A Manual for the Design and Construction of Water Harvesting Schemes for Plant Production
by
Will Critchley - Conservation Agronomist Centre for Development Cooperation Services Free University, Amsterdam
and
Klaus Siegert - Water Resources Engineer Land and Water Development Division FAO, Rome
with contributions from:
C. Chapman, FAO Project Manager M. Finkel, Agricultural Engineer, Yoqneam, Israel
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS - Rome, 1991
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
1.1 The basis of water harvesting: History and perspectives
1.1.1 Historical perspectives
1.1.2 Recent developments
1.1.3 Future directions1.2 Definitions and classification
1.3 Basic categories of water harvesting systems for plant production1.3.1 Microcatchments (rainwater harvesting)
1.3.2 External catchment systems (rainwater harvesting)
1.3.3 Floodwater farming (floodwater harvesting)
2. Water and soil requirements
2.1 Water requirements of crops
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 General estimates
2.1.3 Factors influencing crop water requirements
2.1.4 Calculation of crop water requirements2.2 Water requirements of trees, rangeland and fodder
2.2.1 Multipurpose trees
2.2.2 Fruit trees
2.2.3 Water requirements of rangeland and fodder2.3 Soil requirements for water harvesting
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Texture
2.3.3 Structure
2.3.4 Depth
2.3.5 Fertility
2.3.6 Salinity/sodicity
2.3.7 Infiltration rate
2.3.8 Available water capacity (AWC)
2.3.9 Constructional characteristics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rainfall characteristics
3.3 Variability of annual rainfall
3.4 Probability analysis
3.5 Rainfall-runoff relationship3.5.1 The surface runoff process
3.5.2 Factors affecting runoff
3.5.3 Runoff coefficients3.6 Determination of runoff coefficients
3.7 Assessment of annual or seasonal runoff
3.8 Runoff plots
4. Design model for catchment: Cultivated area ratio
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Crop production systems
4.3 Examples on how to calculate the ratio C: Ca
4.4 Systems for trees
4.4 Systems for rangeland and fodder
5. Water harvesting techniques
5.1 Site and technique selection
5.2.1 Background
5.2.2 Technical details
5.2.3 Layout and construction
5.2.4 Maintenance
5.2.5 Husbandry
5.2.6 Socio-economic considerations5.3.1 Background
5.3.2 Technical details
5.3.3 Layout and construction
5.3.4 Maintenance
5.3.5 Husbandry
5.3.6 Socio-economic factors5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Technical details
5.4.3 Layout, and construction
5.4.4 Maintenance
5.4.5 Husbandry
5.4.6 Socio-economic Factors5.5.1 Background
5.5.2 Technical details
5.5.3 Layout and construction
5.5.4 Maintenance
5.5.5 Husbandry
5.5.6 Socio-economic factors5.6.1 Background
5.6.2 Technical Details
5.6.3 Layout and construction
5.6.4 Maintenance
5.6.5 Husbandry
5.6.6 Socio-economic factors5.7.1 Background
5.7.2 Technical details
5.7.3 Layout and construction
5.7.4 Maintenance
5.7:5 Husbandry
5.7.6 Socio-economic factors5.8.1 Background
5.8.2 Technical Details
5.8.3 Layout and construction
5.8.4 Maintenance
5.8.5 Husbandry
5.8.6 Socio-economic factors5.9.1 Background
5.9.2 Technical Details
5.9.3 Layout and construction
5.9.4 Maintenance
5.9.5 Husbandry
5.9.6 Socio-economic Factors
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Crop choice
6.2.3 Fertility
6.2.4 Other husbandry factors
7. Socio-economic factors and project management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Socio-economic factors7.2.1 People's priorities
7.2.2 Participation
7.2.3 Adoption of systems
7.2.4 Area differences
7.2.5 Gender and equity
7.2.6 Land tenure
7.2.7 Village land use management7.3.1 The project and the people
7.3.2 Project approach
7.3.3 Machinery or hand labour
7.3.4 Flexibility of approach
7.3.5 Subsidies and incentives
7.3.6 Monitoring, evaluation and reporting
Appendix - Simple surveying techniques
A.1 Use of the line level for surveying
Introduction
Laying out a contour
Laying out a graded contour
Measuring the slope of the land
Important points to rememberA.2 Use of the water tube level for surveying
Introduction
Laying out a contour
Important Points to Remember