Apparently, according to the Cassava Modernization Plan, a series of possibilities for cassava was reached, especially those related to enterprise development, productive diversification and genetic improvement, etc. In this way, in the framework of the proposals made by the Cassava Modernization Plan for 1995-98, some programmes and projects that were used for improving farming and transformation of cassava were being implemented, especially in regions like the Atlantic Coast and the Cauca, with the opened possibility to expand this experience to other zones of Colombia. In the Cauca case, there was the possibility to develop specific projects concerning the "rallanderia" industry that involved the competition of a series of institutions, including the CIAT, CETEC, the Agricultural Ministry with the Cassava Modernization Plan and others.
The CIAT, with its new organization and philosophy, is an important agent that supports and gives advice on acquisition and improvement of the different varieties of cassava, and on the development of the rural agricultural companies, as proposed for this decade.
After one decade of experience using the natural drying process of cassava, nowadays new possibilities appear for the searching of new technologies that escape from the problem of seasonality, and also that allow the mass production of dried cassava with low costs, and try to satisfy the demand of this raw material to be able to elaborate balanced food for animals. These technological improvements may encourage the institutional and enterprise competition under other models like productive organization that gives impulse to the conformation of private companies and not only cooperatives.
It is thus deduced that a potential and an established market for fresh cassava and derived products (dry cassava, starch and meals) to be satisfied, exist and therefore, it is necessary to stimulate the good quality products and competitive prices with the competition between suppliers.
On the other hand, the creation and organization of the Cassava Federation of Producers and Processors as another institution in the Colombian economy, opens the possibility to obtain and/or negotiate governmental policies (non-assisted) to dynamically improve production and transformation of cassava. This will support the development in certain regions that will certainly benefit society. After the official presentation on 26 February 1997 in the presence of the Minister for Agriculture, the cassava producers' board of directors' assignment was to define, according to the Plan of Modernization, a programme of variety improvement and technological assistance to increase the productivity of the cassava crop farming, to design a proposal for legal funds for the producers in order to be presented to the Legislative Chamber and to obtain resources for future activities of technological and enterprise development. The producers' group was also responsible for coordinating the shares they have with FENALCE (National Cereal Federation) since corn is an associated crop that is cultivated with cassava particularly in the Atlantic region.
Although none of the described programmes mentions or gives determined information on women's participation in the different stages of the projects and neither in the specific productive processes, there is still a space destined to impulse these activities inside the new model of development. This model involves women in the transformation and/or the cassava processing. In this way, in the future it will be possible to talk about rural development parallel to the cassava development.
Finally, in the framework of globalization and opened economies, which is being implemented in the world economy, and stimulated by different agreements and multilateral and unilateral programmes (GATT, OMC, G3, etc.), it is necessary to analyse the prospects of cassava in Colombia. It is known that Colombia has the highest production costs of cassava roots (US$34.85/tonne) compared with Thailand (US$20.34/tonne) and Brazil (US$27.8/tonne)[50], that are both the major producers of cassava, one in the world, and the other in Latin America, respectively. In the same way, it is known that the prices of dried cassava pellets compared with the roots, are approximately 3.1 higher for Thailand and 4.1 higher for Colombia; but if this is compared with starch, the relation is 8.1 for Thailand, 11.2 for Brazil and 12.4 for Colombia. In the near future, according to this context, it will be difficult for Colombia to compete in the cassava world market if the production costs, especially of cassava roots, do not decrease considerably. If the free importation of cassava and derived products work their way in and are implemented, the cassava agriculture-industry will possibly disappear.
On the other hand, Henry and Gotrett compared the national prices paid for dried cassava in the concentrate plants with the prices paid in Thailand and with the national and imported prices of sorghum in March 1996. The result showed that the prices of cassava were lower compared with the prices of sorghum but approximately 33 percent higher than the prices of dried cassava in Thailand. In this way the competitivity that exists between dried cassava and the national and imported sorghum was demonstrated. Nevertheless, the authors noticed the low margins of utility, and if the transportation fees to the concentrates plants are taken into account, then the cassava producer "may even be loosing money"[51]. If we consider this result according to the international market tendencies where sorghum and other grain prices are foreseen to decrease due to the expectation that the United States of America, China and Europe will increase their production, then the apparent competitivity of the dried cassava price and the sorghum prices (national and imported) will be cancelled. We also noticed that in the last year, the American sorghum prices 1-2d, had a decreasing tendency between their highest point in May 1996 (US$186.42/tonnes) and their deterioration which reached US$110.66/tonnes[52] in February 1997. With this international level of prices, that have their rebound in the national climate, we concluded that it is difficult that dried cassava will remain competitive.
After the experience of the natural drying process and amongst the order of technological limitations, like the enterprise organization described before, and in the framework of the world's economical opened market, the cassava agriculture in the hands of small farmers has no major possibilities in the future, and even less when the natural drying process is in a state of self-regulation which implies that the CIAT and other institutions have practically nothing to do against it. As mentioned, the CIAT and other institutions are concentrating efforts in the cassava starch produced principally in the Cauca Department by small producers. Now, it is known that cassava starch from Venezuela entered Colombia costing US$300/tonne that corresponds approximately to the 57 percent of the starch price produced in Colombia[53].
With the experience of the natural drying process and inside the model of free market, it is necessary to question if small producers of starch will be able to compete in the future with producers like Venezuela and continue to offer on the market, a good quality starch with lower prices than international ones. Even more so, it must be questioned how profitable will it be for the Colombian state and other institutions to invest in small producers of cassava and derived products in the actual conditions of competence that are being established internationally.
Lastly, since on the one hand it is known that the major portion of cassava is destined to fresh human consumption and having on the other hand, the experience of the relative success obtained with the fresh storage that failed in Barranquilla for lack of promotion, why do we not impulse, or better, why do we not continue the offer of packed cassava on a major scale, which certainly has lower costs compared with the natural drying process and also is a product that might be consumed normally and necessarily in a massive way abandoning its condition as an inferior good in urban zones?
Colombia: Cassava areas, production and yields 1970-1996
YEARS |
AREAS |
PRODUCTION |
YIELDS |
|
(000 ha) |
TONNE |
TONNE/ha |
1970 | 244.50 | 1 956.00 | 8.000 |
1971 | 248.80 | 1 990.40 | 8.000 |
1972 | 251.30 | 2 010.40 | 8.000 |
1973 | 249.80 | 1 998.40 | 8.000 |
1974 | 250.10 | 2 125.90 | 8.500 |
1975 | 256.70 | 2 021.10 | 7.873 |
1976 | 223.30 | 1 845.70 | 8.266 |
1977 | 209.70 | 1 960.00 | 9.347 |
1978 | 216.80 | 2 044.10 | 9.429 |
1979 | 221.70 | 1 908.90 | 8.610 |
1980 | 207.70 | 2 150.40 | 10.353 |
1981 | 207.00 | 2 150.10 | 10.387 |
1982 | 170.90 | 1 552.30 | 9.083 |
1983 | 172.70 | 1 554.75 | 9.003 |
1984 | 152.90 | 1 386.30 | 9.067 |
1985 | 154.20 | 1 367.35 | 8.867 |
1986 | 153.30 | 1 334.90 | 8.708 |
1987 | 159.10 | 1 260.39 | 7.922 |
1988 | 148.80 | 1 281.60 | 8.613 |
1989 | 170.60 | 1 509.40 | 8.848 |
1990 | 207.31 | 1 939.02 | 9.353 |
1991 | 174.00 | 1 645.21 | 9.455 |
1992 | 181.26 | 1 650.96 | 9.108 |
1993 | 186.50 | 1 900.19 | 10.189 |
1994 | 189.60 | 1 794.61 | 9.465 |
1995 | 178.36 | 1 751.90 | 9.822 |
1996 | 184.14 | 1 804.81 | 9.801 |
Source: Ministerio Agricultura.
Colombia: Cassava areas per department (hectares)
DEPARTMENTS |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
Amazonas | | | | 300 | 256 | | 477 | 197 | 623 |
Antioquia | 4 400 | 4 400 | 6 000 | 6 437 | 12 790 | 6 556 | 11 213 | 10 692 | 12 389 |
Arauca | 5 000 | 4 000 | 4 000 | 3 010 | 2 361 | 3 247 | 2 225 | 3 343 | 2 106 |
Atlántico | 9 000 | 11 000 | 10 900 | 12 689 | 3 085 | 10 715 | 8 791 | 5 954 | 5 473 |
Bolivar | 20 000 | 18 000 | 23 000 | 28 365 | 20 939 | 19 262 | 20 983 | 17 152 | 16 712 |
Boyaca | 5 300 | 6 000 | 5 900 | 2 950 | 2 228 | 3 180 | 3 753 | 3 737 | 2 563 |
Caldas | 800 | 1 400 | 2 700 | 1 785 | 1 472 | 784 | 1 769 | 1 310 | 695 |
Caqueta | 7 800 | 4 000 | 9 000 | 18 999 | 11 083 | 8 307 | 8 178 | 14 480 | 9 393 |
Casanare | 2 000 | 600 | 1 200 | 1 267 | 1 500 | 2 492 | 2 176 | 3 800 | 3 061 |
Cauca | 3 200 | 6 000 | 6 700 | 5 387 | 6 290 | 7 626 | 6 979 | 5 858 | 6 225 |
Cesar | 9 400 | 7 800 | 9 600 | 12 728 | 15 565 | 10 681 | 10 083 | 7 590 | 8 308 |
Choco | 2 700 | 4 000 | 900 | 1 734 | 3 875 | 643 | 2 012 | 1 549 | 1 512 |
Córdoba | 10 000 | 6 900 | 14 000 | 16 800 | 16 860 | 16 548 | 13 237 | 12 995 | 19 065 |
Cundinamarca | 2 700 | 3 000 | 3 100 | 3 530 | 3 135 | 3 450 | 5 017 | 4 357 | 3 735 |
Guainia | | | | 98 | 150 | 467 | 1 000 | 400 | 1 250 |
La Guajira | 4 500 | 2 100 | 2 000 | 1 800 | 1 147 | 1 245 | 1 442 | 2 020 | 2 296 |
Guaviare | | | 1 400 | 630 | 1 323 | 894 | 897 | 897 | 897 |
Huila | 3 700 | 4 100 | 3 000 | 3 591 | 3 224 | 4 925 | 5 091 | 3 426 | 3 064 |
Magdalena | 14 300 | 16 900 | 14 000 | 19 696 | 11 600 | 10 860 | 12 049 | 17 784 | 18 058 |
Meta | 3 000 | 1 100 | 2 600 | 6 100 | 4 693 | 4 314 | 5 001 | 2 987 | 3 177 |
Narino | 2 000 | 2 300 | 2 300 | 775 | 1 612 | 1 359 | 1 104 | 260 | 178 |
Norte Santander | 11 500 | 9 000 | 9 500 | 8 986 | 9 555 | 8 734 | 9 571 | 9 667 | 9 503 |
Putumayo | 1 700 | 1 500 | 1 500 | 1 600 | 1 200 | 2 710 | 1 214 | 3 319 | 3 391 |
Quindio | 800 | 1 300 | 1 000 | 1 500 | 1 441 | 660 | 1 854 | 1 065 | 1 048 |
Risaralda | 1 200 | 2 200 | 1 600 | 2 121 | 1 377 | 874 | 1 903 | 1 055 | 897 |
Sn Andres y Prov | | | | | | | | 22 | 25 |
Santander | 15 000 | 17 600 | 19 600 | 22 677 | 18 033 | 20 265 | 15 952 | 22 892 | 23 497 |
Sucre | 11 500 | 7 100 | 11 000 | 17 000 | 14 000 | 25 232 | 22 093 | 18 663 | 15 331 |
Tolima | 5 100 | 4 500 | 2 300 | 3 210 | 1 310 | 4 210 | 4 246 | 6 884 | 3 963 |
Valle | 2 500 | 2 000 | 1 600 | 1 545 | 970 | 865 | 789 | 923 | 731 |
Vaupes | | | | | 892 | | 5 150 | 4 125 | 3 371 |
Vichada | | | 200 | | 30 | 150 | 250 | 200 | 161 |
TOTAL | 159 100 | 148 800 | 170 600 | 207 310 | 173 996 | 181 255 | 186 499 | 189 603 | 182 698 |
Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.
Colombia: Cassava production per departments (tonnes)
DPTMT |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
Amazonas | | | | 3 900 | 768 | | 1 431 | 790 | 1 869 |
Antioquia | 60 300 | 62 000 | 99 400 | 90 234 | 224 933 | 102 215 | 189 881 | 187 602 | 215 108 |
Arauca | 35 000 | 30 000 | 35 300 | 32 955 | 30 282 | 62 560 | 39 640 | 41 827 | 26 820 |
Atlántico | 67 500 | 82 500 | 86 700 | 81 915 | 9 255 | 90 511 | 65 196 | 43 519 | 43 043 |
Bolívar | 140 000 | 135 000 | 195 500 | 261 730 | 194 105 | 206 563 | 215 437 | 174 183 | 180 888 |
Boyacá | 29 200 | 30 000 | 32 500 | 22 391 | 17 530 | 22 273 | 22 658 | 30 398 | 17 267 |
Caldas | 8 700 | 20 000 | 33 600 | 23 927 | 20 344 | 10 487 | 26 458 | 14 995 | 5 428 |
Caquetá | 54 600 | 32 000 | 70 500 | 171 610 | 107 638 | 58 015 | 84 200 | 104 233 | 96 408 |
Casanare | 18 000 | 6 000 | 11 300 | 12 670 | 15 000 | 16 227 | 32 412 | 40 787 | 35 539 |
Cauca | 22 400 | 69 000 | 56 900 | 55 959 | 71 624 | 79 665 | 49 186 | 57 694 | 42 312 |
Cesar | 67 500 | 70 200 | 79 200 | 111 434 | 161 970 | 102 558 | 122 730 | 80 374 | 87 000 |
Chocó | 18 900 | 20 000 | 9 000 | 18 608 | 34 875 | 8 395 | 23 339 | 16 618 | 17 743 |
Córdoba | 70 000 | 34 500 | 116 200 | 189 955 | 134 880 | 165 480 | 145 561 | 122 036 | 195 273 |
Cundinamarca | 13 800 | 15 900 | 16 000 | 17 150 | 15 445 | 18 268 | 32 984 | 29 676 | 24 550 |
Guainía | | | | 490 | 750 | 6 997 | 5 000 | 600 | 6 875 |
La Guajira | 42 800 | 23 100 | 23 800 | 18 000 | 11 470 | 9 346 | 13 720 | 16 985 | 27 552 |
Guaviare | | | 20 200 | 6 300 | 15 876 | 10 728 | 10 764 | 10 764 | 10 964 |
Huila | 22 200 | 24 600 | 22 300 | 32 319 | 32 240 | 34 475 | 31 728 | 21 702 | 19 423 |
Magdalena | 114 400 | 152 100 | 112 000 | 157 568 | 104 400 | 95 568 | 102 417 | 124 488 | 130 899 |
Meta | 19 500 | 8 400 | 20 500 | 61 000 | 35 667 | 56 082 | 55 011 | 34 588 | 35 900 |
Narino | 13 000 | 11 500 | 13 700 | 7 700 | 15 345 | 8 761 | 8 963 | 1 535 | 1 097 |
Norte Santander | 115 000 | 126 000 | 95 400 | 89 860 | 68 748 | 70 680 | 87 445 | 73 370 | 71 834 |
Putumayo | 13 600 | 12 000 | 12 000 | 12 800 | 15 600 | 26 940 | 13 938 | 34 514 | 27 716 |
Quindío | 14 400 | 23 400 | 15 000 | 23 882 | 22 938 | 10 596 | 28 073 | 16 142 | 15 745 |
Risaralda | 19 200 | 26 400 | 23 400 | 32 461 | 19 546 | 13 550 | 30 448 | 14 454 | 12 618 |
Sn Andrés y Prov | | | | | | | | 160 | 179 |
Santander | 105 000 | 135 500 | 136 800 | 186 108 | 118 610 | 132 831 | 112 684 | 178 925 | 214 603 |
Sucre | 102 000 | 71 000 | 121 000 | 170 000 | 98 000 | 182 088 | 214 187 | 188 207 | 148 349 |
Tolima | 45 900 | 40 500 | 24 900 | 26 019 | 19 169 | 35 785 | 38 214 | 66 578 | 37 758 |
Valle | 27 490 | 20 000 | 24 700 | 20 074 | 14 555 | 12 417 | 11 835 | 11 143 | 9 896 |
Vaupés | | | | | 13 380 | | 82 400 | 53 624 | 38 652 |
Vichada | | | 1 600 | | 270 | 900 | 2 250 | 2 100 | 1 771 |
TOTAL | 1 260 390 | 1 281 600 | 1 509 400 | 1 939 019 | 1 645 213 | 1 650 961 | 1 900 190 | 1 794 611 | 1 801 079 |
Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.
Colombia: Cassava yields per departments kilograms per hectare
DEPARTMENT |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
Amazonas | | | | 13 000 | 3 000 | | 3 000 | 4 010 | 3 000 |
Antioquia | 13 705 | 14 091 | 16 567 | 14 018 | 17 587 | 15 591 | 16 934 | 17 546 | 17 363 |
Arauca | 7 000 | 7 500 | 8 825 | 10 949 | 12 826 | 19 267 | 17 816 | 12 512 | 12 735 |
Atlántico | 7 500 | 7 500 | 7 954 | 6 456 | 3 000 | 8 447 | 7 416 | 7 309 | 7 865 |
Bolívar | 7 000 | 7 500 | 8 500 | 9 227 | 9 270 | 10 724 | 10 267 | 10 155 | 10 824 |
Boyacá | 5 509 | 5 000 | 5 508 | 7 590 | 7 868 | 7 004 | 6 037 | 8 134 | 6 737 |
Caldas | 10 875 | 14 286 | 12 444 | 13 404 | 13 821 | 13 376 | 14 956 | 11 447 | 7 810 |
Caquetá | 7 000 | 8 000 | 7 833 | 9 033 | 9 712 | 6 984 | 10 296 | 7 198 | 10 264 |
Casanare | 9 000 | 10 000 | 9 417 | 10 000 | 10 000 | 6 512 | 14 895 | 10 733 | 11 610 |
Cauca | 7 000 | 11 500 | 8 493 | 10 388 | 11 387 | 10 446 | 7 048 | 9 849 | 6 797 |
Cesar | 7 181 | 9 000 | 8 250 | 8 755 | 10 406 | 9 602 | 12 172 | 10 589 | 10 472 |
Chocó | 7 000 | 5 000 | 10 000 | 10 731 | 9 000 | 13 056 | 11 600 | 10 728 | 11 735 |
Córdoba | 7 000 | 5 000 | 8 300 | 11 307 | 8 000 | 10 000 | 10 997 | 9 391 | 10 242 |
Cundinamarca | 5 111 | 5 300 | 5 161 | 4 858 | 4 927 | 5 295 | 6 574 | 6 811 | 6 573 |
Guainía | | | | 5 000 | 5 000 | 14 983 | 5 000 | 1 500 | 5 500 |
La Guajira | 9 511 | 11 000 | 11 900 | 10 000 | 10 000 | 7 507 | 9 515 | 8 408 | 12 000 |
Guaviare | | | 14 429 | 10 000 | 12 000 | 12 000 | 12 000 | 12 000 | 12 223 |
Huila | 6 000 | 6 000 | 7 433 | 9 000 | 10 000 | 7 000 | 6 232 | 6 335 | 6 339 |
Magdalena | 8 000 | 9 000 | 8 000 | 8 000 | 9 000 | 8 800 | 8 500 | 7 000 | 7 249 |
Meta | 6 500 | 7 636 | 7 885 | 10 000 | 7 600 | 13 000 | 11 000 | 11 580 | 11 300 |
Narino | 6 500 | 5 000 | 5 957 | 9 935 | 9 519 | 6 447 | 8 119 | 5 904 | 6 163 |
Norte Santander | 10 000 | 14 000 | 10 042 | 10 000 | 7 195 | 8 093 | 9 136 | 7 590 | 7 559 |
Putumayo | 8 000 | 8 000 | 8 000 | 8 000 | 13 000 | 9 941 | 11 481 | 10 399 | 8 173 |
Quindío | 18 000 | 18 000 | 15 000 | 15 921 | 15 918 | 16 055 | 15 142 | 15 157 | 15 024 |
Risaralda | 16 000 | 12 000 | 14 625 | 15 305 | 14 195 | 15 503 | 16 000 | 13 700 | 14 067 |
Sn Andrés y Prov | | | | | | | | 7 273 | 7 160 |
Santander | 7 000 | 7 699 | 6 980 | 8 207 | 6 577 | 6 555 | 7 064 | 7 816 | 9 133 |
Sucre | 8 870 | 10 000 | 11 000 | 10 000 | 7 000 | 7 217 | 9 695 | 10 084 | 9 676 |
Tolima | 9 000 | 9 000 | 10 826 | 8 106 | 14 633 | 8 500 | 9 000 | 9 671 | 9 528 |
Valle | 10 996 | 10 000 | 15 438 | 12 993 | 15 005 | 14 355 | 15 000 | 12 073 | 13 538 |
Vaupés | | | | | 15 000 | | 16 000 | 13 000 | 11 466 |
Vichada | | | 8 000 | | 9 000 | 6 000 | 9 000 | 10 500 | 11 000 |
TOTAL | 7 922 | 8 613 | 8 848 | 9 353 | 9 455 | 9 108 | 10 189 | 9 465 | 9 858 |
Fuente: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.
Colombia: Participation of area and cassava production in the principal producer departments and national total 1987-96
DPT |
|
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
(A) |
Atlántico | superf | 5.66 | 7.39 | 6.39 | 6.12 | 1.77 | 5.91 | 4.71 | 3.14 | 3.00 | 4.90 |
| produc | 5.36 | 6.44 | 5.74 | 4.22 | 0.56 | 5.48 | 3.43 | 2.42 | 2.39 | 4.01 |
Bolívar | superf | 12.57 | 12.10 | 13.48 | 13.68 | 12.03 | 10.63 | 11.25 | 9.05 | 9.15 | 11.55 |
| produc | 11.11 | 10.53 | 12.95 | 13.50 | 11.80 | 12.51 | 11.34 | 9.71 | 10.04 | 11.50 |
Caquetá | superf | 4.90 | 2.69 | 5.28 | 9.16 | 6.37 | 4.58 | 4.39 | 7.64 | 5.14 | 5.57 |
| produc | 4.33 | 2.50 | 4.67 | 8.85 | 6.54 | 3.51 | 4.43 | 5.81 | 5.35 | 5.11 |
Cesar | superf | 5.91 | 5.24 | 5.63 | 6.14 | 8.95 | 5.89 | 5.41 | 4.00 | 4.55 | 5.75 |
| produc | 5.36 | 5.48 | 5.25 | 5.75 | 9.84 | 6.21 | 6.46 | 4.48 | 4.83 | 5.96 |
Córdoba | superf | 6.29 | 4.64 | 8.21 | 8.10 | 9.69 | 9.13 | 7.10 | 6.85 | 10.44 | 7.83 |
| produc | 5.55 | 2.69 | 7.70 | 9.80 | 8.20 | 10.02 | 7.66 | 6.80 | 10.84 | 7.70 |
Magdalena | superf | 8.99 | 11.36 | 8.21 | 9.50 | 6.67 | 5.99 | 6.46 | 9.38 | 9.88 | 8.49 |
| produc | 9.08 | 11.87 | 7.42 | 8.13 | 6.35 | 5.79 | 5.39 | 6.94 | 7.27 | 7.58 |
Norte Santander | superf | 7.23 | 6.05 | 5.57 | 4.33 | 5.49 | 4.82 | 5.13 | 5.10 | 5.20 | 5.44 |
| produc | 9.12 | 9.83 | 6.32 | 4.63 | 4.18 | 4.28 | 4.60 | 4.09 | 3.99 | 5.67 |
Santander | superf | 9.43 | 11.83 | 11.49 | 10.94 | 10.36 | 11.18 | 8.55 | 12.07 | 12.86 | 10.97 |
| produc | 8.33 | 10.57 | 9.06 | 9.60 | 7.21 | 8.05 | 5.93 | 9.97 | 11.92 | 8.96 |
Sucre | superf | 7.23 | 4.77 | 6.45 | 8.20 | 8.05 | 13.92 | 11.85 | 9.84 | 8.39 | 8.74 |
| produc | 8.09 | 5.54 | 8.02 | 8.77 | 5.96 | 11.03 | 11.27 | 10.49 | 8.24 | 8.60 |
Resto Dptos | superf | 40.72 | 45.21 | 37.44 | 33.26 | 37.22 | 33.87 | 41.55 | 42.24 | 41.21 | 39.19 |
| produc | 42.74 | 46.41 | 40.28 | 34.88 | 45.70 | 38.89 | 44.87 | 46.23 | 42.39 | 42.49 |
TOTAL | superf | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| produc | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.
Colombia: Growing rate of cassava area, production and yields in the principal producer department and national total 1987-95
DPT |
|
AREA |
PRODUCTION |
YIELDS |
Atlántico | % annual | 16.78 | 83.19 | 12.13 |
| % absol | -39.19 | -36.23 | 4.86 |
Bolívar | % annual | -0.55 | 4.97 | 5.16 |
| % absol | -16.44 | 29.21 | 54.63 |
Caquetá | % annual | 17.89 | 22.26 | 7.43 |
| % absol | 20.42 | 76.57 | 46.63 |
Cesar | % annual | 0.97 | 6.62 | 5.21 |
| % absol | -11.62 | 28.89 | 45.83 |
Córdoba | % annual | 12.81 | 30.56 | 8.20 |
| % absol | 90.65 | 178.96 | 46.32 |
Magdalena | % annual | 6.03 | 4.33 | -0.65 |
| % absol | 26.28 | 14.42 | -9.39 |
Norte Santander | % annual | -1.66 | -3.96 | -0.97 |
| % absol | -17.37 | -37.54 | -24.41 |
Santander | % annual | 6.80 | 11.70 | 3.70 |
| % absol | 56.65 | 104.38 | 30.47 |
Sucre | % annual | 9.78 | 12.03 | 2.34 |
| % absol | 33.31 | 45.44 | 9.10 |
Resto Dptos | % annual | 2.12 | 4.73 | 2.53 |
| % absol | 16.23 | 41.75 | 21.95 |
TOTAL | % annual | 2.08 | 4.78 | 2.61 |
| % absol | 14.83 | 42.90 | 24.44 |
Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.
Colombia: Cassava areas, production and yields per regions 1987-1995
* REGIÓN |
|
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
Costa Atlántica | supf | 78 700 | 69 800 | 84 500 | 109 078 | 83 196 | 94 543 | 88 678 | 82 158 | 85 243 |
| prod | 604 200 | 568 400 | 734 400 | 990 602 | 714 080 | 852 114 | 879 248 | 749 792 | 813 004 |
| rend | 7 677 | 8 143 | 8 691 | 9 082 | 8 583 | 9 013 | 9 915 | 9 126 | 9 537 |
Occidente | supf | 17 600 | 23 600 | 22 800 | 21 284 | 29 827 | 19 367 | 27 623 | 22 712 | 23 675 |
| prod | 184 390 | 252 300 | 275 700 | 272 845 | 424 160 | 246 086 | 368 183 | 320 183 | 319 947 |
| rend | 10 477 | 10 691 | 12 092 | 12 819 | 14 221 | 12 706 | 13 329 | 14 098 | 13 514 |
Centro Oriente | supf | 43 300 | 44 200 | 43 400 | 44 944 | 37 485 | 44 764 | 43 630 | 50 963 | 46 325 |
| prod | 331 100 | 372 500 | 327 900 | 373 847 | 271 742 | 314 312 | 325 713 | 400 649 | 385 435 |
| rend | 7 647 | 8 428 | 7 555 | 8 318 | 7 249 | 7 022 | 7 465 | 7 862 | 8 320 |
Orinoquía | supf | 10 000 | 5 700 | 9 400 | 11 105 | 10 949 | 11 564 | 16 699 | 15 752 | 14 023 |
| prod | 72 500 | 44 400 | 88 900 | 113 415 | 111 225 | 153 494 | 227 477 | 184 290 | 156 521 |
| rend | 7 250 | 7 789 | 9 457 | 10 213 | 10 158 | 13 273 | 13 622 | 11 699 | 11 162 |
Amazonía | supf | 9 500 | 5 500 | 10 500 | 20 899 | 12 539 | 11 017 | 9 869 | 17 996 | 13 407 |
| prod | 68 200 | 44 000 | 82 500 | 188 310 | 124 006 | 84 955 | 99 569 | 139 537 | 125 993 |
| rend | 7 179 | 8 000 | 7 857 | 9 010 | 9 890 | 7 711 | 10 089 | 7 754 | 9 398 |
TOTAL | supf | 159 100 | 148 800 | 170 600 | 207 310 | 173 996 | 181 255 | 186 499 | 189 581 | 182 673 |
| prod | 1 260 390 | 1 281 600 | 1 509 400 | 1 939 019 | 1 645 213 | 1 650 961 | 1 900 190 | 1 794 451 | 1 800 900 |
| rend | 7 922 | 8 613 | 8 848 | 9 353 | 9 455 | 9 108 | 10 189 | 9 465 | 9 859 |
Source: URPA. Minagricultura-Direcciones de Planificación y Producción. Subdirección de Información y Estadísticas. Tomado de los Anuarios Estadísticos del Sector Agrpecuario. Ministerio de Agricultura 1987-1995
Región Costa Atlántica: Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Guajira, Magdalena, San Andrés y Providencia y Sucre.
Región Occidente: Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda y Valle.
Región Centro Oriente: Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Norte de Santander, Santander y Tolima.
Región Orinoquía: Arauca, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Vaupés y Vichada.
Región Amazonía: Amazonas, Caqutá y Putumayo.
Colombia: Participation in the cassava producing regions and national total 1987-1995
REGIÓN |
|
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
Costa Atlántica | superf | 49.5 | 46.9 | 49.5 | 52.6 | 47.8 | 52.2 | 47.5 | 43.3 | 46.7 |
| produc | 47.9 | 44.4 | 48.7 | 51.1 | 43.4 | 51.6 | 46.3 | 41.8 | 45.1 |
Occidente | superf | 11.1 | 15.9 | 13.4 | 10.3 | 17.1 | 10.7 | 14.8 | 12.0 | 13.0 |
| produc | 14.6 | 19.7 | 18.3 | 14.1 | 25.8 | 14.9 | 19.4 | 17.8 | 17.8 |
Centro Oriente | superf | 27.2 | 29.7 | 25.4 | 21.7 | 21.5 | 24.7 | 23.4 | 26.9 | 25.4 |
| produc | 26.3 | 29.1 | 21.7 | 19.3 | 16.5 | 19.0 | 17.1 | 22.3 | 21.4 |
Orinoquía | superf | 6.3 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 7.7 |
| produc | 5.8 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 9.3 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 8.7 |
Amazonía | superf | 6.0 | 3.7 | 6.2 | 10.1 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 9.5 | 7.3 |
| produc | 5.4 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 7.0 |
TOTAL | superf | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| produc | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Source: Anuarios Estadísticos del Sector Agropecuario. Ministerio de Agricultura 1987-1995.
[50] Henry, Guy; Gottret, Maria V., Tendencias globales de la producción y mercado de yuca y sus productos. In La Economia de la Yuca en Colombia. Ministry of Agriculture, 1996. pp.25. [51] Ibidem pp.15-16. [52] National Agricultural Stock. [53] Henry, Guy; Gottret, María V., Tendencias globales de la producción. p.27. |