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The ecosystem approach to fisheries
by
S.M Garcia
Fishery Resources Division
FAO Fisheries Department
A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do Chi, G. Lasserre
Research Unit on Lagoon Ecosystems
University of Montpellier 2
France
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ISSN
0429-9345
FAO
FISHERIES
TECHNICAL
PAPER
443
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FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2003
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Table
of Contents |
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in
this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or
area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries. |
ISBN 92-5-104960-2
All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information
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to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale
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© FAO 2003
PREPARATION OF THIS
DOCUMENT
INTRODUCTION
1. TERMINOLOGY AND
PARADIGMS
1.1 Fisheries Management
1.2 Ecosystem Management
1.3 Ecosystem Approach
1.4 Ecosystem-based Fisheries
Management (EBFM)
1.5 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
(EAF)
1.6 Integrated Management
(IM)
2. ECOSYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Definition
2.2 Scale and Boundaries
2.3 Dynamics and Natural
Variability
2.4 Biological
Organization
2.5 Structure
3. FISHERIES IMPACT ON THE
ECOSYSTEM
3.1 Overall Impacts
3.2 Impact on Associated and Dependent
Species
3.3 Impact on the
Environment
3.4 Poor Selectivity, Bycatch and
Discards
3.5 Gear Loss and Ghost
Fishing
4. FISHERIES VERSUS OTHER
IMPACTS
4.1 Overall Impacts
4.2 Relative Importance of Fisheries
and Other Impacts
4.3 The Black Sea
Example
4.4 Impact on Diadromous
Fish
4.5 Competition Between Humans and
Marine Mammals
4.6 Allocation
Implications
5. INSTITUTIONAL
FOUNDATIONS
6. RELEVANCE OF THE CODE OF
CONDUCT
6.1 Respect for the
Ecosystem
6.2 Account of the
Environment
6.3 Biodiversity and Endangered
Species
6.4 Species
Interdependence
6.5 General Impact from
Fisheries
6.6 Selectivity, Ghost Fishing,
Bycatch, Discards and Waste
6.7 Impact from Other
Activities
6.8 Improved Governance
6.9 Uncertainty, Risk and
Precaution
6.10 Integrated
Management
7. EAF
PRINCIPLES
7.1 Human and Ecosystem
Well-being
7.2 Resource Scarcity
7.3 Maximum Acceptable Fishing
Level
7.4 Maximum Biological
Productivity
7.5 Impact Reversibility
7.6 Impact Minimization
7.7 Rebuilding of
Resources
7.8 Ecosystem Integrity
7.9 Species
Interdependence
7.10 Institutional
Integration
7.11 Uncertainty, Risk and
Precaution
7.12 Compatibility of Management
Measures
7.13 The Polluter Pays Principle
(PPP)
7.14 The User Pays Principle
(UPP)
7.15 The Precautionary Principle and
Precautionary Approach
7.16 Subsidiarity, Decentralization
and Participation
7.17 Equity
8. OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND
MEASURES
8.1 Targets, Constraints, Indicators
and Reference Points
8.2 Priority Setting
8.3 Improving Conventional
Management
8.4 Improving Ecosystem
Well-being
8.5 Rebuilding
Ecosystems
8.6 Maintaining Reproductive Capacity
of Target Resources
8.7 Maintaining Biological
Diversity
8.8 Protecting and Enhancing
Habitats
8.9 Protecting Selected Marine
Areas
8.10 Reducing Bycatch and
Discards
8.11 Reducing Ghost
Fishing
8.12 Reducing Uncertainty and
Risk
8.13 Improving the Institutional
Set-up
8.14 Matching Jurisdictional and EAF
Boundaries
8.15 Improving the Decision-making
Framework
8.16 Improving Statistics and
Inventories
8.17 Monitoring and
Indicators
8.18 Improving Research
Capacity
8.19 Management Planning
8.20 Certification
9. IMPLEMENTATION
ISSUES
9.1 EAF: Hurdle or
Opportunity?
9.2 Rhetoric Versus
Commitment
9.3 Capacity, Pragmatism and Stepwise
Implementation
9.4 The Need for Subsectoral
Approaches
9.5 Role of NGOs
DISCUSSION: FUSION OR
COLLISION?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annex 1: Malawi Principles for the
Ecosystem Approach
Annex 2: Key Events in the Evolution
of Fisheries and Ecosystem
Management
Annex 3:
Glossary
Back cover