TRAINING MANUAL ON BREEDING AND CULTURE OF SCALLOP AND SEA CUCUMBER
IN CHINA
| TRAINING MANUAL ON BREEDING AND CULTURE OF SCALLOP AND SEA CUCUMBER
IN CHINA |
Prepared for the
Scallop ans Sea Cucumber Breeding
and Culture Training Course
conducted by the
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute in Qingdao
People's Republic of China
and organized by the
Regional Seafarming Development and
Demonstration Project (RAS/90/002)
May 1991
Training Manual 9
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PART I: SCALLOP CULTURE IN CHINA
CHAPTER I: Structure and Biology of Scallops
1.1 Geographical Distribution
1.2 Shape
1.2.1 Chlamys farreri
1.2.2 Argopecten irradians
1.2.3 Pactinopecten yessoensis
1.2.4 Chlamys nobilis
1.3.1 Digestive System
1.3.2 Reproductive System
1.4.1 Feeding
1.4.2 Movement
1.4.3 Reproductive Cycle
1.4.4 Spawning Behavior
1.4.5 Sperm and Egg
1.4.6 Fertilization
1.4.7 Cleavage
1.4.8 D-shape Larvae
1.4.9 Umbo Larvae
1.4.10 Metamorphosis
1.5 Effects of Environmental Factors on Larval Development
1.5.1 Temperature
1.5.2 Salinity
1.5.3 Water Quality
1.5.4 Rearing Density
1.5.5 Illumination
1.5.6 Food
1.5.7 Antibiotics
1.5.8 Growth
1.5.9 Enemy Organisms
1.5.10 Mortality
CHAPTER II: Hatchery Equipments and Facilities
2.1 Hatchery Site Selection
2.2 Installation Arrangement
2.3 Water Supply System
2.3.1 Pump and Pipeline
2.3.2 Precipitation Tank
2.3.3 Sand Filter
2.3.4 Rearing System
2.3.5 Heating Equipment
2.3.6 Aeration System
2.3.7 Algal Culture Unit
CHAPTER III: Breeding and Larval Rearing
3.1.1 Biology
3.1.2 Conditioning
3.2 Spawning, Fertilization and Hatching
3.2.1 Observation of Gonad
3.2.2 Checking on Spawning
3.2.3 Counting
3.2.4 Hatching
3.3.1 Density
3.3.2 Temperature
3.3.3 Illumination
3.3.4 Aeration
3.3.5 Salinity
3.3.6 Cleaning and Change of Tanks
3.3.7 Water Replenishment
3.3.8 Feeding
3.4.1 Palm Fibre Rope Collectors
3.4.2 Polyethylene Net Collectors
4.1 The Importance of Nursery Culture
4.2 Nursery Culture Technique
4.2.1 Spat Size for Nursery Culture
4.2.2 Material for Nursery Culture
4.2.3 Site Selection
4.2.4 Culture Method and Density
4.2.5 Culture Management
4.2.6 Timing of Spat Transfer
CHAPTER V: Grow-out Culture of the Bay Scallop
5.1.1 Growth and Life Span
5.1.2 Condition Index and Adductor Rate
5.1.3 Mortality
5.2.1 Temperature
5.2.2 Salinity
5.2.3 Culture Layer
5.2.4 Organic Carbon Content
5.2.5 Fouling Organisms and Predators
5.3 Grow-out Culture Technique
5.3.1 Culture Site Selection
5.3.2 Culture Cages
5.3.3 Culture Management
PART II: SEA CUCUMBER CULTURE IN CHINA
CHAPTER I: Biology of the Sea Cucumber
1.1 Taxonomy of Holothuroidea
1.2 Nutritional & Medicinal Values of S. japonicus
1.2.1 Nutritional Value
1.2.2 Medicinal Value
1.3.1 External Characteristics
1.3.2 Internal Structures
1.4.1 Distribution
1.4.2 Habitat
1.4.3 Feeding Habit and Growth
1.4.4 Respiration
1.4.5 Movement
1.4.6 Predators
1.5 Ecological Characteristics
1.5.1 Eversion of Viscera and Regeneration
1.5.2 Estivation
1.6 Embryology and Development
1.6.1 Reproduction
1.6.2 Development
CHAPTER II: Artificial breeding of Stichopus japonicus
2.1 Breeding Status of Stichopus japonicus
2.2 Basic Facilities for Artificial Breeding
2.2.1 Nursery Room and Feeding Room
2.2.2 Broodstock and Postlarvae Rearing Tanks
2.2.3 Settling Tank
2.2.4 Filtration Tank
2.3 Gonad Developmental Stages
2.3.1 Resting Stage
2.3.2 Recovering Stage
2.3.3 Developing Stage
2.3.4 Ripening Stage
2.3.5 Spawning Stage
2.4.1 Collection Timing and Water Temperature
2.4.2 Broodstock Collection Standards
2.4.3 Broodstock Collection Methods
2.4.4 Broodstock Transportation
2.5.1 Rearing Density
2.5.2 Broodstock Management
2.6 Spawning and Handling of Eggs and Embryos
2.6.1 Spawning
2.6.2 Fertilization
CHAPTER III: Rearing of Postlarvae
3.1 Preparation of Rearing Tanks
3.2 Rearing Density
3.3 Selection and Counting of Larvae
3.4 Water Management
3.5 Food Species and Feeding Rates
3.6 Environmental Factors
3.6.1 Temperature
3.6.2 Dissolved Oxygen
3.6.3 pH
3.6.4 Salinity
3.6.5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen
CHAPTER IV: Rearing of Juveniles
4.1 Types of Settling Bases
4.2 Diet of Juveniles
4.3 Density of Settled Juvenile
4.4 Juvenile Rearing in Flowing Water