· Current Public Interveners
Box D.1 presents a summary list of the key public institutions presently involved in some capacity in the management of the urban forest ecosystem of the Quito metropolitan area. This list is limited to those entities in some way directly and intentionally concerned with plants, or land uses involving vegetation in the urban milieu.
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Box D.1: Summary of Current Public Interveners Definitions used in Table: · Name of Institution: The name of the overall public agency concerned is given here, although it is recognized that a single organization can include a number of subdivisions which may in fact act as very different actors under the same institutional umbrella. This may result in infernal policy conflicts, turf problems, resource competition, or simple lack of communication among different units, all quite characteristic of large bureaucratic institutions. · Level of Government: This refers to the place of the government institution within the national jurisdictional hierarchy, i.e., national, regional, or local government. It should be noted that some institutions may maintain a dual role in this structure. · Geographic Area of Intervention: A general description of the spatial area of concern to the agency is given, designated according to urban or peri-urban, or both. · Substantive Area of Intervention; Each public agency is charged with many sectoral areas of intervention as defined by its legal charter. Only those issue areas related to the urban forest ecosystem will be highlighted here. · Type of Intervention: This category refers to the nature of the governmental action in each substantive area, broadly classified into three groups: Policy interventions are those positions which are officially taken in a public forum by the agency, but which do not have any force of law; Legal interventions are those which are written into enforceable laws and regulations, including sanctions for non-compliance; Financial interventions are those which involve public agency participation by means of either capital or programmatic expenditures. |
· Current Private Interveners
Box D.2 lists the major organized private entities presently involved in some aspect of vegetation management in the Quito Metropolitan Area, focusing only on non-profit, domestic institutions. Not included are the many business sponsors of activities, international donors or unorganized individual acts and practices which cumulatively influence the urban forest landscape of Quito over time, and potentially determine its future. As with public Interveners, only those organizations or institutions directly involved in some aspect of managing the urban forest ecosystem are included.
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Box D.2: Summary of Current Private Interveners Definitions used in Table: · Name Of Institution: A single institution or class of organizations is listed here, while recognizing that more than one subordinate program may be operating creating possible internal coordination and cooperation problems. · Type of Organization: Only formal non-profit, domestically based organizations considered to be directly involved in some aspect of the management of the urban forest ecosystem are included. For some groups, general classes are given in lieu of naming each individual organization. Institutions are grouped into the following categories (adapted from Carroll, 1992): Grassroots organization - organizations with membership and leadership from beneficiary population, involving direct work with community Intermediary organization - second tier local groups which either provide support services and maintain direct links to grassroots base groups or those without a direct membership base, which are generally involved in advocacy and policy activities · Geographic Area of Intervention: A general description of the spatial area of concern to the organization or individual is given, designated according to urban or peri-urban, or both. · Substantive Area of Intervention: Each institution or type of group acts in one or more specific sectoral areas within Quito's metropolitan area. Only those issue areas related to the urban forest ecosystem will be highlighted here. · Type of Intervention: The possible classes of intervention identified for the private sector were: Financial: investment of money or other resources in capital or programmatic areas Policy/Advocacy: attempts to change a government policy, or advocate on behalf of a constituency group before the State Legal: work in legal reform activities, or in direct legal actions against private or public entities or individuals on behalf of the beneficiary group Research: collection and analysis of information on issues of concern to a beneficiary group Public Education: preparation of educational materials, and dissemination of information to the beneficiary group or the general public by means of various mass media Service Delivery: direct provision of a service to the beneficiary population Organizational Capacity Building: assistance to a subsidiary organization in building institutional effectiveness in a variety of ways Income Generation: productive activities geared to providing economic yields. |
Box D.1 .Current Public Interveners in the Urban Forest Ecosystem of Quito, Ecuador
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Name of Institution |
Level of Government |
Geographic Area of Intervention |
Substantive Area of Intervention |
Type of Intervention |
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LOCAL |
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Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (Metropolitan District of Quito) |
Local and Regional |
Metropolitan District of Quito (urban core area and surrounding rural parishes) |
land use planning |
legal |
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Direction of Planning |
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zoning regulation |
legal |
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subdivision permits |
legal |
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building permits |
legal |
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property taxes |
legal |
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infrastructure development |
financial |
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air pollution controls |
legal |
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water pollution controls |
legal |
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open space/park/protected zone designation |
policy |
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Subdirection of Parks and Gardens (in Direction of Public Works) |
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park and avenue afforestation and tree management |
policy |
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Mayor's Office/Public Promotion |
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publicity and awareness campaigns on urban environment, tree planting, etc. |
financial |
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Municipal Sewage and Water Supply Company |
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watershed protection and water supply provision; sewage and drainage infrastructure |
policy |
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Canton Rumiñahui |
Local |
Rumiñahui Canton (located southeast of the jurisdiction of Quito) |
all of the areas of intervention listed above for the Quito Metropolitan District |
policy legal financial |
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REGIONAL |
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Consejo Provincial de Pichincha (Provincial Council of Pichincha) |
Regional |
Pichincha Province |
afforestation; tree production |
financial |
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NATIONAL |
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Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería - MAG (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock)/Instituto Nacional de Forestación y Areas Naturales (INEFAN) |
National |
Protected Forest and Vegetation areas surrounding Quito |
authorization and oversight of management plans on public and private lands within protected area |
policy legal financial |
|
afforestation |
policy |
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Ministerio de Educación y Cultura - MEC (Ministry of Education and Culture) |
National |
Quito Metropolitan District |
afforestation (with local schools) |
financial |
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environmental education |
policy |
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Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador - FFAA (Armed Forces of Ecuador) |
National |
Quito Metropolitan District (and nationally) |
afforestation |
financial |
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Instituto Ecuatoriano de Recursos Hídricos - INERHI (Ecuadorian Institute of Hydrologic Resources) |
National |
Watersheds within Quito Metropolitan District |
management of hydrologic resources |
policy |
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INTERNATIONAL |
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U.S. Peace Corps |
International |
Metropolitan District of Quito and all municipalities in Ecuador |
technical assistance personnel and training in all aspects of urban forest ecosystem management |
financial |
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Interamerican Development Bank |
International |
Pichincha Protected Forest and Vegetation area |
disaster prevention project on the slopes of Mt. Pichincha, focusing on engineering and public works construction |
policy |
Sources: Moscoso, 1995; Cobo, 1995; IMQ, 1992a-d; Galindo, 1995; Garcés, 1996
Box D.2. Current Private Interveners in the Quito Urban Forest Ecosystem (Non-Profit and Domestic Only)
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Name or Type of Institution |
Type of Organization |
Geographic Area of Intervention |
Substantive Area of Intervention |
Type of Intervention |
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ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS |
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Fundación Natura - Quito Chapter |
intermediary |
Quito Metropolitan District (urban and peri-urban) |
management of protected ecological zone; afforestation; land tenure; environmental contamination and industrial siting |
policy/advocacy |
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Acción Ecológica |
Intermediary |
Quito Metropolitan District (urban and pen-urban) |
organization of youth brigades for fire prevention and suppression in pen-urban zone; environmental education; organic agriculture project |
service delivery |
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Fundación Amazonas |
Intermediary |
area encompassing watershed zones for Quito Metropolitan District |
watershed protection; management of protected ecological zones |
organizational capacity |
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NEIGHBOURHOODS GROUPS |
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Federación de Barrios del Noroccidente de Quito (Federation of Northwestern Neighbourhoods of Quito) |
Grassroots-Intermediary |
Peripheral northwestern residential district of Quito urban core |
water quality: watershed protection (women's committee and youth groups); some ornamental and fruit tree planting in neighbourhoods |
service delivery |
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afforestation (youth association) |
service delivery |
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housing, land tenure and service acquisition (Board of Directors) |
policy/advocacy |
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Other Popular, Low-Income Neighbourhood Associations |
Grassroots |
various neighbourhoods at periphery of urban area |
housing and land tenure |
policy/advocacy |
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Consolidated and Authorized Neighbourhood Associations |
Grassroots |
established neighbourhoods within the urban core, usually middle class or higher |
tree planting in neighbourhoods; protection of environmental protection zone |
policy/advocacy |
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Urban Housing Cooperatives |
Grassroots |
urbanized core |
housing and land tenure |
legal |
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Rural Land Cooperatives/Comunas |
Grassroots |
peri-urban areas |
housing and land tenure agriculture and forestry production |
legal |
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OTHER GROUPS |
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CIUDAD |
Intermediary |
national (located in Quito) |
research and planning with spontaneous settlements at urban fringe; assistance in a UN project on Water and Development with a neighbourhood women's group which includes tree production and planting in peripheral neighbourhoods |
research |
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Pontífica Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) |
Intermediary |
national (located in Quito) |
university educational programme in Landscape Architecture |
education and professional training |
