Appendix 1 & Appendix 2 contain detailed lists of all the information planners need on gender issues in aquaculture, how this information can be collected, and how it can be used in planning and project formulation.
Matrix of gender information required and its use
Information needed |
Dab to be generated |
How to use the information |
Sources/methods to generate the data |
Development policies, strategies and programmes/projects for aquaculture, and for gender issues. |
A - National and donor development objectives |
A - Ensure that the plan's objective conforms with national policy; Examine compatibility of national development objectives with gender concerns; Assess whether donor/external objectives compatible with national sector/gender objectives |
A-E - National development plans, progress reports and annual reports of government staff |
B - Past and future activities/plans |
B,C,F - Adaptation of interventions to past experiences, Coordinate development programme and activities |
B - Project/programme documents, key informants | |
C - Current status of ongoing projects/programmes |
A,D,E - Determine government priorities and relative importance accorded to the sector/gender |
- Evaluation reports | |
D - Government spending and budget |
F,G - Determine donor priorities and relative importance accorded to the sector/gender and ensure that these conform to national priorities. |
C - Progress Reports, key informants | |
E - % of total government expenditure (trend) |
D-G - Government/donor budgets, progress reports and annual reports of government staff, key informants | ||
F - External assistance (type and spending) |
B,C,F,G - Donor strategy/policy papers. | ||
G - % of total external assistance and trend |
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Institutional capacities |
A - List of relevant institutions |
A-D - Identify institutions, potential opportunities or constraints and assistance requirements |
A-D - Annual reports, human resource audit, key informants, civil service commission reports, staff associations/unions |
B - Organizational structure of institutions |
- Select cooperating institutions |
E - Key informants in relevant government departments, and other institutions | |
C - Qualifications of personnel by positions and sex |
E,F - Find out location and availability capacity for gender analysis; assess need for strengthening capacity |
F - Annual reports, key informants in Ministry of Home Affairs/planning | |
D - Working conditions by sex |
F - Assess collaboration possibilities |
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E - Data base on expertise in gender analysis |
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F - Data base on services relevant to women's needs provided by other organizations, departments, institutions |
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Aquaculture Sectoral characteristics: |
A - Fish species kept in ponds, and criteria men and women have for fish preferences |
A - Compare basis for preferences of men and women with options for fish species selection; who benefits? |
A - Aquaculture statistics, quick survey, preferences by rank of separate consumer categories |
B - Technology used and its requirements |
B - Check whether men and women have resources to adopt technology |
B - Annual reports Fisheries Department, GIS secondary sources(development technology centres, projects, women affairs, etc.) | |
- Resources available to men and women |
- Assess whether technical package can be adapted to limited resources |
C - Maps, key informants, group interviews - men and women | |
C - Other uses and users of resources needed for aquaculture |
C - Assess impact of aquaculture on other users resources. Who gains, who loses? |
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Demographic characteristics of rural and urban population |
A - Population growth and density |
A - Indication for population pressure on resources |
A-D - Population census, survey statistics, field reports, key informants |
B - Dependency ratio for rural and urban areas |
B - Indication for labour availability |
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C - Sex ratio for rural and urban areas |
C - Indication for availability of male and female labour |
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D - % Female-headed-households |
D - Indicator to assist planner to identify labour availability in households |
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Health and nutrition characteristics |
A- Anthropometric measurements of children (weight for age, weight for height) |
A-E - Choice of target area |
A-E - Health and nutrition statistics, special surveys; key informants, demographic studies/surveys |
B - Birth weight |
A - Indicate relative wellbeing and of nutritional risk |
F - Rapid eyelid and teeth inspection; | |
C - Infant mortality rates |
B,C - Indicate health of mother, relative wellbeing and areas of nutritional risk |
G - Key informants especially women. Reports | |
D - Occurrence and types of malnutrition in children and adults |
D - Identify potential for fish to reduce malnutrition |
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E - Prevalence of diseases |
E - Indicate general health status of communities; identify need for preventive measures for water-borne diseases in conjunction with fisheries/aquaculture development |
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F - Prevalence of anaemia, fluorisis calcium |
F - Determine advisability of eating whole small pelagics |
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G - Taste preference for different species and attitudes to fish consumption |
G - Targeting catches for consumption (e.g. weaning food production) |
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Legal status of women |
A - Inheritance law for men and women |
A - Identify who inherits productive resources and developments and thus motivated to invest. Identify (im)possibility of providing access to the other category. |
A-C - Legislation and customary law. |
B - Ownership of property for men and women |
B - identify who owns resources and developments and thus motivated to invest. Identify (im)possibility to provide access to the other category. |
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C - Land registration procedures for men and women (aquaculture) |
C - Identify who teas access to productive resources and thus in a position to invest. Identify(im)possibility of providing access to those that do not have acces. |
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Credit availability |
A - Past experiences with disbursement, utilization and recovery of credit with regard to sex |
A-D - Assess whether men and women have de facto access to credit. Identify needs and possibilities for improved procedures for disadvantaged groups (e.g. women, migrants). Identify credit sources suitable for men's and women's needs |
A - Key informants |
B - Lending programmes, credit and loan recovery (by sex); special credit programmes for women |
B - Assess whether packages are suitable for men and women. If needed, identify different packages tailored to needs and constraints of women |
A,B - Special studies | |
C - Source and recipients (by sex) of credit: institutional and informal |
A,B,D - Assess whether lending norms and procedures are appropriate for men and women and propose changes |
B-D - Report of financial institutions, NGOs, development agencies, government departments special studies | |
D - Lending policies, norms and procedures, cultural constraints |
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Training and education |
A - Training institutes and their curricula |
A - Assess whether gender concerns are taken into account; if not identify possibilities for integration |
A - Brochure of training institutes; key informants |
B - Enrolment of students by sex |
B, C - Assess whether men and women have equal chances to receive vocational training and higher education; if not, is change in recruitment policy necessary as this will affect staffing |
B - Key informants, informants, with students, social studies, arrival reports | |
C - Barriers preventing women from entering higher education |
C - Indication for chances in career development for men and women; may in turn have impact on motivation and work performance |
B - Annual reports, reports, informants | |
D - Literacy rate and school enrolment by sex |
D - Indicator of relative status of men and women |
D - Population census, Ministry of education | |
Extension services |
A - Number of persons by occupation and sex employed by extension service |
A - Assess whether men and women have equal chances to obtain pots change in recruitment policy necessary? |
A, B - Annual reports relevant extension Departments |
B - Training and qualifications of extension officers |
B - Existing extension capability and training needs to reach men and women |
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C - Competence of staff to integrate gender issues |
C - Assessment of capacity and willingness to incorporate gender concerns and identification of issues for further training |
C - Interview personnel, evaluation reports, impact studies | |
- Assess what methods were effective in reaching men and women |
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Biological/technical research and development |
A - Research and development on aquaculture systems |
A - Compare relevance of research results to men and women's needs and resources |
A - Reports and or key informants of Fisheries Department, Universities, Research institutes |
B - Fish species used for research in aquaculture |
B - Identify which population group will consume the species |
B - Annual reports, quick survey of research stations, key informants | |
- Assess whether resources needed to raise fish species are within reach of men and women |
Matrix of gender information required and its use
Information needed |
Data to be generated |
How to we the information |
Sources/methods to generate the data |
Locations suitable/existing sites for fish farming |
A - Suitable locations for fish farming |
A, B - Distance between ponds and locus of other major activities is an indicator of relative ease with which men or women can include fish farming in their waking schedules |
A - Maps, transects |
- Present fish farming sites |
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- Locations of other activities of men and women |
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Key factors affecting access to/control over resources |
A - How is gender - differentiated access to and control over resources regulated (class and kinship systems and their influence on tenure systems)? |
A - Assess who has/does not have access to and control over productive resources required for aquaculture |
A - Interview key informants; separate group discussions for each category |
B - Needs and opportunities to increase access and control by disadvantaged groups |
B - Assess possibilities for manipulation of the system by men and women |
B - Mixed group discussions including community leaders, problem - opportunity matrices |
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- Can project affect (positively or negatively) women's access to and/or contra over resources? |
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Socio-cultural factors affecting adoption and diffusion of new technologies |
A - Norms concerning order of adoption of innovations; where do women fit in this order |
A - Assess who should be contacted first and impact on late adopters (i.e. available resources and markets for fish) |
A - Interview key informants, ranking done by different groups |
B - Rules affecting contacts between women and unrelated men |
B - Assess possibilities of male extension agents contacting women farmers |
B - Interview key informants, group discussion | |
- In case of difficulties, identify possibilities for bypassing the obstacles |
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Community organizations |
A - Occurrence of community organizations, their composition (only men, only women or mixed?), functions and how often they meet |
A-C - Assess whether they can be used for extension purposes (contact) |
A-C - Interview key informants, discuss with members, discuss with non-members who are engaged in the aquaculture sector |
B - Socio-economic characteristics of leaders of organizations |
- Possibilities for collaboration between members regarding fingeding distribution, pooling of labour and, inputs, harvesting gear (not necessarily in the form of collective ownership of aquaculture production units) |
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C - Participation of men and women in decision making |
B,C - Assess whether both men's and women's views are reflected in decision making |
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Farming systems |
A - Description of gender-specific crops livestock and tasks |
A - Get indications of land use and assess whether there arc possibilities for integration with aquaculture |
A - Maps transects, interviews with key informants, and separate group interviews |
B - Use of by-products of these farming systems |
B - Assess availability and source of on- farm inputs for aquaculture; Contribution of inputs by gender |
B - Seasonal calendar of by-products, interviews with key informants, group discussions with men and women | |
- Actual use of by-products indicates eventual benefits foregone |
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Household structures |
A - Household composition, their activity profile, and their representation in the community |
A - Create typology of household types |
A - Surveys, key informants, social maps |
- Household structure and labour profile indicate the labour availability for aquaculture |
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- Assess likely implications of introduction of culture systems of different intensities |
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Marketing of fish |
A - Who markets different fish species, where, how and why? |
A - Identify reasons for division in species and markets by traders and by sex |
A - Case studies, interviews with traders and other key informants, matrices (species, market, volume, problems - opportunities) |
B - Constraints and needs of different categories of traders |
- Assess who will market fish from aquaculture, what their opportunities and constraints are |
B - Case studies, interviews with traders, impact flow diagram | |
B - Assess positive and negative effects of changing marketing structure and/or locus on different categories of traders |
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Access to and quality of extension services |
A - On-going extension programmes |
A, B - Assess whether everyone had equal chances to obtain info on aquaculture |
A - Secondary sources key informants, observation |
B - Who was reached by extension services (not the same as who are the fish farmers) |
C - Assess need far awareness and/or training programme |
B - Surveys, semi-structured interviews, flow of information to men and women | |
C - Gender awareness of extension personnel and their skills to address gender issues |
D - Assess need for changes existing to or for additional extension materials |
C - Interviews with extension personnel at all levels, field observations | |
D - Gender sensitivity of extension material |
D - Reviews of extension material | ||
Involvement in natural fisheries |
A - Inventory of men and women (can be more than one within household) fishing in the community |
A, B - Assessment of effect of natural fisheries on interest in aquaculture for men and women |
A - Surveys, social map |
B - Seasonally of fishing efforts and catches per category of fishermen/women |
B - Surveys (repeated for different seasonal calendar per fish catcher category, observation, ranking | ||
Socio-economic characteristics of fish farmers |
A - Sex of fish farmers |
A, B - Assess need to influence adoption process and thus the categories of people who adopt fish farming |
A - Survey |
B - Distribution of male and female fish farmers over different socio-economic strata |
B - Wealth ranking al individual level, social maps | ||
Access to and control over production factors |
A - Distribution of production factors(land, labour, inputs, fingerlings, etc) within households (between men and women) |
A - Ability to adopt proposed aquaculture system by sex |
A - Ethnographic literature, case study, separate group discussions with men and women far individual ownership, social maps |
Hausehold decision-making |
A - Decision making pattern and priorities within hausehold regarding: |
A - Assess whether aquaculture is common or separate production goal of household members; list priorities of men and women |
A - Ethnographic literature, case study, |
* production priorities |
- Assess how bargaining positions within households affect access to necessary resources by members implications for who can adopt aquaculture |
semi-structured interviews with individual | |
* allocation of resources |
- Assess impact of different expenditure patterns (additional income derived through aquaculture) on individual household members in order to determine the project direction |
household members and compare answers of household members, decision-making matrix | |
* distribution of benefits from economic activities |
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Division of labour (productive and reproductive activities) and time allocation |
A - Activity profile (who does what) by sex and age group |
A-C - Assess relevant persons to be addressed by extension service |
A,B - Ethnographic literature, key informants, semi-structured interviews with both sexes and different age groups responsibilities/tasks matrix, impact flow diagram, case studies |
B - Percentage of time allocated to activities by sex |
- A possibilities for alleviating time/labour constraints and collaboration with other projects |
C - Agricultural reports, ethnographic literature, seasonal calendars for each group | |
C - Labour calendar for men and women |
- Assess potential impact by sex of intensification of aquaculture system |
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C - Take slack and peak seasons for men and women into account when planning extension programme |
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Levels and sources of cash incomes |
A - Cash needs, income and expenditure by sex |
A - Assess time/money available for investment in aquaculture as well as when that money is required thus possible harvest |
A - Separate semi-structured interviews for men and women, income-expenditure calendars by sex |
B - Sources, uses, uses and conditions of credit |
B - Assess possibilities of men and women using credit for fish farming |
B - Case studies, interviews with key persons | |
Economics of fish farming |
A - Costs and earnings |
A - Assess balance between contributions and benefits in order to determine needs for project intervention |
A - Case studies, impact flow diagram |
- Sex of persons providing inputs and persons gaining benefits |
- Assess potential impact by sex of intensification of aquaculture system |
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Food security and nutrition |
A - Inventory of major health and nutritional problems |
A - Assess possible impact of aquaculture on these problems |
A - Health clinic data on anthropometric measurements and statistics on prevalent diseases, survey |
B - Nutritional status by household type |
B - Assess whether certain types of households are disadvantaged; assist in choice target group |
B - Semi-structured interviews, social maps, anthropometric measurements | |
C - Seasonal Food availability |
C - Assess seasonal shortages in food supply and role of aquaculture to alleviate these shortages |
C - Separate semi-structured interviews by household type, food calendar for different groups and sex | |
D - Distribution and frequency of fish and other animal protein consumption within household (by age and sex) |
D - Assess who benefits from increase in fish supply |
D - Semi-structured interviews with both sexes, pie chart | |
E - Description of gender differences in perception of the hosehold's food security situation and its constraints |
E - Get indications of differing interest/motivation for aquaculture adoption |
E - Semi-structured interviews with both sexes, ranking by both sexes and household type | |
F - Description of gender differences in strategies to cope with shortages and contingencies |
F - Get indications of possible role of aquaculture to diversify coping capability and reduce negative impact of these strategies on men and women |
F - Semi-structured interviews with both sexes, ranking by sex |
