|
|
Females |
9 |
56 |
67 |
33 |
11 |
11 |
22 |
|
|
Hereford |
|
18 |
50 |
56 |
39 |
33 |
11 |
11 |
|
Males |
9 |
44 |
56 |
56 |
44 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Females |
9 |
56 |
56 |
22 |
22 |
22 |
22 |
|
Source: Spickett et al., 1989
Effect of each engorged female tick on weaning mass of calves
|
Breed |
No. one-host ticks |
No. multi-host ticks |
Effect of one engorged female tick (g) |
|
Hereford |
3 136.5 |
164 |
8.9 |
|
Bonsmara |
2 029.5 |
164 |
8.0 |
|
Nguni |
430.5 |
82 |
8.6 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 1991
The weaning masses of calves in a non-dipping environment compared with those of calves dipped every three weeks
|
Breed |
No dipping (kg) |
Dipping (kg) |
Difference (kg) |
|
Hereford |
137.2 |
166.7 |
+29.5a |
|
Bonsmara |
166.5 |
184.1 |
+17.6b |
|
Nguni |
164.7 |
169.1 |
+ 4.4 |
Source: Scholtz et al., 1991
NOTE: Difference calculated as dipping versus no dipping.
aSignificant difference at 5 percent level.
bSignificant difference at 10 percent level.
Summary: Averages of cow mass and reproductive performance of different breeds in South Africa, 1976-1985
|
Type |
Breed |
Cow mass at weaning (kg) |
Age at first calving (months) |
Calving intervals, 1st - 2nd (days) |
Calving intervals of cows (days) |
Calculated calving (%) |
|
Indicus |
Afrikaner |
459 |
41 |
512 |
469 |
72 |
|
Brahman |
477 |
37 |
462 |
441 |
79 |
|
|
Nguni |
396 |
36 |
442 |
412 |
87 |
|
|
Indicus types |
Bonsmara |
466 |
34 |
463 |
434 |
81 |
|
Drakensberger |
482 |
40 |
514 |
469 |
72 |
|
|
Santa Gertrudis |
483 |
35 |
501 |
458 |
75 |
|
|
British |
Angus |
455 |
34 |
427 |
425 |
84 |
|
Hereford |
479 |
35 |
428 |
423 |
84 |
|
|
South Devon |
522 |
36 |
455 |
441 |
79 |
|
|
Sussex |
555 |
34 |
430 |
430 |
82 |
|
|
European |
Charolais |
632 |
38 |
446 |
456 |
75 |
|
Pinzgauer |
474 |
34 |
432 |
426 |
83 |
|
|
Simmentaler |
507 |
34 |
459 |
449 |
77 |
|
|
Mean no. observations/breed |
11 119 |
6 831 |
3 820 |
21 294 |
21 294 |
|
Appendix III
Examples of bull selection: Estimated breeding values
ADD = Additive, MAT = Maternal, ACC = Accuracy
|
CALF |
SEX |
SIRE |
DAM |
BADD |
BMAT |
BACC |
A2ADD |
A2MAT |
A2ACC |
B1ADD |
B1ACC |
B2ADD |
B2ACC |
|
97117 |
2 |
9015 |
854 |
-0.7981 |
-0.9464 |
74 |
0.8013 |
-2.7973 |
70 |
-3.0159 |
37 |
-1.4921 |
13 |
|
98216 |
2 |
9472 |
11 |
-1.6118 |
0.9211 |
73 |
1.2701 |
0.3973 |
38 |
-2.9824 |
18 |
1.6270 |
11 |
|
98241 |
2 |
9472 |
9411 |
-1.6443 |
0.2398 |
75 |
1.2064 |
-2.6521 |
41 |
-2.9824 |
18 |
1.6269 |
11 |
|
98249a |
2 |
9472 |
8811 |
-1.0496 |
0.2529 |
75 |
1.2933 |
1.5054 |
47 |
-1.2651 |
29 |
1.9657 |
11 |
|
98181 |
2 |
94549 |
959 |
-0.7438 |
-0.0972 |
75 |
5.5975 |
-2.1614 |
40 |
4.4495 |
24 |
1.6320 |
16 |
|
97273b |
2 |
93499 |
8854 |
-0.7967 |
0.2419 |
74 |
11.2220 |
-3.9351 |
71 |
16.7446 |
57 |
0.1604 |
28 |
|
95239 |
2 |
8912 |
92109 |
1.7789 |
-0.7565 |
68 |
2.6441 |
-3.1194 |
67 |
-0.9103 |
39 |
0.9105 |
25 |
|
97205 |
2 |
92264 |
938 |
0.4663 |
0.0068 |
77 |
-0.5719 |
-6.3459 |
55 |
-4.1924 |
49 |
-2.6080 |
40 |
Information supplied by L.E. Matjuda, 2001.
aAnimals bought.
bAnimals bought and used for other purposes.
Appendix IV
Fertility evaluations of selected bulls
Current semen evaluations of bulls in the distribution project
|
Tag no. |
Semen examination data |
|||||
|
Vol. (cc) |
Live sperm (%) |
Progression live sperm (%) |
Sperm morphology |
|||
|
Normal sperm (%) |
Major abnormality (%) |
Minor abnormality (%) |
||||
|
9659 |
4 |
70 |
60 |
|
|
|
|
9681 |
6 |
80 |
60 |
|
|
|
|
958 |
5 |
80 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
979 |
10 |
80 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
982 |
10.5 |
80 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
9716 |
20 |
80 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
97159 |
80 |
80 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
9841 |
9 |
90 |
80 |
|
|
|
|
9843 |
12 |
70 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
9846 |
13 |
80 |
60 |
|
|
|
|
975 |
6 |
80 |
70 |
|
|
|
|
94109 |
2 |
50 |
20 |
|
|
|
|
9639 |
3 |
80 |
60 |
12 |
31 |
57 |
|
940 |
5 |
80 |
60 |
92 |
7 |
|
|
97104 |
8 |
90 |
70 |
86 |
13 |
1 |
|
9817 |
6 |
90 |
70 |
97 |
2 |
|
|
9827 |
10 |
80 |
60 |
84 |
2 |
14 |
|
98165 |
3 |
90 |
80 |
91 |
7 |
2 |
|
98203 |
5 |
90 |
80 |
93 |
0 |
7 |
|
9875 |
9 |
80 |
70 |
83 |
11 |
6 |
|
9861 |
9 |
90 |
80 |
97 |
1 |
2 |
Appendix V
Package of services offered by the ARC to developing farmers with beef cattle
MULTIDISCIPLINARY PACKAGE FOR RESOURCE-POOR FARMERS
Elements are listed under the heading of the specific section or division that is responsible for their execution.
(*) Possible involvement of other institutions
1. Beef performance recording schemes and genetic evaluation
Animal identification and record-keeping
2. Reproduction and genetic resources
3. Quantitative genetics
4. Genetic services
5. Foreign services unit
Appendix VI
Genetic distances
Dendogram: genetic distances of southern African landrace cattle breeds
Dendogram: genetic distances of Nguni ecotypes
