TABLE 17 Spiroplasma citridetection by ELISA and culture in adult citrus orchards in the Syrian

Location

Sample (tree number)

Species or variety

Date1

Stubborn symptoms

ELISA (E)

Culture (C)

(E)+(C)

Plant tissue2

Result

Plant tissue2

Result
Ugarit, Dib Vitali orchard 38 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 (July) + Fa + Fa + +
44 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
46 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa - +
48 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
Ugarit, Demsarko orchard 67 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
68 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa - Fa + +
Besnada, S. Affif orchard 33 Valencia late sweet orange 1982 + S + s + +
34 Valencia late sweet orange 1982 + Fa - Fa - -
35 Valencia late sweet orange 1982 ? Fa - Fa - -
36 Valencia late sweet orange 1982 - Fa - Fa - -
37 Satsuma 1982 ? Fa - Fa - -
Besnada, Shreita orchard R5A3 Valencia late sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
R11A6 Valencia late sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
Mamlaka (north of Latakia) 31 Clementine 1982 - Fa - Fa - -
32 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
El Annadeh, Sidawi orchard 98 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + L + L + +
105 Washington navel sweet orange
Jaffa sweet orange top-grafted on
Washington navel sweet orange on sour orange rootstock (5 trees)		 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
94 Tree 1 Jaffa 1982 + L + L + +
95 " Washington navel 1982 + L + L - +
96 Tree 2 Jaffa 1982 + L + L - +
97 " Washington navel 1982 + L + L - +
99 Tree 3 Jaffa 1982 + L + L - +
100 " Washington navel 1982 + L + L + +
101 Tree 4 Jaffa 1982 + L + L + +
102 " Washington navel 1982 + L + L + +
44 Tree 5 Jaffa 1983 (July) + L - L + +
45 " Washington navel 1983 (July) + L - L + +
43 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 (July) + Fa - Fa + +
46 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 (July) + Fa - Fa + +
R4A3 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
R9A2 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
Snowbar, Anderson orchard A Washington navel sweet orange 1981 +   ND3 L, Fa + +
B Washington navel sweet orange 1981 +   ND Fa + +
C Washington navel sweet orange 1981 +   ND Fa + +
51 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + L, Fa, Fl + L, Fa, Fl + +
55 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
56 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + L, Fa, Fl + L, Fa, Fl + +
54 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + L - L + +
58 Shaddock sweet orange 1982 + Fa - Fa + +
R3A1 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
R3A5 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
Jablé Experiment Station   Butler sweet orange 1979 + Fa, S + Fa, S + +
R14A4 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
R13A5 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +
Al Bourjan, Mikati Govt orch. 88 Washington navel sweet orange 1983 + Fa + Fa + +
Amrit, A. Haroun orchard   Hamlin sweet orange 1979 + Fa, S + Fa, S + +
28 Ortanique tangor 1982 + L, Fa, S + L, Fa, S + +
29 Ortanique tangor 1982 + Fa, S + Fa, S + +
30 Ortanique tangor 1982 - L, Fa, S - L, Fa, S - -
Amrit, A. Hasri orchard 1 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
Tartus Centre of Agriculture 22 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + L, Fa - L, Fa - -
27 Washington navel sweet orange 1982 + Fa + Fa + +
23 Frost Valencia sweet orange 1982 + Fa, S + Fa, S + +
24 Frost Valencia sweet orange 1982 + Fa, S + Fa, S + +
25 Frost Valencia sweet orange 1982 - Fa, S - Fa, S - -
26 Jaffa sweet orange 1982 + L + L + +
R2A6 Navelina sweet orange 1983 - L, Fa - L, Fa - -
R2A5 Navelina sweet orange 1983 + L, Fa + L, Fa + +

Notes:
1 In 1979 and 1981 samples were collected in November; in 1982, 1983 and 1984 they were taken in October; some samples were collected in July 1983; they are indicated in the table.
2 L: Leaf; Fa: Fruit axis; S: Seed; Fl: Flower.
3 ND: not done.

TABLE 18 Percentage of stubborn - affected trees in various orchards in the Latakia Tartus region

No.

Area
(distance from coast)

Orchard

Cultivar

Origin of budwood

Date of planting

Total number of trees

Stobborn-affected trees

Number

%
1 Hmaymin (1 km) Yunes Washington navel Local 1980 232 70 30
Hmaymin (1 km) Yunes Valencia late Corsica1 1980 252 151 55
2 Stamoue (6 km) Jazae Washington navel Local 1981 200 20 10
3 Annadeh village (6 km) Sidawi Washington navel Local 1970 112 18 16
4 Al Bassa (3 km) Sidawi Washington navel Corsica 1981 72 7 9
5 Kam El Jouze (30 km) Abou Kaf Washington navel Corsica 1980 130 13 10
6 Saleh-Basatine (2 km) Toukatly Washington navel Local 1979 89 81 90
7 Anadeh (1 km) FAO project Washington navel Corsica 1979 157 41 25
Anadeh (1 km) FAO project Valencia late Corsica 1979 155 55 35
Anadeh (1 km) FAO project Grapefruit Corsica 1979 167 75 45
Anadeh (1 km) FAO project Washington navel Corsica 1981 72 6 8
Anadeh (1 km) FAO project Valencia late Corsica 1981 96 11 10
8 Amrit (1 km) FAO project Washington navel Corsica 1979 69 29 41
Amrit (1 km) FAO project Clementine Corsica 1979 21 3 14

Note:
1 Budwood from Corsica was certified free of virus and virus-like disease agents, including S. citri.

TABLE 22 Relative frequency of leafhoppers and planthoppers in the Syrian Arab Republic and number of samples analysed for presence of Spiroplasma citri

Species

Relative frequency

Number of
samples analysed
Cicadellidae leafhoppers
Aconurella prolixa (Lethierry) ++ 1
Adanus sp. + 0
Agallia laevis (Ribauti) ++ 1
Allygus provincialis (Ferrari) + 0
Asymmetrasca decidens (Paoli) + 0
Austroagallia sinuata (Mulsant & Rey) ++ 0
Balclutha hebé (Kirkaldy) ++++ 20
Balclutha rosea (Scott) ++ 4
Balclutha saltuella ++ 0
Cicadulina bipunctella bipunctella (Matsumara) +++ 18
Chiasmus translucidus (Mulsant & Rey) + 1
Doratura homophyla + 0
Empoasca vitis +++ 12
Euscelis sp. + 0
Exitianus capicola (Stal.) +++ 21
Fieberiella florii (Stal.) + 0
Gogiagnatus guttulinervis (Kirschbaum) + 2
Hecalus glaucenscens (Fieber) + 0
Irinula erythrocephala (Ferrari) + 0
Macrosteles quadripunctatus (KMB) ++ 6
Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich & Schaffer) ++ 1
Neoaliturus haematoceps (Mulsant & Rey) +++ 20
Orosius albicinctus (Distant) + 0
Platymetopius major (Kirschbaum) + 0
Psammotettix nodosus (Ribaut) + 0
Psammotettix striatus (Linné) +++ 25
Psammotettix sp. + 0
Ricilia angostisectus (Linnavuori) +++ 5
Ricilia schmidtgeni (Wagner) + 0
Scleroracus sp. + 0
Ziginidia scutellaris (Herrich & Schaffer) + 1
Fulgomorpha planthoppers

Cixiidae:

    
Olarius linbergi (Dalbola) + 0
Tachycixius sp. + 0

Delphacidae:

    
Asiraca clavicornis (Fabr) + 0
Delphax sp. +++ 3
Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen) ++++ 43
Sogatella vibix ++ 7
Toya pripinqua (Fieber) +++ 12
Perkinsiella insignus (Distant) + 2

Issidae:

    
Bruchoscellis peculiaris (Horv) + 0
Hysteropterum sp. + 3

Key:
+ a few individuals per capture;
++ about ten individuals per capture;
+++ about 25 individuals per capture;
++++ more than 50 individuals per capture;

TABLE 23 Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)plants naturally infected with Spiroplasma citri or S. phoeniceum in the Syrian Arab Republic

Location Periwinkle designation Period of exposure Infecting agent(s)
Ugarit, Dib Vitali orchard 39 June – October 1982 Spiroplasma spp.
Wizan 20 June 1984 S. phoeniceum
El Annadeh project
- Nursey II 203 17 July – 9 August 1983 S. citri (Fig. 292)
24 July 1984 S. citri
25 July 1984 S. citri
30 September 1983 – June 1984 S. phoeniceum
- Sweet orange mother tree plot 41 September 1983 – June 1984 S. phoeniceum + phyllody MLO
22 July 1984 S. phoeniceum + phyllody MLO
El Annadeh Government nursery 36 September 1983 – June 1984 S. phoeniceum
El Annadeh, Fidio 26 July 1984 S. phoeniceum + stolbur MLO
El Annadeh, Sidawi orchard 13 17 July – 18 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
14 17 July – 18 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
43 September 1983 – June 1984 S. citri
Jablé Experiment Station 25 17 July – 23 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
200 17 July – 23 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
204 17 July – 23 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
9 June 1984 S. phoeniceum
Tartus Centre of Agriculture 146 17 July – 19 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
147 17 July – 19 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
Amrit Citrus Office 145-4 17 July – 19 October 1983 S. phoeniceum
65 September 1984 S. phoeniceum