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Annex
Case studies

HEDONIC PRICING: WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER IN THE PHILIPPINES

Introduction

This study illustrates that it is feasible to use an indirect, non-market valuation technique to estimate the economic benefits that result from improved water supply projects. The hedonic property valuation method is used to determine how imputed household rental values in a large rural area of the Philippines reflect households’ WTP for different types of water supply service (private connection in the house, or a tap in the yard). The economic benefits of improved water supplies are likely to be especially large in peri-urban communities where households already purchase the majority of their water from vendors. The economic benefits in rural areas of developing countries where water vending is not present are typically much lower.

Fieldwork and data collection

Data used for the analysis came from a 1978 random survey of 1 903 households in a 14 000 square kilometre area of the Bicol region, one of the poorest parts of the Philippines. The sample was designed to be representative of the region in terms of population and income distribution. The authors used a human capital formation model to estimate the permanent income of each household in the sample, based on all possible sources of cash or ‘in-kind’ income. These estimates were used to place households into three income categories used for the analysis. Monthly rent was imputed as one percent of the reported value of the dwelling.

Information from the survey was used to describe characteristics of the dwelling, including water source, number of bedrooms, quality of construction materials, and location. Two variables were used to characterise the type of water supply:

1. Households with piped water in the house;
2. Households with a deep-well and water pumped into the house or yard.

The authors hypothesised that these two types of water supply would add to the perceived value of the dwelling relative to a public tap or use of a traditional source of water.

Results of the analysis

The authors estimated households’ WTP in terms of the capitalised value of improvements to water supply. A bid-rent function was formulated between the pertinent characteristics of the dwellings (which included the water source, construction materials, number of rooms and lot size) and community, and the payment of more rent. The parameter estimates that this produced are presented in Table A.1, where the coefficients can be interpreted as the marginal WTP for each housing characteristic, assuming that tastes are similar within each of the three income groups. The results of the model (in Table A.1) show that the coefficients of non-water characteristics generally behave as hypothesised.

Households in all income ranges are willing to pay about half of their monthly imputed rent to have piped water in the house supplied by a public system, with a WTP in 1978 for the higher income households of US$1.95 per month, US$2.25 for middle-income households, and US$1.41 for low-income households. These amounts are additional to the monthly costs of using these services (including any existing water tariffs). The poorest households are not willing to pay more for water in the yard or house if it is supplied by the household’s own well. Middle-income households would pay about US$0.94 per month for the capitalised cost of this option and high-income households would pay about US$0.88 per month.

TABLE A.1
Results of bid-rent estimationsa


Mean hedonic price or discrete bid-rent (in 1978 US$)

Household income category

Low income

Middle income

High income

Intercept

-25.924
(5.52)

-46.243
(10.87)

-47.321
(11.02)

Piped water in the house

10.427*
(1.70)

18.130*
(3.85)

15.486*
(3.31)

Deep well water into the house
or yard, or a yard tap

-2.147
(0.57)

6.948*
(2.42)

6.459*
(2.25)

Number of bedrooms

2.194
(1.38)

7.967*
(6.21)

11.290*
(9.77)

Distance to central town

-0.834*
(5.81)

0.011
(0.51)

0.396*
(2.04)

House materials

9.863*
(4.18)

2.734*
(5.98)

10.321*
(4.97)

Scale parameter


0.044
(123.96)


a Where the dependent variable is imputed monthly rent and t statistics are given in parentheses.

* Indicates significance at or above the 10 percent level for a two-tailed test. The model as a whole is significant at better than the one percent level using a likelihood ratio test.

Discussion

The analysis shows that, in this poor rural area of the Philippines, value is placed on the type of water supply in the housing market and that this is capitalised in the price (imputed rental value) of the house. The authors found high WTP for piped, in-house water supplies for all income groups and somewhat lower WTP for water supplies in the yard.

A project that provided individual house connections would significantly increase wellbeing. However when the authors compared their estimates of households’ WTP for water supply improvements with cost estimates for water supply systems in the Philippines, they concluded that WTP was probably not adequate to cover the capital cost of piped water supply either in the house or yard.

North, J. H. and Griffin, C.G. (1993).
Water source as a housing characteristic:
hedonic property valuation and willingness-to-pay for water.
Water Resources Research 29 (7) 1923-1929.

RESIDUAL VALUE: THE VALUE OF NON-IRRIGATION USES OF WATER IN A MULTIPLE-USE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN SRI LANKA

Introduction

This study assesses the relative economic contributions of irrigated agriculture and non-irrigation uses of water in the Kirindi Oya irrigation and settlement project (KOISP) in south eastern Sri Lanka. The residual value approach is used to indicate the importance of the multiple uses of irrigation water to local economies. The study focuses on irrigated paddy production and the non-irrigation use of water in reservoir fisheries.

Agriculture plays a substantial role in the local economy of the Kirindi Oya area, accounting for 55 percent of household income and 75 percent of all employment. Within the agricultural sector, paddy cultivation is the largest single source of income. The study estimated the value of water for paddy cultivation under current and targeted cropping intensities. Though expansion of irrigated paddy production was a primary justification of the KOISP and though inland fisheries make a significant contribution to the local economy, no economic values had previously been determined.

Fieldwork and data collection

The residual valuation methodology requires special care to ensure that all cash and non-cash costs of production are adequately captured. In the production of paddy, particular care was taken to ensure all input costs were included, including non-cash costs such as land, family labour, returns to management (taken to be 5 percent of value of gross output) and depreciation of machinery and equipment. Data were obtained from detailed farm-level cost of production surveys, conducted in the KOISP area. A total of 84 agricultural producers were selected from a stratified random sample of the ten subsystems within the irrigated area.

To value the inland fisheries, data collection was focused on commercial fisheries in three reservoirs within the KOISP area, which account for about 81 percent of the total reservoir surface area of the project. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 percent of the 157 fisher boats that operated in the three reservoirs, to determine, the type of boat and nets in use, monthly catch data, amount of catch sold or consumed at home, prices received in wholesale and retail markets and detailed cost information.

Results of the analysis

The study obtained values for the use of irrigation water by employing a producer-level profit maximisation model to calculate the value of irrigation water in irrigated paddy production and inland fisheries. The economic return to water was assessed for both of the identified uses of irrigation water, by valuing water in its current use. This was determined as the total value of marketed and non-marketed production less all cash and non-cash.

Irrigated paddy production

The average adjusted yield for the area was 4 728 kg per hectare, and the average farm gate price for paddy was Rs 14 (US$0.2) per kg. The value of output, costs of production and economic returns to water on a per-hectare basis are shown in Table A.1. The total economic return to water for paddy production in the KOISP area in 1999 was estimated at Rs 215 707 (US$3 083).

TABLE A.1
Economic returns to water from irrigated paddy production in KOISP area


1999 Rs (‘000s)/ha

Value of production (consumed in the home and marketed)

65.5

Inputs:



Land

10.3


Materials

11.4


Labour

15.7


Machinery

7.2


Operating interest

0.8

Economic returns to water

16.7

TABLE A.2
Economic returns from inland fisheries in three reservoirs in the KOISP area


1999 Rs (‘000s)

Value of produce (consumed in the home and marketed)

24.2

Costs of production (boats, nets and other)

7.9

Economic return per trip

0.6

Economic return per boat

16.3

Economic return to inland fisheries in the three reservoirs

38.1 - 39.6

Inland fisheries production

The productivity of the fisheries was measured as the catch per boat trip, known as catch per unit effort. (CPUE). The average annual yield for each reservoir was estimated according to the CPUE for each surveyed boat, the number of trips per month for each boat and the estimated number of boats on each reservoir. From the survey data, an average CPUE of 35 kg was determined, with four percent of the catch kept for home consumption. Table A.2 shows the average monthly value of production, costs and economic returns for fishing in the three reservoirs in KOISP area.

This study estimated that the economic value of returns to fisheries in the three reservoirs in the KOISP area was Rs 38 087 - 39 604 (US$544 000 - 566 000) in 1999.

Discussion

An improved understanding of the relative economic contributions of multiple uses of irrigation water is crucial to the design and implementation of effective water management strategies. The economic importance of fisheries was demonstrated in the study: total economic returns to fisheries were about 18 percent of the total economic returns to water from irrigated paddy production.

Renwick, M.E. (2001)
Valuing water in irrigated agricultural and reservoir fisheries:
a multiple-use irrigation system in Sri Lanka
Research Report 51. Colombo, Sri Lanka
International Water Management Institute

CONTINGENT VALUATION: WATER QUALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Introduction

This study examines the magnitude of household demand for environmental quality improvement in the context of a specific proposal: the clean up of the river and sea near Davao City, in the Philippines. A contingent valuation survey was carried out in 1992 to determine how much households in Davao City were willing to pay for improved water quality in nearby rivers and the sea. These improvements would result in increased recreational opportunities and possible public health improvements for residents of Davao City.

In 1992, the City Health Department found very high levels of faecal coliforms and pathogens in water off Times Beach, a popular beach near Davao city. Prior to the health warnings that were issued, thousands of residents of Davao City used the local beaches for picnicking and swimming at weekends.

Fieldwork and data collection

A total of 581 in-person interviews were completed with respondents throughout Davao City about a city-wide plan to improve water quality. The overall response rate was 65 percent; 32 percent of the households in the sample could not be located by enumerators and only three percent of the total number of households in the sample refused to be interviewed. Extensive pre-testing of the household questionnaire was undertaken with focus groups (to discuss water pollution problems) and a pilot survey of about 200 households before the questionnaire was finalised.

All of the versions of the survey instrument covered five basic areas:

  1. the household’s existing water and sanitation situation;
  2. the household’s level of satisfaction with these services;
  3. the household’s priorities regarding environmental improvements, use of beaches near Davao City, knowledge and level of concern about water pollution problems;
  4. WTP for improvements in water pollution problems;
  5. the household’s socioeconomic characteristics and housing conditions.

The contingent valuation survey used a referendum format to measure household demand for water quality improvements. Respondents were asked to vote on whether they would support a hypothetical city-wide plan to clean up the rivers and sea and make Times Beach safe again for swimming. Each household would be required to pay a monthly fee and industries would also do their fair share to reduce waste water discharges to the river: different monthly fees were randomly assigned to individual households.

Results of the analysis

The authors estimated WTP for improved water quality through the statistical analysis of responses to the randomly assigned monthly fees. The results show that household WTP for water quality improvements was low, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of income, and 15 percent of the respondents refused to pay anything at all.

Further analysis of the data showed that respondents considered their personal circumstances and budget constraints when answering the WTP questions: responses to the WTP question were dependent on the price offered. The mean monthly household income in Davao City was about 5 100 pesos (US$204) in 1992, and no respondent voted for the plan at 200 pesos per month. Households with higher incomes were willing to pay more for environmental improvements than households with lower incomes and households that used Times Beach were willing to pay about 30 pesos per month (about 0.6 percent of mean household income); while non-users were willing to pay almost nothing.

Low estimated of household WTP was consistent with information collected in the household survey about households’ social and environmental attitudes and priorities,

Discussion

The analyses of the data collected in this contingent valuation survey in Davao City showed that household demand for water pollution control was not a high priority of residents of Davao City. Households were willing to pay very little of their income for water quality improvements and beach clean up, both in absolute terms and as a percent of their income.

As households’ WTP for water quality improvements in Davao City is much lower than the costs of providing such improvements, and because most households feel that other environmental problems such as deforestation and poor solid waste collection and disposal deserve higher priority, the appropriate strategy appeared to be to wait until incomes are higher and WTP has risen before embarking on a large water pollution control investment program.

Choe, K. Whittington, D. and Lauria, D.T. (1995)
Household demand for surface water quality improvements in the Philippines:
a case study of Davao City
The Environment Department
World Bank
Washington DC

PRODUCTION FUNCTION APPROACH: THE VALUE OF THE GROUNDWATER RECHARGE FUNCTION IN NIGERIAN WETLANDS

Introduction

This study applies the production function approach to estimate the value of the groundwater recharge function in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands of northern Nigeria. In an area which receives 80 percent of its annual rainfall in two months, the wetland areas (known as ‘fadamas’), play an important role in the recharge of underlying shallow aquifers which are used for domestic and irrigation water supplies in the dry season.

The production function approach valued groundwater used in dry-season agriculture as an environmental input. Consequently, it provides only a partial valuation of the recharge function. The study focuses on dry season irrigation that is dependent on the use of pump irrigation to abstract water from shallow aquifers, ensuring a more secure and year round water supply for the crops. A drop in groundwater levels of 1 m, from 7m to 6m in depth from the surface, is hypothesised resulting from reduced recharge due to planned water diversion schemes upstream of the wetlands.

Fieldwork and data collection

Production data on the crops grown in the Madachi fadama was based on field surveys of 37 farms from four villages in 1995-1996. In the area, 309 operational tubewells were used to tap into the shallow aquifers to provide water for irrigation. The total area of the Madachi fadama and its’ influence area was estimated to be around 6 600 ha. The villages that were surveyed were believed to be representative of the area, comprising a mixture of large, medium and small farmers. The main cash crops grown were wheat, tomatoes and pepper, and okra and eggplants were grown for home consumption.

Financial prices for the outputs were estimated from market surveys conducted in 1995-1996, and farm surveys of farmgate prices received by farmers. The per hectare value of irrigated agriculture in the Madachi area was calculated to be 36 308 Naira per hectare (US$412.5), with an total estimated economic value of 239 million Naira (US$2.7 million).

Results of the analysis

Production functions were estimated separately for the production of wheat and vegetables, due to the different nature of irrigation, fertiliser applications and other farming decisions. The functions were defined such that output was dependent on the following inputs: land, labour, seeds, fertiliser and water. The authors used a log-linear functional form for the estimation as it enabled variation in the water input variable whilst all other inputs were held constant. The parameter estimates of these production functions (shown in Table A.1) were used to calculate the associated change in productivity in response to the fall in recharge levels.

The average and total change in welfare was measured for a drop in groundwater levels to 7m, as shown in Table A.2. It can be seen that the welfare changes associated with groundwater loss on wheat production are very high.

This study shows that a drop in ground water levels of one metre would cause a decrease in the welfare of 2 863 Naira (US$32.5) for each vegetable farmer and 29 110 Naira (US$331) for each wheat farmer. Based on an average household income of 3 155 Naira per month, the estimated welfare loss would account for approximately 8 percent of annual income for vegetable farmers and 77 percent for wheat farmers. The total loss associated with a one metre change in the naturally recharged groundwater levels is estimates as 5 477 938 Naira (US$ 62 249) for the influence area of the Madachi fadama.

TABLE A.1
Log-linear production functions for wheat and vegetablesa


Wheat production

Vegetable production

Variable:




Log Land

0.38 (1.442)

0.231 (0.823)


Log labour

-0.024 (0.156)

0.585c(2.206)


Log seeds

0.026 (0.33)

-


Log fertiliser

0.47b(2.71)

0.593b(2.827)


Log water

0.6885d(1.881)

0.4268c(2.437)


Constant

3.4c(2.39)

3.13b(11.439)

Adjusted R2

0.9

0.66

F Statistic

37.49

18.88

Breusch-Pagan c2

18.27 (d. f. 5)

4.24 (d.f. 4)

Observations

21

37

a t-statistics in parenthesis. b 2% significance level. c 5% significance level. d 10% significance level.

TABLE A.2
Impact on welfare for farmers in Madachi of a fall in groundwater levels of one metre

Crop

Total change in welfare (Naira)

Average change in welfare per ha (Naira)

Average change in welfare per farmer (Naira)

Total loss for Madachi farmers (Naira)

Wheat

550 320

54 372

2 863

383 642

Vegetables

130 659

4 399

29 110

5 094 296

Discussion

The analysis within this study shows that groundwater recharge is of considerable importance to wetland agriculture in Madachi. Reduced recharge would lower levels of groundwater, resulting in high welfare losses for the population of the floodplains. The Madachi fadama is regularly inundated and has good groundwater stocks; it is likely that effects would be more devastating in areas with less reliable flooding. In the face of this uncertainty, the value of shallow aquifers in irrigated agriculture and consequently the value of the recharge function of wetlands must be recognised by policies that affect hydrological conditions within the floodplain.

Acharya, G. and Barbier, E.B. (2000)
Valuing groundwater recharge through agricultural production
in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in northern Nigeria
Agricultural Economics 22 247-259

Overview of studies

The overview of studies presented here, like previous reviews, mainly considers examples from developed countries though a number of developing country studies are included. The review classifies the studies in terms of the goods and services provided by the water resource wherever possible. Due to the multipurpose nature of many studies, in many cases it is not possible to specify this precisely, if at all. Hence many of the studies are listed in terms of the more general socio-economic uses and benefits that they consider.

The overview uses the following categories of beneficial use and valuation techniques:

Beneficial use

Agricultural supply
Aquaculture
Habitat
Commercial fishing
Flooding
Freshwater replenishment
Groundwater recharge
Hydropower generation
Industrial supply
Migration of aquatic organisms
Municipal and domestic water supply
Navigation
Recreation
Rare or endangered species
Shellfish harvesting
Spawning and/or early development
Water quality
Non-use value
TEV
Amenity value

Valuation techniques

SM=

Simulation Models (Residual imputation or variant)

OM=

Optimisation Models (Residual imputation or variant)

DF=

Damage cost Approach

MV=

Market based

RC=

Replacement Cost Method

AB=

Averting Behaviour Approach

DR=

Dose Response

RUM=

Random Utility Model

TC =

Travel Cost

CV=

Contingent Valuation

HP=

Hedonic Pricing

Authors: A-D

Bibliographic study characteristics

Study characteristics

A

Author(s)

Title

Bibliographical details

Year

Issue addressed in study/ General Function-Use Identification

Valuation technique

Year of data collection

Measurement unit

Estimated value characteristics:
Mean/Total

Water system: Groundwater/ surface water

Spatial scale

Country

Abdalla, C.W., B.A. Roach and D.J. Epp.

‘’Valuing Environmental Quality Changes Using Averting Expenditures: An Application to Groundwater Contamination,’’

Land Economics, 68(2), 163-169.

1992

Groundwater quality.

Function-Use: groundwater recharge.

AB

1989

Dollars per household per week.

Value is the average weekly increase in averting expenditures per household in response to TCE contamination: 0.4.

groundwater

local

USA

Adamowicz, W., G. D. Garrod and K.G. Willis.

‘’Estimating the Passive Use Benefits of Britain’s Inland Waterways,’’

Centre for Rural Economy Research Report, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

1995

WTP to preserve canal network in a state fit to support boating activities and maintaining towpath facilities.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV


Pounds per British household per year.

8

canal

national

United Kingdom

Amundsen, B.-T.

‘’Recreational and non-use value of the fish population in Oslomarka,’’

M.Sc. thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, 89 pp.

1987

Non-use value of freshwater fish stocks.

Function-Use: Non-use value.

CV


NOK per household per year.

WTP to avoid an unspecified ‘’reduction’’ of the current trout stocks in Oslomarka lakes: 375 (both use and non-use values).

lakes

local

Norway

Anderson, R. W.

‘’Estimating the Recreation Benefit from Large Inland Reservoirs,’’

In Recreational Economics and Analysis (ed. G. Searle), Longman, Harlow.

1975

Total annual recreation benefits.

Function-Use: Recreation.

TC


Million pounds.

2.3-2.6

reservoir

regional

United Kingdom


Bibliographic study characteristics

Study characteristics

B

Author(s)

Title

Bibliographical details

Year

Issue addressed in study/ General Function-Use Identification

Valuation technique

Year of data collection

Measurement unit

Estimated value characteristics:
Mean/Total

Water system: Groundwater/ surface water

Spatial scale

Country

Baan, P.J.A.

‘’Benefits of environmental water policy,’’

Ministry of Public Housing, Physical Planning and Environmental Management: Leidschendam.

1983

Overview of potential benefits of a maximum improvement in water quality of Dutch surface waters, related to the type of pollution.

Function-Use: Water Quality.

DR


Dflm per year.

Total annual benefits of maximum surface water improvement: 198-556.

Surface water

national

The Netherlands

Barnard, J.R.

"Externalities from Urban Growth: The Case of Increased Storm Runoff and Flooding,"

Land Economics, 54 (3), 298-315.

1978

Increased frequency and magnitude of flooding due to urban growth, and its impact on urban residential property values

Function-Use: Flooding.

HP

1973

Dollars, per property for properties subject to flood hazard.

727

streams

local

USA

Barrett, C.J.

"A Comparison of the CVM and Conjoint Analysis: a Groundwater Case Study,"

Thesis, Department of Resource Economics, University of Massachusetts, USA.

1997

Comparing CVM and conjoint analysis estimates of groundwater protection benefits.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1995

In dollars, per year and per household.

(1): ordered logistic procedure/Tobit WTP (a. aquifer protection district): $349.88/$323.58; WTP (b. water treatment plant): $195.10/ $174.56; WTP (c. private filter on tap): $306.44/$300.48; WTP (d. bottled water): $65.62/$58.45.

Groundwater

local

USA

Bateman, I., et al.

"A Contingent Valuation Study of the Norfolk Broads,"

Report to the National Rivers Authority.

1992

Average WTP to preserve present landscape.

Function-Use: Habitat, Non-use value.

CV


English pounds per person per year

Use values: 78-105
Non-use values of local population: 14.7
Non-use values of the rest of GB: 4.8

broads

regional

United Kingdom

Bateman, I.J., I.H. Langford, R.K. Turner, K.G. Willis, and G.D. Garrod.

"Elicitation and Truncation Effects in Contingent Valuation Studies,"

Ecological Economics,12, 161-179.

1995

Analysis of methods of eliciting WTP in a CV study of flood protection of a UK wetland.

Function-Use: Flooding, Recreation, Habitat.

CV

1991, August, September.

English pounds/year

67.19

wetland

local

United Kingdom

Bergland, O., K. Magnussen, and S. Navrud.

"Benefit Transfer: Testing for Accuracy and Reliability,"

Discussion Paper No. D-03/1995, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, The Agricultural University of Norway, As, Norway.

1995

A direct test of benefit transfer approach by conducting two similar contingent valuation studies of water quality improvements in two different Norwegian water courses.

Function-Use: Recreation, Water quality.

CV

1995

Norwegian Kroner

2983.96; 3144.77.

streams

local

Norway

Bergstrom, J.C. and J.H. Dorfman.

"Commodity Information and Willingness-to-Pay for Groundwater Quality Protection,"

Review of Agricultural Economics, 16, 413-425.

1994

Information provision effects on the economic value of groundwater quality.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply, Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

m.d.

Dollars, per year and per person.

320

groundwater

regional

USA

Bergstrom, J.C., J.R. Stoll, J.P. Titre, and V.L. Wright.

"Economic Value of Wetlands-Based Recreation,"

Ecological Economics, 2, 129-147.

1990

Wetlands loss and recreational value.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1986-1987.

Dollars, per user.

360

wetland

regional

USA

Bergstrom, J.C., J.R. Stoll, J.P. Titre, and V.L. Wright.

"Economic Value of Wetlands-Based Recreation,"

Ecological Economics, 2, 129-147.

1990

Wetlands loss and recreational value.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1986-1987.

Dollars, per user.

360

wetland

regional

USA

Berrens, R.P., P. Ganderton, and C.L. Silva.

"Valuing the Protection of Minimum Instream Flows in New Mexico,"

Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 21 (2), 294-309.

1996

Non-market benefits associated with protecting minimum instream flows.

Function-Use: Recreation, Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1995

Dollars, per household and per year.

28.73; and 89.68.

river

regional

USA

Bishop, R.C., K.J. Boyle, and M.P. Welsh.

"Toward Total Economic Evaluation of Great Lakes Fishery Resources,"

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 116, 339-345.

1987

Indirect and intrinsic (i.e. other than sport and commercial exploitation) values associated with Great Lakes fishery resources.

Function-Use: Recreation, Habitat.

CV

1984

Dollars, per year.

5.66; and 4.16.

lake

regional

USA

Bjonback, R.D.

"The Value of Water-Based Recreation Losses Associated With Drought: The Case of Lake Diefenbaker 1984,"

paper presented at the Canadian Hydrology Symposium (CHS: 86), Associate Committee on Hydrology, National Research Council of Canada, June 3-6, 1986, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.

1986

Water-based recreational losses associated with extremely low lake levels experienced during the 1984 summer drought.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply, Municipal and Domestic Water Supply, Recreation, Hydopower Generation.

CV

1984

US$ Per day, and per season

1.97

lake

regional

Canada

Blomquist, G.

"Valuing Urban Lakeview Amenities Using Implicit and Contingent Markets,"

Urban Studies, 25 (4), 333-340.

1988

Comparison of hedonic price and contingent valuation approaches for two view-related amenities, based on a single group of people.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1981

US$ per month.

147.06.

lake

regional

USA

Blomquist, G.

"Valuing Urban Lakeview Amenities Using Implicit and Contingent Markets,"

Urban Studies, 25 (4), 333-340.

1988

Comparison of hedonic price and contingent valuation approaches for two view-related amenities, based on a single group of people.

Function-Use: Recreation.

HP

1981

US$ per month.

31.85.

lake

regional

USA

Boadu, F.O.

"Contingent Valuation for Household Water in Rural Ghana,"

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 43, 458-465.

1992

This study uses an iterative bidding approach to examine the relationship between selected socioeconomic characteristics of households and their willingness to pay for water.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1992?

US$ per month, per person.

They described the WTP as: Household Bid for Public Standpipe (A), and Household Bid For Private Connection (B). A1) 1,064; A2) 0,986; A3) 1,183; A4) 1,594; A5) 1,775; A6) 0,675; A7) 1,211; B2) 4,735; B3) 11,727; B4) 9,725; B5) 8,096; B6) 5,718.

NO RIVER, JUST groundwater

regional

Ghana

Bockstael, N.E., W.M. Hanemann, and C.L. Kling.

"Estimating the Value of Water Quality Improvements in a Recreational Demand Framework,"

Water Resources Research, 23 (5), 951-960.

1987

To discuss some issues which arise in the application of recreation demand models to the valuation of environmental quality changes such as water quality improvements.

Function-Use: Recreation.

TC

1975

In dollars, per visit, per choice occasion and per season.

DCM: average compensating variation estimates of 10% reduction in pollutants at all sites: oil: per choice/per season (in $): 0.05/0.96; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): 0.12/2.65; fecal coliform: 0.02/0.19. 30% Reduction: oil: 0.20/4.66; COD: 0.29/7.15; fecal coliform: 0.12/2.85; all together: 050/12.04, this compared to 30% reduction at downtown Boston beaches: 0.27/6.13. HTCM: CS for a 10% change in COD of $450/visit.

Beaches and lake

regional

USA

Bonnieux, F., J.P. Boude, C. Guerrier and A. Richard.

‘’La pêche sportive du saumon et de la truite de mer en Basse-Normandie - Analyse économique’’ (Angling for salmon and sea trout in Normandie - An economic analysis). In French.

Working paper CSP, INRA-ENSA - Rennes.

1991

The value of sports fishing in Western France.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1990

FF per person.

FF per person annually.

(a. Salmon angling; angling without catch limitation after June 1st: 103; (b. Sea-trout angling; WTP to participate in a fund to buy 5 km, where anglers would be entitled to fish freely for three years: 578.

rivers

regional

France

Booker, J.F. and R.A. Young.

‘’ Modeling Intrastate and Interstate Markets for Colorado River Water Resources,’’

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26(1), 66-87.

1994

Agricultural, recreational, and municipal water uses.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply.

OM


Dollars millions per year.

Dollars per acre foot.

(a. Value represents annual consumption benefits for water under intra- and inter state transfers based on consumption value and salinity reduction: 1151; (b. Estimate reflects the value of water from Upper Colorado River used for consumptive purposes in a scenario where allocations are based on maximizing consumptive and nonconsumptive use benefits: 96.

river

regional

USA

Bowker, J.M., D.B.K. English, and J.A. Donovan.

"Toward a Value for Guided Rafting on Southern Rivers,"

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 28 (2), 423-432.

1996

To estimate the per trip consumer surplus for guided whitewater rafting on two rivers in Carolina.

Function-Use: Recreation.

TC

1993

In dollars, per trip and per person.

Mean CS CR: reported costs: 0% wage/25%/50% (in $): 139.56/192.66/286.22; imputed costs: 119.16/ 181.00/270.94. Mean CS NR: reported costs: 133.73/ 136.91/191.29; imputed costs: 89.03/124.70/182.50. Mean TCOST CR: reported costs: 103.34/157.45/213.30; imputed costs: 117.00/171.40/227.25. Mean TCOST NR: reported costs: 43.62/73.75/103.85; imputed costs: 51.31/81.29/111.39.

river

regional

USA

Boxall, P.C., D.O. Watson, and J. Englin.

"Backcountry Recreationists’ Valuation of Forest and Park Management Features in Wilderness Parks of the Western Canadian Shield,"

Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26 (6), 982-990.

1996

To report on the influence of forest characteristics, levels of development and recreation management features on recreation site choice and valuation.

Function-Use: Recreation.

TC

1993

In dollars, per visit and per year.

Mean per trip welfare measures ($/ha): Mature jack pine: Tulabi Lake/ Seagrim Lake/Rabbit River/Beresford Lake/Manigotagan River: 0.241/0.048/ 0.049/<0.001/0.006; Mature black spruce: -0.020/-0.009/-0.008/-0.002/-0.008; White spruce: -/-/0.025/0.006/-; Aspen: -0.021/-/-/-0.001/-0.001; Cottage developments: -4.752/-1.745/-2.059/0.557/0.733; Additional portages: -0.423/-0.197/-0.168/-0.015/-0.020. Mean trip welfare impacts of severe fires in 1993: Maskwa Lake burn: change to base/to mature forest (in $/ha): 3.435/5.878; Long Lake burn: 2.905/21.761.

lake, river

regional

Canada

Boyle, K.J. and R.C. Bishop.

"Welfare Measurements Using Contingent Valuation: A Comparison of Techniques,"

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70, 20-28.

1988

To compare three commonly used techniques of asking the CV-question.

Function-Use: Recreation, Habitat.

CV

1982

In dollars, per year and per household.

Iterative bidding: $29.82; payment card: $29.36; dichotomous choice: $18.88.

river

regional

USA

Boyle, K.J., M.P. Welsh, and R.C. Bishop.

"The Role of Question Order and Respondent Experience in Contingent-Valuation Studies,"

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 25, 80-99.

1993

The objective was to estimate a statistical relationship between Hicksian surplus for white-water trips and average daily Colorado River flows between 5,000 and 40,000 cfs.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1986

In dollars per trip.

Commercial passengers’ actual-trip Hicksian surplus rises from $127 per trip at 5000 cfs to a maximum of $888 per trip (at 33000 cfs) and declines to $842 per trip (40000 cfs). Private boaters’ actual-trip Hicksian surplus estimates rise from $111 (5000) to a maximum of $637 per trip (28000) and decline to $455 per trip (40000). Scenario estimates for commercial passengers rise from $205 per trip (5000) to a maximum of $760 per trip (26000) and decline to $479 per trip (40000). Private boater scenario estimates rise from $315 per trip (5000) to a maximum of $623 per trip (25000) and decline to $461 per trip (40000).

River

regional

USA

Breaux, A. S. Faber and J. Day.

‘’Using Natural Coastal Wetlands Systems for Wastewater Treatment: An Economic Benefit Analysis,’’

Journal of Environmental Management, 44, 285-291.

1995

Wetland value for waste treatment use.

Function-Use: Industrial Supply.

RC


Dollars per year per firm.

Dollars per acre per 25 years.

(a. Value represents annualized cost savings to the firm from using a more extensive discharge dispersion system on a 6.2 acre wetlands site: 26700;
(b. Estimate is wetland’s treatment value per acre, including all plants’ capitalized cost savings and based on treatment systems with a 25-year lifetime (low estimate): 6231.

wetlands

local

USA

Broadhead, C., J.P. Amigues, B. Desaigues, and J. Keith.

"Riparian Zone Protection: The Use of the Willingness to Accept Format (WTA) in a Contingent Valuation Study,"

paper presented at the World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists in Venice, Italy.

1998

In 1997, a study was financed by the French Ministry of Environment to evaluate the costs of preserving riparian habitat on the banks of the Garonne River. The CVM was used to study households that currently own land on the banks of the river. More precisely, a WTA was used to estimate the loss to owners for no longer being able to farm riverbank areas activity. Results of this study are reported and analyzed in this paper.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply.

CV

1997

FF/ha/year

Mean WTA for program 1373FF/ha.

River

regional

France

Brouwer, R., I.H. Langford, I.J. Bateman, T.C. Crowards and R.K. Turner.

‘’A meta-analysis of wetland contingent valuation studies,’’

CSERGE Working Paper GEC 97-20.

1997

30 studies from USA, UK and the rest of Europe/ meta analysis. Mean WTP including indirect use and non-use values.

Function-Use: Non-use Value, Habitat, Recreation, Flooding.

CV


Pounds per household per year.

(a. average for USA: 47; (b. average for the UK: 17; (c. average for the rest of Europe: 15.

Surface water

national

USA, Europe

Brouwer, R. and L.H.G. Slangen.

"Contingent Valuation of the Public Benefits of Agricultural Wildlife Management: The Case of Dutch Peat Meadow Land,"

European Review of Agricultural Economics, 25, 53-72.

1998

To provide a conservative estimate of the public benefits of agricultural wildlife management on Dutch peat meadow land and to provide a monetary estimate of the public benefits of management agreements.

Function-Use: Habitat, Rare or Endangered Species.

CV

1994

Dutch guilders and years.

WTP: South Holland/Friesland/Limburg/total: 131.4/113.6/64.5/ 124.5;

ditch

regional

Netherlands

Brown, T.C. and J.W. Duffield.

"Testing Part-Whole Valuation Effects in Contingent Valuation of Instream Flow Protection,"

Water Resources Research, 31 (9), 2341-2351.

1995

This study examines the implications of consumtion theory for part-whole valuation experiments.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1989

Dollars, years and per river.

Sample means: number of rivers protected by trust: 2.350; distance of respondent home from river(s) to be protected: 159.342; gender dummy (1= male): 0.695; dummy with value 1 if visited this (any of these) river(s) in last three years: 0.518.

river

regional

USA

Brown, T.C., B.L. Harding and E.A. Payton.

‘’Marginal Economic Value of Streamflow: A Case Study for the Colorado River Basin,’’

Water Resources Research, 6(12), 2845-2859.

1990

River instream flows.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply.

MV

1985

Dollars per acre foot.

(a. Reported value is per acre foot benefits of stream increase for consumptive uses. Value is based on the consumptive use level of 1990 with lower target storage levels: 14.25; (b. Reported value is per acre foot benefits of stream increase for consumptive uses. Value is based on the consumptive use level of 1990: 6.96.

river

regional

USA

Butcher, W.R., N.K. Whittlesey and J.F. Osborn.

‘’Economic Values of Water in a Systems Context,’’

Report prepared for National Water Commission. Report #NWC-SBS-72-048.

1972

Agricultural use for water.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply.

OM


Dollars per acre foot.

(a. Average value of water per acre foot for 7,682 acres of irrigated water for sweet corn production is reported: 35.76; (b. Marginal value of water per acre foot on 15,640 acres of irrigated land for hops production is reported: 3.24.

river

regional

USA


Bibliographic study characteristics

Study characteristics

C

Author(s)

Title

Bibliographical details

Year

Issue addressed in study/ General Function-Use Identification

Valuation technique

Year of data collection

Measurement unit

Estimated value characteristics:
Mean/Total

Water system: Groundwater/ surface water

Spatial scale

Country

Carlos, C.

"What is Town Water Worth?,"

Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 4 (3), 32-36.

1991

To answer the question: What is town water worth?

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1991

In dollars, per year and per household.

First bid: $24.33; second bid: $42.21. The average value respondents were WTP was $39 after being informed about the state of the catchment.

River

catchment

Australia

Carlsen, A.J.

‘’Economic valuation of hydroelectric power production and salmon fishing,’’

In Carlsen, A.J. (ed.) 1987: Proceedings. UNESCO Symposium on Decision Making in Water Resources Planning, May 5-7 1986, Oslo; 173-82.

1985

Non-use values of freshwater fish stocks.

Function-Use: Hydropower Generation, Recreation, Non-use Value.

CV


NOK per household per year.

WTP to avoid ‘’some’’ and ‘’considerable’’ reductions in the salmon stock in River Numedalslågen: 43-88.

river

local

Norway

Carson, R.T. and R.C. Mitchell.

"Valuing Drinking Water Risk Reductions Using the Contingent Valuation Method: A Methodological Study of Risks from THM and Giardia,"

Working paper, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement, Washington D.C., USA

1986

To measure the benefits of mortality and morbidity drinking water risk reductions.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1985

In dollars, per year and per household.

Version A: risk improvement: 0.04 (mortality risk per 100,000): mean/5% trimmed mean/adjusted mean (in $): 3.78/1.13/ 2.86; 0.43: 11.37/8.30/ 9.19; 1.33: 23.73/18.99/20.49.

lake

regional

USA

Carson, R.T. and R.C. Mitchell.

"The Value of Clean Water: The Public’s Willingness to Pay for Boatable, Fishable, and Swimmable Quality Water,"

Water Resources Research, 29 (7), 2445-2454.

1993

national benefits freshwater pollution control (Clean Water Act)

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1983

US$ per year, per household.

242

catchment

national

USA

Carson, R.T., L. Wilks and D. Imber.

‘’Valuing the Preservation of Australia’s Kakadu Conservation Zone,’’

Oxford Economic Papers, 46(5),727-749.

1994

Preservation value of a conservation zone.

Function-Use: Habitat.

CV

1990

Australian dollar million per year.

Australian dollar million per year per person.

(a. Value represents a conservative estimate of the aggregate annual WTP for preserving the KCZ: 435;
(b. Value represents the sample median annual WTP per person to avoid the major impact scenario (for total national sample). The major impact scenario is designed to describe a realistic worst case from mining operations in the KCZ: 143.26.

wetland

local

Australia

Caudill, J.D. and J.P. Hoehn.

"The Economic Valuation of Groundwater Pollution Policies: The Role of Subjective Risk Perceptions,"

Working Paper No. 92-11, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, USA.

1992

To estimate the statewide benefits of clean groundwater and well water for Michigan.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1990

In dollars, per year and per household.

Open-ended means: rural: $43 to $465/HH/ year; urban: $34 to $69/ HH/year.

Groundwater

regional

USA

Chatterjee, B., R.E. Howitt and R.J. Sexton.

‘’The Optimal Joint Provision of Water for Irrigation and Hydropower,’’

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 36, 295-313.

1998

Water in agriculture and power production.

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply.

OM

1988

Dollars thousands

Dollars per megawatt of electricity.

(a. Reported value is the change in revenues from agriculture and power from base levels during high flow year assuming optimal groundwater pumping: 586;
(b. Value is the average value per megawatt generated from hydropower in a high-flow year assuming optimal groundwater pumping: 53.22.

ground and surface water

local

USA

Cho, Y. and K.W. Easter.

"How Much Would Minnesotans Pay To Improve Their Drinking Water?,"

Minnesota Agricultural Economist, 685, 3-7.

1996

assessment consumers willingness to pay for improving quality drinking water.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1995

US$ annual, Per household

4.82

groundwater

regional

USA

Choe, K., D. Whittington, and D.T. Lauria.

"The Economic Benefits of Surface Water Quality Improvements in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Davao, Phillippines,"

Land Economics, 72 (4), 519-537.

1996

value of improving water quality of nearby rivers and sea

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1992

pesos/dollar per month per household and per improvement

37

river, sea

regional

Philippines

Clayton, C. and R. Mendelsohn.

‘’The Value of Watchable Wildlife: A Case Study of McNeil River,’’

Journal of Environmental Management, 39, 101-106.

1993

User value of a bear-watching game sanctuary.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1990

Dollars per person.

Value is mean WTP calculated from adjusted sample; sample was asked for their willingness to pay for a permit to the McNeil River when transportation costs were $100 to $300 higher than what had been paid: 277.

River

local

USA

Clemons, R. and A.R. Collins.

"Contingent Valuation of Protecting Groundwater Quality by a Wellhead Protection Program,"

Paper Submitted to the AAEA Annual Meeting, Indianopolis, USA.

1995

Estimate the benefits of a Wellhead Protection Program against contamination of water sources.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1995

dollars per quarter per protection program

5.25

groundwater

regional

USA

Cocker, A. et al.

‘’An evaluation of the recreational and amenity benefits of a flood alleviation scheme for Maidenhead,’’

Flood Hazard Research Centre, Enfield.

1989

Recreation value of environmental improvements to a river corridor.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV


Pounds per annum per household.

WTP: 13.9

river

local

United Kingdom

Coelli, T., J. Lloyd-Smith, D. Morrison, and J. Thomas.

"Hedonic Pricing for a Cost Benefit Analysis of a Public Water Supply Scheme,"

The Austrialian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 35 (1), 1-20.

1991

Benefits of Comprehensive Water Supply Scheme (a network of pipelines, build during the 1950s and 60s to provide water to many farms in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia).

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply, Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

HP

1989

Australian Dollars. Per hectare

18.44 per hectare (North East), 77.39 (Lakes Districts)

pipeline system in region in South Western Australia

regional

Australia

Connelly, N.A. and T.L. Brown.

"Net Economic Value of the Freshwater Recreational Fisheries of New York,"

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 120, 770-775.

1991

Recreational value of freshwater fisheries.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1988

US$ per person, per day

15.87

lake, river

regional

USA

Cooper, J. and J.B. Loomis.

"Testing whether Waterfowl Hunting Benefits Increase with Greater Water Deliveries to Wetlands,"

Environmental and Resource Economics, 3(6), 545-561.

1993

Impact on recreational waterfowl hunting benefits of an increase in refuge water supplies to levels necessary for biologically optimal refuge management

Function-Use: Recreation.

TC

1990

US$ per acre-foot of additional water supply

0.93 - 20.40 (OLS), 0.64 - 14.05 (Poisson)

wetlands

regional

USA

Cooper, J.C.

"Using the Travel Cost Method to Link Waterfowl Hunting to Agricultural Activities,"

Cahiers d’Economie et Sociologie Rurales, 36, 5-26.

1995

Impact of contaminated irrigation run-off on waterfowl hunting benefits.

Function-Use: Recreation, Agricultural Supply.

TC

1988

US$ per hunter day and total for Kesterson

55.41

wetlands

regional

USA

Cooper, J.C.

"Combining Actual and Contingent Behavior Data to Model Farmer Adoption of Water Quality Protection Practices,"

Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 22 (1), 30-43.

1997

Estimates the minimum incentive payments a farmer would accept in order to adopt more environmentally friendly ‘best management practices’ (BMPs).

Function-Use: Agricultural Supply.

CV

1992

US$ per acre

m.d.

surface- and groundwater

regional

USA

Cordell, H.K. and J.C. Bergstrom.

"Comparison of Recreation Use Values Among Alternative Reservoir Water Level Management Scenarios,"

Water Resources Research, 29 (2), 247-258.

1993

Recreational benefits of three water level management alternatives in comparison to other use values (hydropower, flood control, etc.)

Function-Use: Flooding, Recreation, Hydro power Generation.

CV

1988/1989

US$, per individual (>=12 years old) for access to TVA reservoirs per year

41.70 - 75.05

lake (reservoir)

regional

USA

Costanzo, R., S.C. Farber and J. Maxwell.

‘’Valuation and Management of Wetland Ecosystems,’’

Ecological Economics, 1, 335-361.

1989

Coastal wetlands in Louisiana.

Function-Use: Commercial Fishing.

MV

1983

Dollars per acre.

Dollars per acre per year.

(a. Present value of the marginal product of an acre of wetland through production of five commercial fishery products (brown and white shrimp, menhaden, oyster, and blue crab) is reported. 3% was used for discounting: 845;
(b. Estimated value of annual average product of an acre of marsh and open water area is reported. This estimate may overvalue the wetland since average product is generally lower than marginal product, the more appropriate measure: 5.8.

wetlands

regional

USA

Crandall, K.B., B.G. Colby, and K.A. Rait.

"Valuing Riparian Areas: A Southwestern Case Study,"

Rivers, 3 (2), 88-98.

1992

economic value of river preserve, in particular riparian areas

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1990

US$ per visitor, per year

65

river

regional

USA

Creel, M. and J.B. Loomis.

Recreation Value of Water to Wetlands in the San Joaquin Valley: Linked Multinomial Logit and Count Data Trip Frequency Models,

Water Resources Research, 28 (10), 2597-2606.

1992

recreation benefits from an increase in water quantity or quality.

Function-Use: Recreation.

TC

1988/1989

US$ Per visitor, per year

126 - 655

wetlands

regional

USA

Croke, K., R. Fabian, and G. Brenniman.

"Estimating the Value of Improved Water Quality in an Urban River System,"

Journal of Environmental Systems, 16 (1), 13-24.

1986

benefits of improved water quality in the metropolitan Chicago area river system.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1985

US$ per houshold, per year

32.48 - 49.63

river

regional

USA

Crutchfield, S.R., J.C. Cooper, and D. Hellerstein.

"Benefits of Safer Drinking Water: The Value of Nitrate Reduction,"

Agricultural Economic Report No. 752, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, USA.

1997

potential benfits of reducing nitrates in the drinking water supply.

Function-Use: Municipal and Domestic Water Supply.

CV

1994

US$ per respondent, per month

45.42 - 65.11

groundwater

regional

USA

Cummings, R.G., P.T. Ganderton, and T. McGuckin.

"Substitution Effects in CVM Values,"

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76, 205-214.

1994

To design and implement a CVM survey that estimates the impact of substitution effects on the WTP for an environmental program. The objective is to extend the HRL (Hoehn, Randall and Loomis) approach.

Function-Use: Recreation, Agricultural Supply.

CV

???

In dollars, per year and per person.

#1: program 1/1,2/1,2,3 (in $): 9.72/13.00/17.91;
#2: program 2/2,3/1,2,3: 17.18/21.30/25.72;
#3: program 3/1,3/1,2,3: 11.28/ 11.86/14.86;
#4: program 1: 8.49.

river

regional

USA


Bibliographic study characteristics

Study characteristics

D

Author(s)

Title

Bibliographical details

Year

Issue addressed in study/ General Function-Use Identification

Valuation technique

Year of data collection

Measurement unit

Estimated value characteristics:
Mean/Total

Water system: Groundwater/ surface water

Spatial scale

Country

Dalecki, MG., J.C. Whitehead and G.C. Blomquist.

‘’Sample Non-Response Bias and Aggregate Benefits in Contingent Valuation: an Examination of Early, Late, and Non-respondents,’’

Journal of Environmental Management, 38: 133-143.

1993

Wetland preservation.

Function-Use: Wetland Habitat.

CV

1990

$/person/year.

(a. Individual median WTP estimate for wetland preservation of the first wave (response rate = 24%): 24.4; (b. Individual median WTP estimate for wetland preservation of the fourth wave (response rate = 67%): 6.54.

wetlands

regional

USA

Dalgard, M.

‘’Willingness to pay for regulatory actions towards water pollutionin the Drammen Fjord,’’

M.Sc. thesis, Department of Economics, University of Oslo. Centre for Industrial Research, Report no. 881108-2, August 1989, 95 pp.

1989

Valuation of improved water quality in the Drammen Fjord.

Function-Use: Water Quality.

CV


NOK per household per year.

585

fjord

local

Norway

Daubert, J.T. and R.A. Young.

"Recreational Demand for Maintaining Instream Flows: A Contingent Valuation Approach,"

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(4), 666-676.

1981

Recreational value of streams, in competition with other uses

Function-Use: Recreation, Agricultural Supply.

CV

1978

US$ per day, per cubic feet second per day

4.85 - 30.35

stream

regional

USA

Davis, J. and C. O’Neill.

‘’Discrete-choice valuation of recreational angling in Northern-Ireland,’’

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 43(3), 452-457.

1992

WTP for angling licences.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1992

Pounds per annual permit.

40.54

Surface water

regional

Ireland

Delavan, W.A.

‘’Valuing the benefits of protecting ground water from nitrate contamination in Southeast Pennsylvania,’’

Master of Science Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

1997

Ground water protection.

Function-Use: Water Quality.

CV

1996

US Dollars

WTP for an improvement in water quality so that in 10 years 75% of the private wells will meet the standard: 59

groundwater

regional

USA

Desaigues, B. and V. Lesgards.

‘’La valorisation des actifs naturels - un exemple d’application de la méthode d’évaluation contingente’’ (Valuation of natural resources - an application of the Contingent Valuation Method). In French.

Working paper. Université de Bordeaux.

1991

Evaluation of the ecological and recreational benefits of an alternative management of the water level of a reservoir.

Function-Use: Recreation, Habitat.

CV

1990

FF per person.

(a. Tobit model: 94.3;
(b. Linear model: 91.8
(c. Loglinear model: 60.4
(d. Box-Cox model: 44.8

lake

local

France

Desvousges, W.H., V.K. Smith, and M.P. McGivney.

‘’A comparison of alternative approaches for estimation of recreational and related benefits of water quality improvement,’’

Report to the USEnvironmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.

1983

WTP to prevent the loss of a river for recreation.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV


Pounds per household per year

(a. use values: 19-49; (b. non-use values: 42.

river

local

USA

Desvousges, W.H., V.K. Smith, and A. Fisher.

"Option Price Estimates for Water Quality Improvements: A Contingent Valuation Study for the Monongahela River,"

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 14, 248-267.

1987

option price bids for improved recreation resulting from enhanced water quality

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1981

US$ Price per discrete change per person

7.2 - 117.9

river

regional

USA

Dolan, K., A. Gilbert, L. Frymier, and C. Mitchell.

"The Value of River Protection in Vermont,"

Watershed 96 Proceedings, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA.

1996

water level management.

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

m.d.
(1995?)

US$ per household, per scenario

22 - 70

catchment

regional

USA

Donnelly, W.A.

"Hedonic Price Analysis of the Effects of a Floodplain on Property Values,"

Water Resources Bulletin, 25 (3), 581-586.

1989

flood hazard potential reflected in land values

Function-Use: Flooding.

HP

1984/1985

per $ of property tax liability

5.53 per $ property tax liability

river

regional

USA

Donnelly, D.M., J.B. Loomis, C.F. Sorg, and L.J. Nelson.

"Net Economic Value of Recreational Steelhead Fishing in Idaho,"

Resource Bulletin RM-9, 1985, Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, USA.

1985

willingness to pay for steelhead (Salmo, gairdneri) fishing

CV

1983

US$ per trip, per person (note: also increase catch, and increase size)

10.96 - 69.50

lake

regional

USA





Function-Use: Recreation.

TC


US$ per trip, per person.

18.89 - 35.58




Dornbusch, D.M. and S.M. Barrager.

‘’Benefit of Water Pollution Control on Property Values,’’

Prepared for the Office of Research and Monitoring, U.S. EPA. Report # EPA-600/5-73-005.

1973

Effect of water pollution abatement on property values.

Function-Use: Water Quality.

HM


$/residence.

Value represents increase in property value attributable to pollution abatement since 1960 for residential land 1000 yds from water in Clackamas County, Oregon: 1455.

river

regional

USA

Driscoll, P., B. Dietz, and J. Alwang.

"Welfare Analysis When Budget Constrains are Nonlinear: The Case of Flood Hazard Reduction,"

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26, 181-199.

1994

methodology (direct utility model) illustrated by case study

Function-Use: Recreation.

HP

1980-1990

US$ per chance of flooding

204.29 - 6,105.20

river

local

USA

Duffield, J.W., C.J. Neher, and T.C. Brown.

"Recreation Benefits of Instream Flow: Application to Montana’s Big Hole and Bitterroot Rivers,"

Water Resources Research, 28 (9), 2169-2181.

1992

Allocation of water among competing uses (such as recreation and irrigation).

Function-Use: Recreation.

CV

1988

US$ per trip, per acre.

199 - 3377

River

regional

USA


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