A manual on the preparation and presentation of compound feeds for shrimp and fish in aquaculture by
Michael B. New
Senior Aquaculturist Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme
AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATION ROGRAMME ADCP/REP/87/26
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1987
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© FAO and UNEP 1987
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2.1 Energy
2.2 Feeding Habits of Fish
2.3 Types of Natural Food
2.4 Fertilization
3.1 Nutrient and Other Components of Feedstuffs
3.1.1 Moisture
3.1.2 Lipids and Fatty Acids
3.1.3 Proteins and Amino Acids
3.1.4 Carbohydrate
3.1.5 Energy
3.1.6 Minerals
3.1.7 Vitamins
3.1.8 Other components of Feeds
3.1.9 Summary of Analytical Information Needed About Feeds3.2 How to Understand A Feed Composition Table
3.2.1 Moisture Content
3.2.2 Comments on the Use of Specific Compositional Tables
4. WHAT FEEDS CAN I USE ON MY FARM?
4.1.1 Grasses
4.1.2 Legumes
4.1.3 Miscellaneous Fodder Plants
4.1.4 Fruits and Vegetables
4.1.5 Root Crops
4.1.6 Cereals
4.1.7 Oil-Bearing Seeds and Oil Cakes
4.1.8 Feeds of Animal Origin
4.1.9 Miscellaneous Feedstuffs
4.1.10 Additives4.2 Advantages of Compound Feeds
4.3 Physical Form of Diets
4.4 Choosing the Type of Compound Feed
5. CAN I MAKE MY OWN COMPOUND FEEDS? HOW?
5.1 How do I Choose my Ingredients?
5.2 How do I Decide How Much of Each Ingredient to Use (Formulation)?
5.3 What Machinery Do I Need? And Where Do I Get It?
5.3.1 Feed Types
5.3.2 Types of Machinery or Equipment
5.3.3 Equipment Sizing5.4 How Do I Make Compound Feeds?
5.4.1 Simple Mixtures
5.4.2 Forming into a Shape
5.4.3 Cooking
5.4.4 Drying
5.4.5 Compound Feed Production5.5 Economics of Feed Production
5.6 What Special Problems Am I Likely To Have In Making Compound Feeds?
6.1 Salmon and Trout
6.2 Catfish
6.4 Tilapias
6.5 Shrimp and Prawns
6.6 Other Species
6.6.1 European Sea Bass, Sea Breams, Grouper and Yellowtail
6.6.2 Other Species
7. HOW SHOULD I STORE MY FEEDS?
7.1 Losses and Deteriorative Changes which Occur During Feed Storage
7.1.1 Physical Loss
7.1.2 Water and Heat Damage
7.1.3 Insect Damage
7.1.4 Fungal Damage
7.1.5 Chemical Changes During Storage7.2.1 Specific Notes
7.2.2 General Recommendations for Dry Storage - "Do's" and "Don'ts"
8. IF I DECIDE TO FEED MY ANIMALS, HOW MUCH FEED WILL THEY NEED? HOW DO I FEED AND HOW OFTEN?
8.1 Feeding Rate
8.2 Feeding Frequency and Other Factors
8.2.1 Salmon and Trout
8.2.2 Catfish
8.2.3 Tilapia
8.2.4 Carp
8.2.5 Other Fish Species
8.2.6 Shrimp and Prawns
9. HOW DO I KEEP TRACK OF THE RESULTS OF FEEDING AND HOW CAN I LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE?
9.1 Records of Feed Type
9.2 Records of Feed Use
10. IF I DECIDE NOT TO MAKE MY OWN, CAN I BUY COMPOUND FEEDS FOR FISH AND PRAWNS? IF SO, WHERE?
11. IF I MAKE FEEDS MYSELF, SHOULD I SELL THEM TO OTHER FARMERS?
12.1 Toxic or Poor Quality Feed
12.2 Water Quality
12.3 Effluent
12.4 Disease
APPENDIX I: EXAMPLES OF VITAMIN AND MINERAL MIXES
APPENDIX II: EXAMPLES OF FORMULATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE SPECIES
APPENDIX III: NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF FEED MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS
APPENDIX IV: FEED COMPOSITIONAL TABLES
APPENDIX V: INGREDIENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR AQUACULTURE FEEDS
3. MISCELLANEOUS FODDER PLANTS
4. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
5. ROOT CROPS
6. CEREALS
7. OIL-BEARING SEEDS AND OIL CAKES
8. FEEDS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
9. MISCELLANEOUS FEEDSTUFFS
APPENDIX VII: SOLAR FEED DRIER
APPENDIX IX: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
APPENDIX X: CONVERSION TABLES AND COMMON FORMULAE A. CONVERSIONS
APPENDIX XI: BULK DENSITY, PELLETABILITY AND PARTICLE SIZE
1. MOBILE DEVICES FOR DRY FEEDS
2. STATIONARY DEVICES FOR DRY FEEDS
2.1 Electrically Powered Feeders
2.2 Demand Feeders
2.3 Water Controlled Feeder
APPENDIX XV: TOXIC AND ANTI-METABOLITE SUBSTANCES OCCURRING IN FEEDS
APPENDIX XVI: METHODS OF FEED ANALYSIS
APPENDIX XVII: SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF AQUACULTURED SPECIES REFERRED TO IN THIS MANUAL
APPENDIX XVIII: KEY TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INGREDIENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS MANUAL