General Information
· Main climates: Temperate Continental, Temperate Steppe and Semiarid, Subtropical Humid, Subtropical Steppe and Semiarid, Temperate at 1 000 m above sea, Subtropical Desert and Arid, Temperate Oceanic, Subtropical Dry summer, Temperate Desert and Arid
· Total land area: 936 352 000 ha
· Internal renewable water resources: 2 478 km3
· Incoming water flow: km3
· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 29 240
· Main food consumed: Oil & Fat, Sugar & honey, Wheat, Meat, Milk
· Rice supply, 1999: 13.5 kg paddy/capita/year
Basic Statistics
|
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
RICE |
|
|
|
|
Harvested Area (M ha) |
1.008 |
1.142 |
1.251 |
1.232 |
Yield (kg/ha) |
6070 |
6197 |
6301 |
7036 |
Production (M t) |
6.122 |
7.080 |
7.887 |
8.669 |
Imports (T t) |
58.89 |
148.2 |
224.3 |
NA |
Exports(T t) |
1939 |
2473 |
3083 |
NA |
OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
Population (M) |
241.8 |
254.0 |
267.0 |
NA |
Agr population-(M) |
8.22 |
7.66 |
6.91 |
NA |
Irrigated agr area (M ha) |
19.83 |
20.90 |
21.40 |
NA |
Fertilizer cons (M t) |
17.83 |
18.58 |
20.03 |
NA |
Agr tractor in use (M units) |
4.67 |
4.80 |
4.80 |
NA |
Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons
Rice is planted only in California and in the Gulf States. The following table shows the harvested area from different producing zones.
Production zone |
Harvested area (% total harvested area) |
Arkansas |
42.82 |
Louisiana |
18.70 |
California |
14.63 |
Texas |
10.68 |
Missouri |
9.44 |
Carolina |
3.74 |
The following table shows the rice cropping seasons.
Cropping season |
Planting |
Harvesting |
Gulf |
4-6 |
8-10 |
California |
4-6 |
9-11 |
Production Practices
Rice is planted once a year and mostly under irrigated conditions. Rice production is on large scale and intensively mechanised. Most of rice production and post-production operations are mechanically operated. Direct seeding is the popular method of crop establishment. Aeroplanes are often used for seeding and application of agro-chemicals. Large number of improved rice varieties of japonica type has been released for cultivation.
Variety Name |
Released period |
Planted location |
A-301 |
1987 |
California |
Adair |
|
Arkansas |
Alan |
1980 |
Arkansas |
Bellemont |
1981 |
Texas |
Bengal |
|
Arkansas |
Blue Bonnet 50 |
1951 |
Texas |
Bonnet 73 |
1972 |
Arkansas |
Calmochi 101 |
1985 |
California |
Cypress |
1992 |
Louisiana |
Dawn |
1968 |
Texas |
Gulfmont |
1986 |
Texas |
Jasmine 85 |
|
Arkansas |
M 5 |
1975 |
California |
M 7 |
1977 |
California |
M 9 |
1977 |
California |
M 201 |
1982 |
California |
Katy |
1990 |
Arkansas |
Kaybonnet |
|
Arkansas |
L 110 |
1979 |
Louisiana |
L 203 |
1991 |
California |
Lacassine |
1991 |
Louisiana |
Lemont |
1983 |
Texas |
M-102 |
1987 |
California |
M-103 |
1990 |
California |
M-202 |
1986 |
California |
M-203 |
1989 |
California |
M-301 |
1980 |
California |
L 201 |
1979 |
California |
Leah |
1982 |
Louisiana |
Mars |
1977 |
Arkansas |
Maybelle |
1989 |
Texas |
Mercury |
1988 |
Louisiana |
Millie |
1990 |
Arkansas |
Orion |
1991 |
Arkansas |
Pecos |
1983 |
Texas |
S-301 |
1990 |
California |
Rexmont |
1986 |
Texas |
Rico 1 |
1987 |
Texas |
S-101 |
1989 |
California |
Skybonnet |
1983 |
Texas |
Texmont |
1990 |
Texas |
Farmers normally applied high rates of fertilizers in rice production. The following table shows the responses of rice to fertilizer application.
Other information |
Test range (kg/ha) |
Control rate (kg/ha) |
Control yield (t/ha) |
Rate at Maximum yield (kg/ha) |
Maximum yield (t/ha) |
Nitrogen (KgN) |
|||||
Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley, Sacramento, pH7.4, OM1.9%, N0.11%, P11.5ppm, K349ppm, variety 88-Y-774, average of 3 folia treatments |
0-210 |
0 |
4.2 |
120 |
11.7 |
Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley, Sacramento, pH7.4, OM1.9%, N0.11%, P11.5ppm, K349ppm, variety L 202, average of 3 folia treatments |
0-210 |
0 |
4 |
150 |
10.8 |
Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley, Sacramento, pH7.4, OM1.9%, N0.11%, P11.5ppm, K349ppm, variety M 103, average of 3 folia treatments |
0-210 |
0 |
3.4 |
90 |
9.5 |
Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley, Sacramento, pH7.4, OM1.9%, N0.11%, P11.5ppm, K349ppm, variety M 202, average of 3 folia treatments |
0-210 |
0 |
3.7 |
120 |
10.6 |
Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley, Sacramento, pH7.4, OM1.9%, N0.11%, P11.5ppm, K349ppm, M 203, aver of 3 folia treatments |
0-210 |
0 |
4.3 |
120 |
8.8 |
Reported in 61, Texas, Baumont clay, variety Blue Bonnet 50 and P.I. 215936 |
44.8-179.2 |
44.8 |
4.03 |
134.4 |
5.04 |
Reported in 60, Stutgart, Arkansas, Crowley silt loam, early maturing variety |
0-224 |
0 |
2.88 |
224 |
7.18 |
Reported in 60, Stutgart, Arkansas, Crowley silt loam, late maturing variety |
0-224 |
0 |
2.41 |
179.2 |
5.01 |
Reported in 60, Stutgart, Arkansas, Crowley silt loam, very early maturing variety |
0-224 |
0 |
3.16 |
134.4 |
6.37 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Alamo clay |
0-67.2 |
0 |
3.28 |
67.2 |
5.4 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Alamo clay, with 78.4 P kg/ha |
0-67.2 |
0 |
3.28 |
67.2 |
4.85 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Genevera clay |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.73 |
67.2 |
7.34 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Genevera clay with 78.4 P kg/ha |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.73 |
67.2 |
8.07 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Grimes clay |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.18 |
67.2 |
6.54 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Grimes clay, with 78.4 P kg/ha |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.18 |
67.2 |
6.38 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Rocklin clay |
0-67.2 |
0 |
2.54 |
67.2 |
3.93 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Sacramento clay |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.42 |
67.2 |
7.14 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Rocklin clay, with 78.4 P kg/ha |
0-67.2 |
0 |
2.54 |
67.2 |
5.23 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Sacramento clay, with 78.4 P kg/ha |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.42 |
67.2 |
6.39 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, Stockton clay |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.32 |
67.2 |
6.59 |
Reported in 58, Sacramento, California, na, Stockton clay, with 78.4 P kg/ha |
0-67.2 |
0 |
4.32 |
67.2 |
7.08 |
Reported in 60, Louisiana, with 44.8 P + 44.8 K kg/ha |
0-89.6 |
0 |
2.93 |
89.6 |
4.17 |
Reported in 92, California, short varieties |
0-201.6 |
0 |
3.3 |
168 |
7.95 |
Reported in 92, California, tall varieties |
0-201.6 |
0 |
3.3 |
134.4 |
6.72 |
Reported in 92, Stugart, Arkansas, variety Orion, with 0 N kg/ha mid season |
0-180 |
0 |
5 |
90 |
8.7 |
Reported in 92, Stugart, Arkansas, Orion, variety with 100 N mid season |
0-180 |
0 |
6.7 |
90 |
9.1 |
Reported in 92, Stugart, Arkansas, Orion, variety with 34 N kg/ha mid season |
0-180 |
0 |
5.5 |
90 |
9 |
Reported in 92, Stugart, Arkansas, variety Orion, with 68 N kg/ha mid season |
0-180 |
0 |
5.9 |
90 |
8.7 |
Phosphorus (Kg P2O5) |
|||||
Reported in 60, Louisiana |
0-44.8 |
0 |
2.83 |
44.8 |
2.9 |
Potassium (Kg K2O) |
|||||
Reported in 60, Louisiana |
0-48 |
0 |
2.83 |
44.8 |
2.86 |
Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production
There are several constraints to sustainable rice production in USA. Following are the majors:
High production cost.
Low temperature during early and reproductive stages.
Blast, stem rot, rice water weevils.
Weed and red rice competition.
Yield potentials of present day have reached a plateau.
Increasing pressure from legislation due to government concern for environment, especially the burning of rice straw.
The following table shows the rice production costs
Other information |
Yield (t/ha) |
Cost ($/ha) |
Cost ($/t) |
87-89 |
6.27 |
842 |
134 |
88-89 |
5.51 |
915 |
166 |
Research and Development Institutes
· Alter Seed Rice Co. P.O. Box 101 AR 72042 Dewitt Arkansas Phone: (870) 946-1370
· Arkansas State Plant Board P.O. Box 1069 No. 1 Natural Resources Drive AR 72205 Little Rock Arkansas Phone: (501) 225-1598 Fax: (501) 225-7213
· Beltsville Agricultural Research Center USDA Plant Genetics and Germplasm Institute,
· 10300 Baltimore Avenue MD 20705 Beltsville 2350 Maryland Phone: (301) 504-5328 Fax: (301) 504-6305
· Black Rice Company P.O. Box 391 508 South Monroe AR 72042 Dewitt Arkansas
· Phone: (870) 946-4567
· California Co-operative Rice Research Foundation Inc., Rice Experiment Station P.O. Box 306 CA 95917 Biggs California Phone: (916) 868-5481
· Cargill, Inc. P.O. Box 5645 1433 Cargill Building MN 55440 Minneapolis Minnesota
· Phone: (612) 742-7237 Telex: 290625 Fax: (612) 742-7235
· Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 12847 TX 78711 Austin Texas
· Minnesota Crop Improvement Association University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus 1900 Hendon Avenue MN 55108 St. Paul Minnesota Phone: (612) 625-7766 Fax: (612) 625-8173
· Mississippi Rice Growers Association P.O. Box 2045 MS 38722 Arcola Mississippi Phone: (601) 827-2243
· Rice Growers Association of California P.O. Box 958 CA 95804 Sacramento California Phone: (916) 371-6941
· Rice Research and Extension Centre P.O. Box 351 AR 72160 Stuttgart Arkansas Phone: (501) 673-2661
· Rice Research Station Louisiana State University Agricultural Center P.O. Box 1429 LA 70527 Crowley Louisiana Phone: (318) 783-7531 Fax: (318) 788-7553
· Rice-Pasture Research & Extension Centre P.O. Box 999 Route 7 TX 77713 Beaumont Texas
· Ricetec Seeds, Inc. P.O. Box 1305 TX 77512 Alvin Texas Phone: (713) 393-3502
· University Colorado State USDA, ARS - National Seed Storage Laboratory 1111 South Mason Street CO 80521 Fort Collins 4500 Colorado Phone: (970) 495-3200 Fax: (970) 221-1427
· University of Arkansas Research and Extension Center Box 351 AR 72160 Stuttgart Arkansas
· University of California Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences CA 95616 Davis California Phone: (916) 752-1605 Fax: (916) 752-1819
· University Texas A & M Research & Extension Service Route 7 TX 77713 Beaumont Texas
· USDA-SEA, AR, SR Rice Branch Experiment Station P.O. Box 287 AR 72160 Stuttgart Arkansas 'Phone: (870) 673-2661
· US Department of Agriculture, USDA-ARS, Route 7, Box 999 Beaumont, Texas 77713, USA
· National Rice Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Centre (USDA-ARS), P.O. Box 287, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160; Tel 501 6732661; Fax 501 6734315