Watershed management field manual

Slope treatment measures and practices

FAO CONSERVATION GUIDE 13/3

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

Abstract

Introduction

PART I. LAND PREPARATION METHODS FOR AFFORESTATION

I. General discussion

II Manual methods of land preparation

III. Mechanized methods of land preparation

IV. Mechanized pre-planting cultivation

PART II TERRACES AND DITCHES

V. Classification of terraces and ditches and selection criteria

VI Continuous types of terraces (bench terraces)

VII. Discontinuous types of terraces (hillside ditches, orchard terraces, and individual basins)

VIII. Transitional types of terraces (convertible terraces and intermittent terraces)

IX. Terraces for gentle slopes or rangeland (broadbase terraces and natural terraces)

X. Diversions and cut-off ditches

XI. Gradoni and infiltration ditches

XII. Waterways

Appendix I.

Appendix II

Bibliography

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

PART I.

Chapter III.

1 A 4 X 4 rubber-tyred tractor equipped with a chopper.

2 A crawler tractor with a special front-mounted rake designed for maquis vegetation and coppice forest in Turkey.

3 A crawler tractor with front-mounted rake and rear-mounted rippers.

Chapter IV.

4 Soil tilth is improved by breaking-up clods after ploughing by using a disc-harrow pulled by a tractor.

PART II

Chapter VI

5 Bench terrace construction.

Chapter IX.

6 Natural rock terrace.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PART I.

Chapter III.

1 Woodland chaining operation.

PART II

Chapter V.

2 Major types of terraces for steep slopes on small and medium-size farms.

Chapter VI

3 Cross-sectional view and computations for reverse-sloped bench terraces.

4 Volumes of soil to be cut and filled per hectare for reverse-sloped bench terraces.

Chapter VII.

5 Cross-section and computations for hillside ditches.

6 Plan and layout for hillside ditches.

7 Cross-section and plan views for orchard terraces.

8 Symbols and computations for orchard terraces.

9 Diagram of an individual basin.

Chapter VIII.

10 Cross-sectional view of convertible terraces.

11 Cross-sectional view of two types of intermittent terraces.

Chapter IX.

12 Cross-section of broadbase terraces.

13a Terrace construction by ploughing from both sides.

13b Terrace construction by ploughing from the upper side only.

13c Terrace construction with a whirlwind terracer.

13d Terrace construction using a bulldozer.

14 Dykes built by earth or rocks on gentle slopes.

Chapter X.

15 Diagram of a trapezoid-type diversion.

16 Drainage-types of lined, cut-off ditches.

Chapter XI.

17 Diagramatic cross-section of gradoni.

18 Field arrangement of gradoni.

Chapter XII.

19 Major types of waterways: 1, grassed waterway; 2, grassed waterway with drop structures; 3, ballasted waterway; 4, prefabricated concrete waterway (a, parabolic; b, V-notch chute); 5, stepped waterway; 6, waterway and road ditch complex; 7, foot-path and chute complex.

20 Nomograph for estimating time of concentration.

21 Estimation of rainfall intensities using maximum daily rainfall.

22 Typical cross-sections of waterways and formulas for calculations.

23 Nomograph for the Manning velocity equation.

24 Nomograph for estimation of run-off for small watersheds.

25 Nomograph for estimation of discharge.

26 Prefabricated concrete structures.

LIST OF TABLES


PART II

Chapter VI

1 Specification tables for bench terraces.

Chapter VII.

2 Specification tables for hillside ditches.

3 Specification tables for orchard terraces.

4 Volumes and numbers per man-day of construction for individual basins.

Chapter IX.

5 Intervals between broadbase terraces and linear length per hectare.

Chapter X.

6 Different sizes of diversions and flows.

7 Different types of stone ditches and required materials for construction of one square metre.

Chapter XII.

8 Major types of waterways, their uses and limits.

9 Run-off coefficient (C-value).

10 Time of concentration from small watersheds.

11 Rainfall intensities used for estimating peak runoff in Jamaica.

12 Roughness coefficient (n) for manning formula.

13 Flow carried by parabolic waterways of different gradients and sizes.

14 Sample cost per 100 m of narrow waterway in two countries.

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