GLOSSARY

Acropetal

Referring to the maturity of rattan flowers and fruits proceeding from the base to the apex.

Adnate

United with another part; with unlike parts fused; e.g. ovary and calyx tube.

Albumen

An old term used for the endosperm.

Anatropous

An ovule bent parallel to its stalk (stem) so that the micropyle is adjacent to the hilum.

Ancistrophyllinae

The palm subtribe that includes the rattan genera Eremospatha, Laccosperma and Oncocalamus.

Ancistrophyllum

A synonym of the rattan genus Laccosperma.

Androecium

Collective term for the stamens as a unit of the flower.

Antepetalous

Opposite the petals.

Antesepalous

Opposite the sepals.

Anther

The part of a stamen containing the pollen.

Apocarpus

With free carpels.

Arecaceae

Alternate name for the family Palmae.

Arecoideae

The palm subfamily which includes the tribe Cocoeae.

Bactridinae

The palm subtribe which includes the rattan-like genus Desmoncus.

Basifixed

Attached to the base.

Bejaudia

A synonym of the rattan genus Myrialepis.

Bisexual

Having both sexes present and functional in the same flower; cf. hermaphrodite.

Bract

A modified leaf associated with the inflorescence.

Bracteole

A small bract borne (growing) on a flower stalk (stem).

Calameae

The palm tribe that includes the rattan subtribes Calaminae, Korthalsiinae and Plectocomiinae, as well as the non-rattan subtribes Metroxylinae, Pigafettinae and Salaccinae.

Calaminae

The rattan palm subtribe that includes the rattan genera Calamus, Calospatha, Ceratolobus, Daemonorops, Pogonotium and Retispatha.

Calamoid

Referring to palms in the genus Calamus.

Calamoideae

The rattan palm subfamily that includes the rattan tribes Calameae and Lepidocaryeae, as well as the non-rattan tribe Eugeissoneae.

Calamus

A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia, southern China, the western Pacific, Australia, South Asia and equatorial Africa; it consists of 370-400 species.

Calospatha

A genus of rattans occurring in Peninsular Malaysia; it consists of a single species.

Calyx

The outermost or lowermost whorl (circle) of floral organs, the sepals.

Campanulate

Bell-shaped.

Carpel

The single unit of the gynoecium.

Carpellate

Pertaining to the carpel.

Chalaza

The basal part of the ovule or seed where it is attached to the funiculus and the point at which vascular (vessel) tissues enter and spread into the ovule.

Ceratolobus

A genus of rattans occurring in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Borneo; it consists of six species.

Ciliate

Bearing a fringe of hairs.

Cocoeae

The palm tribe that includes the subtribe Bactridinae.

Cornera

A synonym of the rattan genus Calamus.

Corolla

The second whorl (circle) of flower organs (parts), the petals, inside or above the calyx.

Cucullate

Bearing a flexible hood (covering) at the tip.

Cymbospatha

A section of the rattan genus Daemonorops having the inflorescence with its bracts all included within the prophyll; correctly this should be designated as section Daemonorops; cf. Piptospatha.

Daemonorops

A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia and China; it consists of 115 species.

Desmoncus

A genus of rattan-like palms occurring in South America, Central America and Mexico; it includes about seven species.

Diaspore

Portion of the seed without sarcotesta.

Didymous

Of anthers, where the connective is almost absent.

Embryo

The rudimentary plant within a seed.

Endocarp

The innermost layer of the fruit wall; cf. epicarp, mesocarp, pericarp.

Endosperm

In palms, the nutritive body of a seed.

Epicarp

The outermost layer of the fruit wall; cf. endocarp, mesocarp, pericarp.

Epipetalous

United with and often appearing to be borne (growing) on the petals.

Eremospatha

A genus of rattans occurring in humid tropical Africa; it consists of 11 species.

Exine

The outer coat of a pollen grain.

Extrorse

Of anthers, opening away from the centre of the flower.

Family

A taxonomic (systematic) grouping of similar genera.

Filament

The stalk (stem) supporting the anther in the stamen.

Fruit

The ripened ovary with adnate (joined) parts.

Funiculus

The stalk (stem) attaching the ovule to the ovary wall.

Gametophyte

The pollen tube, its nuclei and the embryo sac.

Genus (plural: genera)

A taxonomic (systematic) grouping of species believed to be closely related to each other.

Gynoecium

The ovule bearing organ of the flower, consisting of an ovary, a style and one or several stigmas.

Hermaphrodite

Bisexual; in flowers, with stamens and pistil in the same flower.

Hilum

The scar left on the seed where it was attached.

Holotype

The actual specimen on which the name of a species is based; cf. isotype, syntype.

Homogeneous

Referring to the endosperm; not ruminate.

Imbricate

Overlapping such as in a flower bud when one sepal or petal is wholly external and one wholly internal and the others overlap at the edges only; cf. valvate.

Inflorescence

The branch that bears the flowers, including all its bracts and branches.

Infructescence

An inflorescence bearing fruit.

Integument

The covering of the seed, divisible into two layers, the outer of which becomes the sarcotesta.

Introrse

Of anthers, opening toward the centre of the flower.

Involucrophorum

A bract that holds both female and neuter flowers.

Isotype

A duplicate of the holotype; cf. syntype.

Korthalsia

A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia; it consists of about 26 species.

Korthalsiinae

The rattan palm subtribe containing the rattan genus Korthalsia.

Laccosperma

A genus of rattans occurring in humid tropical Africa; it consists of six species.

Latrorse

Of anthers, opening lateral to the filament.

Lepidocaryeae

The palm subtribe that includes the rattan genera Eremospatha, Laccosperma and Oncocalamus.

Lepidocaryoideae

A synonym of the rattan palm subfamily Calamoideae.

Locule

The cavity in which the ovule is borne (growing).

Loricate

Covered with fruit scales, as in the Calamoid palms.

Mesocarp

The middle layer of the fruit wall; cf. endocarp, epicarp, pericarp.

Micropyle

An opening through the envelope enclosing the ovule.

Myrialepis

A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia; it consists of a single species.

Oncocalamus

A genus of rattans occurring in humid tropical Africa; it consists of four species.

Ovary

The part of the pistil, usually the enlarged base, which contains the ovules and eventually becomes the fruit.

Ovate

Egg-shaped; a flat surface that is scarcely twice as long as broad with the widest portion below the middle.

Ovoid

A solid object that is ovate in section.

Ovule

The immature seeds in the ovary before fertilization.

Palmae

The palm family; alternate name Arecaceae.

Partial inflorescence

The first order branch of an inflorescence and the branches it carries.

Pedicel

The stalk (stem) of an individual flower of an inflorescence.

Peduncular bracts

Empty bracts borne (growing) on the peduncle (stem) between the prophyll and the first rachis bracts.

Perianth

A collective term for sepals and petals if both are present.

Pericarp

The wall of the ripened ovary of fruit whose layers may be fused into one, or may be more divisible into exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp.

Petal

One unit of the inner floral envelope or corolla.

Phyllanthectus

One of the sections into which the rattan genus Calamus is divided; the best quality commercial cane species belong to this section and to Podocephalus, q.v.

Piptospatha

A section of the rattan genus Daemonorops sharing the characteristic of having inflorescence bracts that split down their length and fall off at anthesis (flowering).

Pistil

The female part of a flower (gynoecium).

Pistillate

Bearing a pistil (gynoecium), the ovule-bearing organ of the flower.

Pistillode

A sterile gynoecium.

Plectocomia

A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia; it consists of about 16 species.

Plectocomiinae

The rattan palm subtribe that includes the rattan genera Myrialepis, Plectocomia and Plectocomiopsis.

Plectocomiopsis

A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia; it includes five species.

Podocephalus

One of the sections into which the rattan genus Calamus is divided; the best quality commercial cane species belong to this section and to Phyllanthectus, q.v.

Pogonotium

A genus of rattans occurring in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo; it consists of three species.

Pollen

Spores (reproductive units) borne by (growing on) the anthers containing the male element (gametophytes).

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the dehiscing (splitting) anther to the receptive stigma.

Prophyll

The first bract borne on the inflorescence.

Protandrous

Stamens shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive.

Protogynous

Stigmas receptive before pollen is shed.

Rachilla

An ultimate flower-bearing branch of the inflorescence.

Rattan

A climbing palm belonging to the subfamily Calamoideae.

Receptacle

The central axis of a flower to which the floral organs are attached.

Retispatha

A genus of rattans occurring in Borneo; it consists of a single species.

Ruminate

Referring to the endosperm, darkly streaked due to infolding of the seed coats.

Sarcotesta

A fleshy layer developed from the outer seed coat; cf. testa.

Schizospatha

A synonym of the rattan genus Calamus.

Section

A taxonomic (systematic) grouping of species below the generic level; e.g. Cymbospatha, q.v.

Seed

The reproductive unit formed from a fertilized ovule.

Sepal

A single part of the outermost whorl (circle) of floral organs (parts), the calyx.

Sessile

Without a stalk, such as a stigma with no style.

Spadix

An inflorescence, which is now the preferred term.

Spathe

A large sheathing bract usually either the prophyll or peduncular bract; a term best not used.

Species

The fundamental taxonomic (systematic) unit. In palms, the most commonly applied species concept that is applied to palm taxonomy is the morphological species concept where discontinuities in morphological variation provide the means to separate species.

Stamen

The male organ of a flower; a filament (stem) bearing an anther containing pollen.

Staminate

A flower bearing stamens but no pistils.

Staminode

An abortive or rudimentary stamen without a perfect anther.

Sterile

Failing to complete fertilization and produce seed as a result of defective pollenor ovules; not producing seed capable of germination; lacking functional sexual organs.

Stigma

The portion of the pistil that receives the pollen.

Style

The part of the pistil connecting the ovary with the stigma.

Subfamily

A major taxonomic (systematic) division of a family.

Subtribe

A taxonomic (systematic) division of a tribe.

Syntype

One of several different specimens cited in the first description of a species where no single specimen was designated as the type.

Testa

The outer coat of the seed; cf. sarcotesta.

Triad

A special group of two lateral staminate and a central pistillate flower.

Tribe

A taxonomic (systematic) division of a subfamily.

Triovulate

A gynoecium with three ovules, one in the locule of each carpel.

Unisexual

Referring to flowers of one sex; i.e. bearing fertile stamens alone or bearing a fertile pistil alone.

Valvate

Meeting exactly without overlapping; cf. imbricate.

Variety

A taxonomic (systematic) division of a species.

Abaxial

The side of an organ that faces away from the axis that bears it; e.g. the under surface of a leaf; cf. adaxial.

Abscission

Separation; e.g. detachment of a leaf from a stem.

Acanthophyll

A spine, often large, derived from a leaflet.

Acaulescent

Lacking a visible stem; stemless.

Acuminate

Tapering to a point with concave sides; cf. acute.

Acute

Sharp; ending in a point with straight or slightly convex sides; cf. acuminate.

Adaxial

The side of an organ that faces toward the axis the bears it; e.g. the upper side of a leaf; cf. abaxial.

Adventitious

Not in the usual place; e.g. roots on stems.

Ansa

The stalk of a leaflet (in Korthalsia only).

Ansate

Bearing an ansa.

Apex

The growing point of a stem or root.

Apical

At the point of any structure.

Apiculate

Bearing a short, sharp but not stiff point.

Armed

Bearing some form of spines.

Auricle

An ear-like extension of the leaf sheath, usually paired, one on each side of the petiole.

Axil

The upper angle between the leaf and the stem.

Axillary

Borne (growing) in an axil.

Axis

The main or central line of development of a plant or organ.

Bifid

Divided in two, usually equal, parts.

Blade

The extended part of a leaf or petal.

Bristle

A stiff hair.

Caespitose

Clustered, having multiple stems; cf. solitary.

Central cylinder or corpus

Inner to the stem cortex; comprised of scattered vascular bundles embedded in thin-walled parenchymatous ground tissue.

Cirrate

Bearing a cirrus, q.v.

Cirrus

An extension of the rattan leaf tip armed with grapnel hooks, enabling the rattan to climb into the forest canopy; cf. flagellum.

Clustered

Caespitose; having multiple stems; cf. solitary.

Concolorous

Upper leaflet surface the same colour as the lower; cf. discolorous.

Connate

United or joined.

Connective

The part of the stamen that connects the anther cells to the filament.

Coriaceous

Leathery.

Cortex

The ground tissue of the stem between the vascular cylinder and the epidermis.

Cotyledon

Single seed leaf in palms, part of the embryo.

Crown

The cluster of leaves borne at the tip of the stem.

Culm

A rattan stem or stalk; the term is also applied to the bamboo stem.

Dimorphic

Of two forms, as may occur with branches, etc.

Discolorous

Upper leaflet surface different in colour from the lower; cf. concolorous.

Distal

Situated farthest from the point of attachment.

Distichous

Regularly arranged in two opposite rows on either side of a stem.

Dyad

A pair.

Ecirrate

Without a cirrus, q.v.

Eflagellate

Without a flagellum, q.v.

Entire

An even margin without tooth-like or lobed (rounded) edges.

Eophyll

In a seedling, the first leaf having a blade.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the rattan stem (the skin) consisting of a single row of mostly radially elongated cells.

Fibre

A relatively long sclerenchyma cell.

Fibre sheath

In the stem, the heavily lignified and thick-walled fibres mainly surrounding the vascular bundles.

Flagellate

Bearing a flagellum, q.v.

Flagellum

A whiplike climbing organ derived from an inflorescence and bearing reflexed spines; cf. cirrus.

Grapnel

A small anchor or hook with three or more flukes (barbed heads) used for the spine groups borne (growing) on the flagellum or cirrus.

Ground tissue

Parenchyma cells between the vascular bundles of the rattan stem.

Hypodermis

One or two layers of unlignified cells lying just below the epidermis of a rattan stem.

Indument

Any covering as hairs or scales.

Induplicate

Leaflets V-shaped in cross section; cf. reduplicate.

Internode

The space or part of a stem or branch between the attachments of two leaves; also referred to as a joint.

Joint

Common name for an internode.

Knee

A swelling on the leaf sheath at the base of the petiole, present in most rattans.

Lamina

The usually flattened bladelike portion of a leaf, as distinct from the leaf base and petiole.

Lanceolate

Narrow, tapering at both ends, the basal end often broader.

Leaflet

One part of a compound (having 2 or more leaflets) leaf.

Linear

Several times longer than wide, usually narrow.

Meristem

The apical growing point of the stem which is an area of active cell division.

Metaxylem vessels

In the stem, elongated cells forming the main part of the xylem; they transport water and appear round in cross-section.

Midrib

The main vein of a leaf which is a continuation of the petiole.

Nerve

A strand of strengthening and/or conducting tissue running through a leaf, which starts from the midrib and diverges or branches throughout the leaf.

Node

The point on the stem or branch at which a leaf or lateral is borne (growing).

Ocrea

An extension of the leaf sheath beyond the petiole insertion.

Paraxylem

In the stem, small vessels located in the para-position (alongside) of the xylem.

Parenchyma

Storage tissue in the rattan stem.

Peduncle

The lower unbranched part of an inflorescence.

Pendulous

Drooping; hanging down.

Periphery

The portion of the rattan stem consisting of the epidermis and a peripheral zone below.

Petiolate

Having a petiole, q.v.

Petiole

The stalk (stem) of a leaf.

Phloem

The cell system for transporting sugars and nutrients through the rattan stem; cf. vascular bundles.

Pinna (plural: pinnae)

Leaflet of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate

Featherlike, lateral ribs or leaflets arising from a central axis.

Praemorse

Jaggedly toothed; referring to the jagged leaflet margins of Korthalsia, Eremospatha spp. and some species of Ceratolobus.

Rachis

The axis of a leaf beyond the petiole; or the axis of an inflorescence beyond the peduncle.

Radicle

The first root formed by the embryo.

Recurved

Bent or curved downward or backward.

Reduplicate

Leaflets A-shaped in cross-section; cf. induplicate.

Rhizome

An underground stem that is distinguished from the adjoining roots by the presence of nodes with buds and leaves or scales.

Rhomboid

Diamond-shaped; term used to describe leaflets.

Scandant

Climbing.

Sclerenchyma

In the stem, heavily lignified cells with thick walls that ensheath the vascular bundles, q.v.

Sheath

Basal part of the leaf that is usually tubular, but often splits.

Shoot

A young growing stem.

Silica

In the stem, silicon dioxide (Si0₂) occurs as isolated spherical bodies in unequally thickened cells (stegmata), characteristically disposed next to vascular and non-vascular fibre.

Solitary

Single stemmed, not clustering, q.v.

Spine

A short stiff straight sharp-pointed hard structure; armed, q.v.

Spinule

A very small spine.

Stegmata

Silica cells (bodies) present in the rattan stem as longitudinal files of cells adjacent to vascular or non-vascular fibre.

Stem

The part of the plant that is usually above ground and bears the branches, leaves and reproductive parts.

Stemless

Referring to rattans with very short, often subterranean stems; cf. acaulescent.

Stolon

A trailing stem usually above ground capable of producing roots and shoots at its nodes.

Stomata

Pores in the epidermis of aerial parts of the rattan plant.

Subcirrate

A type of leaf in which the terminal portion of the rachis bears very small widely separated leaflets, but does not develop into a true cirrus.

Sucker

A branch formed at the base of a rattan stem.

Sympodial

Of a stem in which the growing point either terminates in an inflorescence or dies, growth being continued by a subtending lateral growing point.

Terrete

Smooth, cylindrical and tapering.

Tomentum

A thick covering of hairs.

Unarmed

Without any spines.

Vascular

bundles Strands of phloem and xylem cells embedded in parenchymatous cells and sheathed by sclerenchyma cells.

Vein

A strand of vascular tissue in a flat organ such as a leaf.

Venation

The arrangement of the veins of a leaf.

Verrucate

Bearing broad, rather large, isodiametric excrescences (growths).

Verticillate

Arranged in whorls (circles) as in the spines on the stems of some Calamus species.

Whip

A climbing organ in some rattans; general term for cirrus and flagellum.

Xylem

The cell system transporting water through the rattan stem; cf. vascular bundles.

Yellow cap

Strands of non-lignified fibres, normally yellow in colour and not taking up stain, surrounded with large numbers of stegmata, found in species of Korthalsia, Plectocomia and Plectocomiopsis.

Adjacent-ligular

Type of germination in which the seedling shoot develops close to the seed.

Anthesis

The time when pollination takes place.

Apogeotropic

Growing upwards; cf. geotropic.

Dioecious

When female (staminate) and male (pistillate) flowers are borne (growing) on different plants; cf. monoecious.

Geotropic

Growing downward; cf. apogeotropic.

Gibberellic acid

A growth-promoting hormone which has shown positive effects on rattan seedlings.

Hapaxanthic

Describing shoots flowering then dying; cf. pleonanthic.

Hypostomatous

Stomata confined to the abaxial surface of the leaf.

Lignified

Impregnated with lignin, the major chemical constituent of wood; i.e. woody.

Monocarpic

Bearing fruit only once in its lifetime; cf. polycarpic.

Monoecious

When female (staminate) and male (pistallate) flowers are borne (grow) on the same plant; cf. dioecious.

Phenology

The study of the behaviour of plants in relation to environmental conditions. The major objective of phenological studies of rattans is to determine flowering and fruiting patterns.

Phyllotaxy

The arrangement of leaves on a stem.

Pleonanthic

Describing shoots flowering continuously, not dying after flowering; cf. hapaxanthic.

Polycarpic

Flowering over many years; cf. monocarpic.

RLI

Relative Light Intensity, a standard measure of light intensity expressed as 1-100%. RLI is used to study rattan seed germination and growth in natural forests and nurseries.

Root to shoot ratio

A measure of the differential sensitivity of roots and shoots to water stress. Rattan root growth is less sensitive than shoot growth hence there are large increases in the ratio under conditions of water stress.

Agroforestry

A land-use system based on some combination of cultivated annual and perennial plants, natural forest and livestock, such that total production per unit area is maximized and risk minimized.

Assisted natural regeneration

A term used interchangeably with enrichment planting.

Belukar

(Malay) Young secondary forest.

Bungor

A support tree (Lagerstroemia speciosa) planted for cultivation of small-diameter canes in Kalimantan.

Cluster sampling

A technique that can be used to inventory rattans in virgin or secondary forest; a grid of the area to be surveyed is constructed and randomly selected clusters assessed in the field for the quantity and size-class of rattan species present.

Enrichment planting

Cultivation of a desirable rattan species within its native forest habitat to increase populations, using nursery stock or wildings; examples are group planting, line planting and strip planting.

Establishment stage

The initial growth period of a seedling derived from direct seeding or transplanting; critical factors are light, moisture and nutrients.

Forest plantations

Cultivation of different tree species underplanted with rattan.

Group planting

Rattan seedlings of large-diameter species planted with multiple seedlings per planting point, typically at least 1 m apart; some tree thinning is done to improve light conditions for seedling growth.

Hardening off

Removal of rattan seedlings from the nursery into direct sunlight a few days or a week before transplanting.

Intercropping

Cultivation of two or more perennial or annual species in rows or other complementary patterns such that production is maximized per unit area.

Kampong (Malay)

A cluster of houses and associated gardens; a compound.

Ladang (Malay)

Cultivated field; sometimes the site of rattan gardens.

Line planting

Rattan seedlings of large-diameter species planted singly per planting point along a planting line within a forest; some tree thinning is done to improve light conditions for seedling growth. Line planting is especially suitable in belukar or regenerating forest.

Lining

The marking of planting rows and planting points prior to transplanting rattan seedlings.

Plantation owner/operator

This term includes private tree plantation companies, village farmers and individuals under contract for reforestation programs.

Planting materials

Seeds, wildings, suckers or tissue cultured material for rattan propagation.

Polybag nursery

Germination of rattan seed in polythene bags filled with fertile topsoil.

Processed seed

Rattan seed from which the fruit scales (pericarp) and the fleshy sarcotesta are removed before sowing.

Pruning

Maintenance of young rattan plants by cutting of dried rattan leaves to allow better passage of workers and peeling off dried brittle leaf sheaths to discourage breeding of long horn beetles.

Raised seed bed

A bed for germinating seed which is elevated 10-13 cm above the ground and surrounded by boards to maintain the height.

Ramet

A sprout from a clustering rattan that may be separated and used for propagation.

Rattan garden

A shifting cultivation plot converted into growing rattans once food production has ceased and secondary succession is taking place.

Rattan stock

An inventory of the rattan populations in a given forest area, commonly to determine the density of commercial species by diameter classes.

Replacement or supply planting

The replacement of dead or unhealthy rattan seedlings.

Rosette stage

Said of rattan seedlings when the seedling leaves are fully expanded, at which time they may be transplanted.

Selective felling and cutting

Removal of forest canopy in an area of enrichment planting to allow sufficient light to reach transplanted rattan seedlings.

Shade/Support trees

Naturally-occurring or cultivated trees providing support and shade for cultivated rattans.

Shifting cultivation or swidden agriculture

A traditional food cropping system on forest lands; rattan planting of small-diameter species has been incorporated into the system in Borneo.

Stem training

Assisting the first (or mother) rattan stem to gain tree support as early as possible.

Strip planting

Strips of forest are cleared and an optimum of two planting lines of rattan seedlings established per strip; strip planting is recommended in old secondary forest.

Strip sampling

A technique that can be used to inventory rattans in virgin or secondary forest; predetermined strips, 10 m or more in width and a sampling intensity of 20-25 percent can provide an adequate measure of rattan stock.

Sunscorch

Scorching of rattan seedling leaves because of excessive sunlight; it can result in seedling death.

Swidden

Shifting cultivation, q.v.

Thinning

In multiple-stemmed rattan species, reduction of the number of stems within the clump to allow remaining stems to grow more vigorously.

Transplanting

Removal of wildings or nursery seedlings from their original location to a planting site in the forest.

Underbrushing

Slashing of all undergrowth as close to the ground as possible to prepare for enrichment planting or group planting of rattan seedlings.

Underplanting

Planting any desirable economic species such as rattan beneath the forest canopy.

Vegetative propagation

Propagation of rattan by suckers, whole rhizomes and by tissue culture.

Wilding

a self-sown seedling collected from the wild for planting.

Bundling

Gathering and tying cut lengths of canes into bundles for transport to a collection point. About 10 large-diameter canes make up a bundle; small-diameter canes are doubled over and bundled, the number of pieces being determined by the cane diameter. A typical bundle of canes weighs about 60 kg.

Coiling

Forming slender canes into coils for transport from the forest, rather than cutting them into lengths.

Collecting permit

Legal authorization issued to individuals, cooperatives or companies to harvest wild rattans in a defined area for a specified period of time; cf. royalty.

Collectors

Local people, often forest-dwellers, who harvest wild canes.

Cross-cutting

Cutting harvested canes into desired lengths; large-diameter canes are usually cut into 3 m lengths; small-diameter canes into 9 m lengths.

Cutting cycle

The interval between harvests of wild or cultivated canes to allow them to regenerate naturally; a 5-12 year cycle is suggested, varying in accordance with species.

Dragging

cf. pulling.

Felling

Severing the rattan cane near the base with a parang.

Freeing

If a cut rattan stem cannot be pulled free manually from the ground, it is necessary to cut branches or trees from the canopy to release the cane.

Fungicide application

In the Philippines, rattan harvesters carry fungicide in a plastic container and dip the ends of rattans in the solution immediately after they are cut into lengths; this is a desirable practice and should be done if possible.

Hauling

Transport of bundles of canes from the cutting site to a collection point.

Lopping

Cutting away the soft useless uppermost 2-3 m of the rattan stem.

Mature stems

Distinguished from immature ones by the following criteria:

(a) exposed stem or leaf-sheath brownish, dry and brittle,

(b) spines blackish,

(c) leaves dry or yellowish green,

(d) stem with leaf-sheath bright yellow in colour,

(e) average stem length above 24 m (not applicable to all species).

Orang Asli (Malay)

Aboriginal people of Malaysia who traditionally engage in rattan harvesting.

Parang (Malay)

A broad slightly curved knife, sharpened on the incurved portion, used to cut rattans off at the base; also known as a machete.

Picul

A Malaysian unit of measure equal to 60 kg; it is a common weight designation for a bundle of small-diameter canes ready for transport from the forest.

Pole

a general term applied to cut lengths of rattan canes.

Pulling or dragging

The practice of dislodging a whole cut rattan cane from the forest canopy by manually tugging on the severed end; some mechanical means of pulling have been employed.

Royalty

A payment made to the landowner, in the case of rattan most commonly the government, for the right to harvest canes; the royalty amount is determined by the cane type and quantity harvested; cf. collecting permit.

Selective felling

In India, rules adopted for the extraction of canes:

(a) only mature canes should be removed from a clump, leaving undisturbed and undamaged the immature or tender canes,

(b) digging of rhizomes or roots is prohibited,

(c) canes shall not be extracted from outside the specified harvest blocks,

(d) all one-year-old culms and six culms of the second year shall be left in a clump,

(e) clumps consisting of less than six culms will not be harvested,

(f) felling should be done as near the base as possible.

Sorting

The selection in the field of rattans acceptable in the trade, often done when cutting lengths and prior to bundling.

Trifore and lier

A mechanical process for pulling rattans, consisting of the trifore, which is a unit consisting of a pulley and tackle and the lier or winch, consisting of a drum where the rattan is pulled and coiled. The process is probably suitable only for small-diameter canes.

Bend

A cane defect; a deviation from straightness as measured by the chord that the curvature makes between the extreme edges of deviation and by the depth at the middle portion.

Bending tolerance

Refers to the smallest circle that can be made with a rattan cane without any splitting or cracking.

Bleached rattan

Canes lightened in colour by chemical agents to improve surface brightness.

Blemish

A cane defect; any feature marring the surface appearance of a cane; e.g. fungal blemishes. Whether a particular feature is classed as a blemish depends upon the relevant grading rule and on the end-use of the cane.

Bondot

Term used in Indonesia for unpeeled small-diameter canes applied to rattan furniture frames.

Break

A cane defect; a separation of fibres extending through a cane from one surface to the other, usually perpendicular to the direction of the grain.

Bruise

A cane defect; an injury on the cane surface caused by harvesting operations or improper processing.

Cane

Any piece or stem of round rattan, of any diameter; the term may also be used to refer to pieces of bamboo.

Cane webbing

Chair cane that has been machine-woven into a coarse fabric that is used for chair seats and backs.

Chair cane

Finely split rattan used to weave chair backs, seats etc.

Check

A cane defect; a longitudinal fissure indicating separation of fibres along the cane length, but not extending through the piece from one surface to another.

China peel

Term used in Indonesia for rattan peel or skin.

Core

The central part of the rattan cane after the removal of skin, usually marketed as strips of uniform diameter, often called “wicker”.

Cured rattan or canes

Geen rattan that has undergone boiling, washing and scrubbing; also called partially processed cane.

Defect

An abnormality or irregularity in cane which lowers its technical quality or commercial value by decreasing strength or adversely affecting its appearance and use; cf. permissible defects; prohibited defects.

Density

Relationship of weight of rattan over volume at a given moisture content, expressed in g/cm3 or kg/m3.

Diameter class

a method of classification of rattan canes; in grading, diameter is measured in the mid-internode of the small end; cf. large-diameter rattans, small-diameter rattans, split rattan canes.

Dimensional specifications for split rattan

Grading based upon:

(a) length, q.v.

(b) diameter class, q.v.

(c) width, q.v.

(d) thickness, q.v.

Dimensional specifications for unsplit large-diameter canes

Grading based upon:

(a) length, q.v.

(b) diameter class, q.v.

(c) taper, q.v.

(d) internodal length, q.v.

Dimensional specifications for unsplit small-diameter canes

Grading based upon:

(a) length, q.v.

(b) diameter class, q.v.

(c) taper, q.v.

(d) internodal length, q.v.

End-use class

Categories of end-uses recognized for assessing utilization potential of a particular grade:

(a) furniture frames,

(b) furniture seats/backs,

(c) walking sticks, umbrella handles, sporting goods, etc.;

(d) handicrafts/novelty items;

(e) baskets.

Flat core

Material derived from split cores or canes with flat surfaces on both sides; also referred to as ropes and binds; cf. flat oval core, hollow oval core.

Flat oval core

Material derived from split cores or canes 2-10 mm in width, with one concave and one flat surface. This material is normally used for weaving and binding; cf. flat core, hollow oval core.

Fumigated rattan

Canes which have been exposed to sulphur dioxide fumes to improve their surface appearance and kill any organisms in the cane.

General requirements of entire (unsplit) large-diameter processed canes

(a) Canes shall have authentic identity when the species is specified by the buyer.

(b) Canes shall be straight, round, mature and seasoned.

(c) Canes shall not break or develop checks and other defects in bending or any other processing stage.

(d) Canes shall be either oil-cured or chemically treated with anti-staining fungicide, bleached or fumigated as specified by the buyer.

(e) Plugging of covering of visible defects is not permitted in any form.

General requirements of entire (unsplit) small-diameter processed canes

(a) Canes shall have authentic botanical identity when specified by the buyer.

(b) Canes shall be mature and seasoned.

(c) Canes shall not break on bending or in any other processing stage.

(d) Canes shall be either oil-cured or chemically treated with anti-staining fungicide, bleached or fumigated as specified by the buyer.

(e) plugging or covering of visible defects is not permitted in any form.

General requirements of split rattans (cane derivatives)

(a) Cane derivatives shall be obtained from mature and seasoned canes and be pliable.

(b) Split rattan shall be derived from canes which are either oil-cured, fumigated, bleached or chemically treated with anti-staining fungicides as specified by the buyer.

(c) Plugging or covering of visible defects is not permitted in any form. The surface shall be smooth.

(d) Diameter of round cores or width of flat and oval cores and peels shall be uniform throughout the length.

Grading of large-diameter processed canes

Four standardized grades are proposed by Bhat (1996):

Grade

Specifications

Super

quality

Entirely (100% of specified length), free from defects.

Ivory- white, cream or yellowish in colour.

Uniformly bright or lustrous surfaces.

Internodal length >100 mm.

I

Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 15% of the specified length.

Ivory-white, cream or yellowish in colour.

Uniformly bright surfaces.

Internodal length >100 mm.

II

Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 50% of the specified length.

Ivory-white, cream or brownish in colour.

Internodal length >100 mm.

III

Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 75% of the specified length.

Whitish, yellowish, brown or dark brown in colour.

Internodal length >50 mm.

Grade

Specifications

I

Whitish in colour.

Hard and not easily broken.

No or few defects.

II

White to yellowish in colour.

Hard.

Less than 15% of surfaces defective.

III

Brownish to reddish in colour.

Soft.

More than 15% of surfaces defective.

Grade

Specifications

I

Yellowish white in colour.

Hard and pliable.

No or few defective surfaces.

II

Creamy in colour.

Intermediate hardness.

Less than 25% of surfaces defective.

III

Brownish in colour.

Soft and easily broken.

More than 25% of surfaces defective.

Grade

Specifications

Super quality

Entirely, 100% of standard length.

Free from defects.

Ivory- white, cream or yellowish in colour.

Uniformly bright or lustrous.

Easily pliable.

Internodal length >100 mm.

I

Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 15% of the specified length.

Ivory-white, cream or yellowish in colour.

Easily pliable.

Internodal length >100 mm.

II

Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 50% of the specified length.

Ivory-white, cream or brownish in colour.

Internodal length >100 mm.

III

Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 50% of the specified length.

Whitish, yellowish, brown or dark brown in colour.

Internodal length >50 mm.

Grade

Criteria

I

Free from defects and whitish in colour.

II

Extent of permissible defects (q.v.).

Not to exceed 15% of standard length (q.v.).

White, yellowish or brown in colour.

Green rattans or canes

Raw, freshly cut rattans which have not undergone any treatment.

Hagkal peel

Term used in Philippines for rattan peel or skin.

Hardness

In grading raw canes, three categories are recognized:(a) hard rattan: when bent by hand and released, it springs back and regains its original form quickly: (b) moderately hard rattan: when bent by hand and released, regains its original form rather slowly and not fully: (c) soft rattan: when bent, it cracks at the end or breaks, and if the bent rattan is released before it cracks or breaks, it regains its original form completely.

Hole

A cane defect; a cavity caused by worms, insects or mechanical means.

Hollow oval core

Material derived from split cores or canes with both surfaces curved in parallel; i.e. concave and convex; cf. flat core, flat oval core.

Internodal length

In cane grading, a measure of the shortest distance from one node to another expressed in mm. The minimum length is 50 mm for grading large- and small-diameter canes.

Large-diameter rattans

A class of unsplit canes 18-40> mm in diameter; cf. small-diameter rattans. In trade the following large-diameter classes may be used: > 40 mm, 35-40 mm, 30-35 mm, 25-30 mm, 20-25 mm and 18-20 mm.

Length

In grading, the shortest distance in meters from one extreme end of a cane (large or small diameter and split rattans) to the other, usually rounded off to the nearest lower 0.05 m. Length is specified by the buyer.

Loonty

Term used in Indonesia for small-diameter canes used to weave rattan mats; cf. lampit, tatami.

Lustrous cane

Canes in which the surface is bright and exhibits a sheen or glossiness.

Mature cane

The part of a stem which has attained full structural development and does not show any deformation or fracture during drying and bending.

MOE

Modules of elasticity; a mechanical test of rattan cane strength.

MOR

Modules of rupture; a mechanical test of rattan cane strength; cf. strength class.

Natural cane

Green or cured rattan in natural form; i.e. with skin.

Oil-cured rattan

Green canes that have been cured in hot oil to impart desired surface colour and appearance, and to prevent biological degradation.

Palembang

Term used in Philippines for unpeeled small-diameter canes applied to rattan furniture frames.

Partially processed cane

Cured rattan, q.v.

Peel

Rattan peel, q.v.

Peeled cane

Rattan canes in which the skin has been removed.

Permissible defects

In cane grading, defects such as blemishes, scars, pin holes, checks and bruises are permissible to the extent specified for a particular grade; cf. grading rules for large-diameter canes, grading rules for small-diameter canes, grading rules for split rattan (cane derivatives).

Pole

General term for a length of rattan; the term may also be used to refer to a piece of bamboo.

Polished cane

Peeled cane which has undergone polishing (sanding).

Prohibited defects

In cane grading, defects such as decay, pin and worm holes, breakage and shakes.

Rattan

From rotan (Malay), reed, cane or stick.

Rattan derivatives

Products or parts of cane resulting from rattan conversion; i.e. splitting and peeling; cf. split rattan.

Rattan peel

Flat or semicircular material 2-10 mm in width obtained from the peripheral portion of the cane including the skin, normally used for weaving and binding; cf. flat oval core. Also called “rattan skin”.

Rattan pole

Round rattan, green or treated, of any convenient length.

Rattan waste

Remnants of rattan, either in strips, splinters or slivers resulting from processing; or in cylindrical shape with less than 50 mm in length.

Rattan wool

Fine waste produced from splitting and coring; unsuitable for any use except as stuffing or packing material.

Raw cane

Freshly cut rattans that have not undergone any treatment; also called green rattan.

Reed

Synonym for (rattan) core, q.v.

Ropes and binds

Material derived from splitting rattans, which has been sized and thinned; used for weaving and binding purposes.

Rough cores

A by-product of split rattans, which has undergone further splitting.

Round core

Round material consisting of the cores of rattan stems, 2-10 mm in diameter, obtained by peeling and splitting, normally used for basket frames.

Round rods

Scraped poles, q.v.

Scar

A cane defect; a depression or any marking on the surface other than fungal discoloration.

Scraped poles

Canes from which the rattan skin has been removed either by scraping or by a round-rod making machine.

Seasoned rattan

Canes whose moisture content has been reduced to a maximum level under more or less controlled drying processes.

Shake

A cane defect; a partial or complete separation between adjoining layers of tissues, as seen in end surfaces, caused by stresses developed in cutting and collecting, or in unequal drying of immature stems.

Small-diameter rattans

A class of unsplit canes below 18 mm in diameter; cf.large-diameter canes. In trade the following small-diameter classes may be used: 2-6 mm; >6-11 mm and >11-17 mm.

Split rattan

By-products of the splitting process, such as ropes, binds and cores; cf. rattan derivatives. In grading, the diameter of round cores is 2-10 mm with a tolerance of 0.5 mm.

Square core

Rattan split with a square end shape.

Sticks

Term referring to larger-diameter rattans collected and sold as straight lengths in Indonesia.

Strand cane

Synonym for chair cane, q.v.

Strength class

A classification of unsplit rattan canes into three classes: (a) strong to very strong: static bending MOR and/or tensile strength UTS above 70 N/mm2; (b) moderately strong: MOR or UTS 45-70 N/mm2 ; (c) weak: MOR or UTS below 45 N/mm2 .

Taper

In cane grading, a measure determined by the difference between diameters measured at the two extreme ends of a cane. In large-diameter canes, the maximum taper should not exceed 5 mm for a length of 3.5 m; in small-diameter canes, the maximum taper should not exceed 3 mm for a length of 4.5 m.

Tensile strength

The greatest longitudinal stress a rattan cane can bear without tearing apart, expressed as N/mm2. Tensile strength decreases when strong bleaching agents are used and long bleaching periods are applied.

Thickness

In grading split rattans, thickness of flat or oval cores is 1-6 mm.

Treated rattan

Canes that have been treated with chemicals to prevent biological degradation.

Unsplit rattan or canes

Round canes, scarped or unscraped, that have not been peeled or split.

Utility class

A simplified method to classify cut canes on the basis of stem diameter groups when information as to the species of the canes is unknown.

UTS

Ultimate tensile stress, a mechanical test of rattan cane strength; strength class, q.v.

Water sega

Term used in Indonesia for small-diameter canes to weave rattan mats; of lesser quality than loonty, q.v.

Width

In grading split rattan canes, the width of flat or oval core and peels is 2-10 mm; flat/oval core, q.v.

Zambales peel

Term used in Philippines for rattan peel or skin.

Artificial drying

The use of a closed, heated chamber to reduce the moisture content of deglazed and washed canes. Artificial drying has been successful but is not often used.

Bleaching

Immersion of canes in a chemical solution to remove or reduce blemishes; sodium hypochlorite (1 percent solution for about 1 hour) or hydrogen peroxide are used.

Cooking

General term for boiling raw canes in hot oil; curing q.v.

Curing

Immersion of canes in a hot oil mixture (diesel, kerosine or coconut oil at 100-250 °C for 10 minutes or more) to prevent deterioration. This should be done within 1-2 days of harvesting and is said to make the canes durable by removing gums, resins and water, and denaturation of starch.

Deglazing

The first step following harvesting consisting of the removal of the spiny leaf sheaths adhering to the stem and the silicified epidermis. Various procedures are employed: wrapping the rattan around a tree trunk and rubbing it back and forth; rubbing the stem with sand or some other abrasive material; striking the cane with a piece of plaited wood; or cutting with a parang.

Drying

Reduction of the water content of cured and scrubbed canes. Typically canes are dried in the sun; placed upright against wooden frames or bundled and loosely tied at one end and stood upright with the untied basal ends spread out to form a cone. Drying time can vary from 1-3 weeks, depending upon the cane diameter and weather conditions.

End-racking

Open-air drying of oil cured and cleaned rattans by leaning them on wooden frames.

Fumigation

Exposing dried canes to sulphur dioxide to kill insects and their larvae and to give a greater uniformity of colour; usually only good quality large-diameter canes undergo the process.

Layang (Malay)

Term in Peninsular Malaysia for curing of Calamus manan. The raw rattans are soaked for some time in diesel oil, then bundled and heated slowly over a fire during which the surfaces are rubbed with coconut or diesel oil to remove any gummy materials. The process also reduces the content of the canes. Layang achieves a very even colour and glossy texture, enhancing the quality of the cane.

Oil-curing

Term used as a synonym for curing, q.v.

Primary processing

A collective term that generally includes curing, scrubbing, drying, and fumigating (if applicable) of canes.

Runti or lunti (Malay)

Deglazing, q.v.

Scraping

Removal of the nodes and rinds of fresh canes along with the siliceous epidermis to hasten drying and to minimize staining fungal growth; scraping can be done manually with a knife or sharp-edged tool or mechanically.

Scrubbing or rinsing

Cleaning cured canes using sawdust or gunny sacking to remove oil from the surface.

Sorting

After primary processing canes may be sorted by diameter and other criteria and bundled again for storage.

Godown (Malay)

A warehouse; the term is used in reference to rattan storage.

Underwater storage

Submergence of small-diameter canes in water before undergoing primary processing; the anaerobic conditions prevent deterioration and attack by organisms.

Warehousing

After primary processing, bundled canes are stored horizontally on racks and kept in a covered warehouse until sold.

Ayer (Malay)

One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes non-siliceous canes not included elsewhere; cf. lunti, sega, sticks.

Bet (Hindi)

A general term used in India to refer to rattan of any type; the name probably originated from the Sanskrit word betas, meaning climber.

Demere (Twi)

Trade name for Calamus deërratus canes in Ghana.

Lunti (Malay)

One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes the same kinds as sega (q.v.) except that the silica layer has been removed; cf. ayer, sticks.

Makak

Trade name for Laccosperma secundiflorum & L. robustum canes in West Africa.

Palasan (Tagalog)

Philippine trade name group that includes true palasan (Calamus merrillii) and other canes with a diameter over 2.5 cm and internodes of 25 cm or more; cf. panlis, sika and tumalin.

Panlis (Tagalog)

Philippine trade name group for canes with a diameter of less than 1.5 cm, but which are rather light in colour and therefore not included in the sika group, q.v.; cf. palasan and tumalin.

Rotan manau (Malay)

Trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia.

Rotan merah (Malay)

Trade name for Korthalsia spp. canes in Southeast Asia.

Rotan sega (Malay)

Trade name for Calamus caesius canes in Southeast Asia.

Rotan semambu (Malay)

Trade name for Calamus scipionum canes in Southeast Asia.

Samarinda

East Kalimantan river port important in the rattan trade.

Sega (Malay)

One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes all canes with a siliceous outer layer that cracks and springs off when the cane is bent; cf. ayer, lunti, sticks.

Sika (Tagalog )

Philippine trade name group that includes Palawan sika (Calamus caesius) and other rattan species that are glossy, flexible, bright yellow when dry and less than 1.5 cm in diameter; cf. palasan, panlis and tumalin.

Sticks

One of four main groups of cane in trade, according to Burkill (1966); this group includes canes which are straight and stiff and suitable for walking sticks and furniture frames; cf. ayer, lunti, sega.

Tumalin or tumalim (Tagalog)

Philippine trade name group that includes true tumalin (Calamus mindorensis) and other rattan species with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm; cf. palasan, panlis and sika.

Animal power

The use of buffalo, horses or elephants to carry (or drag) bundles of rattan from the cutting sites to a forest road collection point or waterway.

Carrying

Manual carrying of bundles of rattan from the forest along footpaths to a collection point; some dragging of the canes may occur when going downhill.

Dragging or sliding

Moving bundles of rattan along the ground from the forest to a collection point; the practice causes some damage to the canes that come in contact with the ground.

Rafting

Tying together bundles of rattan to form a raft, which is then towed by a boat to a collection point on land; the rattans are dried immediately after being taken out of the water.

Trucking

Trucks are a common means in Malaysia of transporting rattans from the collection point on a forest road to the sales site or factory.

Blow torch bending

Application of heat to rattan canes to permit bending them in moulds into various shapes for making furniture and other artisanal products; this method of bending causes scorching; steam bending is preferable but not feasible for the typical backyard operation.

Dyeing

Colouring split canes used in making baskets, mats, etc.

Plaiting

Interweaving strands of rattan peel or split rattan at approximately right angles.

Smoking

A finishing process typically used for artisanal baskets, containers and other products woven from split canes. The object is held over a pot containing a slow smoky fire and produces an intensification of colour in dyed canes; the term also is used to refer to fumigation, q.v.

Splitting

Dividing lengthwise rattan canes to produce split rattan and cores; in artisanal work this process typically is done manually with a knife.

Weaving

The intertwining of rattan canes or split rattan in a variety of different directions and patterns to make baskets, mats and an assortment of other hand-woven products.

Assembly

Joining together the different components of a piece of furniture, using nails, screws, staple, adhesives or strips of rattan (binding); cf. final assembly, subassembly.

Bending

The forming of rattan canes into various shapes. Canes softened and made pliable with steam are forced into moulds and left there for 12-24 hours to ensure that the desired shape is permanently formed.

Binding

Wrapping of rattan furniture joints with rattan peel; leather strips or other materials may also be used.

Bleaching

Removal of stains on rattan poles by subjecting them to a bleaching solution and an elevated temperature (60 °C for two hours). A recommended bleaching solution is 1 percent hydrogen peroxide and a 1:4 ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate.

Buffing

The sanding of moulded and bent rattan components on a buffing machine using pneumatic cylinders and brush heads.

Caning

Using split rattan or other material to weave the seats of chairs and/or sides of rattan furniture.

Coping

Synonym for scribing, q.v.

Coring

Splitting of rattan canes to produce rattan cores and rattan peel.

Debarking

Synonym for peeling, q.v.

Decorticating

Synonym for peeling, q.v.

Dipstaining

A staining process in which the component or assembled furniture piece is dipped into a straining solution, rather than having the stain applied by spraying or brush; cf. finishing.

Dowelling

A rattan furniture construction technique for connecting components by drilling holes and inserting dowels and glue.

Drilling

Boring holes in subassembly components in preparation for final furniture assembly when screws are used.

End-coping

Coping, q.v.

Final assembly

Joining together of basic frame structures into a finished piece of furniture; this may be done in the factory or after shipment of knock-down components; cf. assembly, sub-assembly.

Finishing

Application of surface finishes to rattan furniture to lighten or darken the surface; finishes can be clear lacquers, stains or pigmented lacquers.

Grinding machine

Peeling machine, q.v.

Grooving

Cutting an indentation and drilling a series of holes in a rattan chair frame so that it can be caned with rattan strips or some other material.

Jointing

The attachment of component parts of rattan frames and seats; common structural joints are: chucking and boring (mortise and tenon); scribing or coping; cross lap joint; end half-lap joint or splicing; mitre joint; dowel joint (for seat frames).

Peeling

Removal of the outer portion of the rattan cane by either manual or mechanical means; also called debarking, decorticating.

Peeling machine

An industrial machine used to peel rattan canes; also called a grinding machine.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Protective gear worn by workers engaged in activities such as rattan furniture finishing where spray guns are used.

Plastic coating

The practice of applying a coating of plastic to poor quality rattan skin before it is used for weaving.

Polishing

Term used to refer to the sanding (q.v.) of peeled rattan poles.

Rattan cooker

The term for a simple cylindrical metal structure with one end closed and the other with a swing door, within which rattan canes are placed for steaming.

Rattan set

A matching group of furniture pieces having the same design patterns and finish; a typical rattan parlour set consists of a sofa, one or two chairs, an end table and coffee table.

Rattan splitting machine

An industrial machine used to split rattan canes to produce core and/or peel.

Rounding machine

An industrial machine used to peel rattan canes; cf. peeling.

Sanding

The passing of straight poles through a profile sanding machine. At least three profile sanders are used (coarse, medium and fine) so that components can be finished in one pass.

Scribing

The most common jointing system for rattan furniture. The round section of rattan is scribed to create a perfect fit during assembly; scribing is done manually with a gouge chisel or a specially designed cutting bit on an electric drill.

Splitting

Longitudinally dividing canes to produce material weaving (caning) and binding by peeling away the hard outer skin; the core produced is rounded to make round core, or resplit into smaller sections by hand or machine.

Staining

changing the colour of rattan canes through the use of stains or pigmented lacquers; cf. finishing.

Standard Specifications for Rattan Furniture

Details in Appendix VI, q.v.

Steaming

The process of heating rattan canes in water vapour at 100 °C for 20-30 minutes to permit bending to virtually any curvature.

Straightening

The use of improvised tools or a hydraulic machine to straighten bent canes before they are cut into lengths for furniture components.

Subassembly

Formation of the basic frame structures of a piece of furniture, which may constitute knock-down components for shipping and final assembly by a wholesaler; cf. assembly, final assembly.

Weaving

A synonym for caning.

Atmospheric damage

Damage to packaged rattan furniture by moisture, fumes, dust, dirt and sunlight. This type of damage can be minimized by lining export crates or boxes with bituminized paper or polyethlene film, leaving the bottom open to help avoid condensation.

Complete construction

Furniture that is fully constructed and does not need any assembly before being sold on the retail market; cf. completely knock-down; knock-down.

Completely knock-down (CKD)

A method of furniture construction of flat and straight components intended to be assembled in a factory before retail sale. Advantages of CKD furniture are convenience of packaging and reduced freight charges through more efficient use of container space. CKD construction does not reduce the strength or performance of the furniture; cf. knock-down.

Compression damage

Damage to packaged rattan furniture caused by stacking pallets too high resulting in excessive compression forces on the bottom pallets. This type of damage can be avoided by using sturdy crates that are adequately braced and supported inside and can support up to 10 tonnes. The best protection is to ship in a freight container.

Containerized shipment

Export of rattan furniture in a large metal container that minimizes handling, loss and damage; containers can be loaded at the furniture factory and transported by truck to a port for sea shipment.

Impact damage

Damage to packaged rattan furniture caused by crates being dropped. This type of damage can be reduced by holding furniture away from the sides and edges of the crate by using corrugated board and padding the furniture.

Knock-down (KD)

A method of furniture construction between completely knock down and complete construction; components are made so that they can be assembled by the retail customer. KD affords some efficiency in terms of packaging and freight charge savings.

Lampit

A type of floor mat made in Indonesia from rattan splits which are threaded together; exported to Japan where it is known as tatami, q.v.

Middleman

Trader, q.v.

Semi-processors

Generally small-scale operators who buy raw rattan from collectors and produce washed and sulphured rattan and a variety of semi-processed products; cf. trader.

Tatami

Japanese term for floor mats made of rattan splits joined together with strings pierced through them; lampit, q.v.

Thick-reed furniture

Term for furniture made of rattan core; not considered rattan furniture in the strict sense.

Tikar

A fine floor mat made in Indonesia from rattan splits which are threaded together; an export item.

Trader

A town-based, provincial or city-based individual who purchases rattan from cutters and sells it to buyers who are generally semi-processors or manufacturers. Traders typically operate under either informal or formal business arrangements with the cutters and buyers, and may deal in raw or partially processed canes.

Vibration damage

Damage to packaged rattan furniture caused by rubbing of furniture parts against each other or against the inside of the package. This type of damage can be eliminated by immobilizing the furniture in its container and allowing as little movement as possible between the finish and any surface that contacts it.

Atap

(Malay) Thatch made (usually in panels) by bending palm leaflets over a lath or the leaf-rachis; certain species of Calamus and Daemonorops are so used.

BARSTOOL

Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology Links - Products and Applications. A bamboo and rattan technical advisory group on products and applications issues, initiated by INBAR. Web site: www.smartgroups.com/groups/barstool-pa

Bentwood

A general term referring to furniture with major components that are bent and not cut into shape; sometimes applied to rattan furniture.

Buri

Common name for the palm Corypha utan and the split petioles from it used in the Philippines to make rattan-like furniture.

Chicks

Slatted blinds sometimes made with rattan petioles from which the spines have been removed.

Dragon's blood

A dark-red resin exuded from fruit of a few species of Daemonorops; e.g. D. draco, D. didymophylla and others. Not to be confused with a similar product from the dragon tree, Dracaena draco, which is not a palm.

INBAR

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan. Established in 1993 with headquarters in New Delhi, India; headquarters moved to Beijing, China in 1998. Supports research and publishes books, studies and a news magazine. Web site: www.inbar.int

Jernang (Malay)

dragon's blood, q.v.

Lawyer cane

A variable common name applied to four different species of Calamus in Australia: C. australis, lawyer cane; C. caryotoides, fishtail lawyer cane; C. moti, yellow lawyer cane; and C. muelleri, southern lawyer cane.

Malacca cane

A walking stick made from the stem of Calamus scipionum, esteemed because of its long internodes; sticks made from a single internode command the highest prices; named after the export port.

PCS

A production to consumption system analysis; in the case of rattans it consists of an analysis of the stock and flow of rattan from the harvesting of the raw material to the final product and market. Each point of product transformation or processing is examined with regard to the stakeholders involved, the functions performed and the market linkages.

Rattan Business, News & Community

. Web site: www.rattanlink.com

RIC

Rattan Information Centre. Founded in 1982 and located at Forest Research Institute Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Supported research and published books, studies and the RIC Bulletin until 1993. The RIC Bulletin is scheduled to be resuscitated as an e-bulletin in 2002 and published twice per year. Web site: www.frim.gov.my

Sepak raga (Malay)

A game played in Southeast Asia using a flexible ball made of split rattan.

Shoot

The edible apical meristem, growing point or palm heart. At least three commercial rattan species are exploited for this product: Calamus simplicifolius; C. tenuis and Daemonorops jenkinsiana.

Takraw (Thai)

Sepak raga, q.v.

Umbut (Malay)

General term in Southeast Asia for the soft, edible shoot of a rattan; shoot, q.v.

Wicker

A general term applied to woven furniture and baskets. Among the pliant raw materials used to make wicker ware are rattan, bamboo, willow, reeds, etc.

Vernacular name

Genus/Species

Country/Region

Language (L),

Geographic area (G),

Notes

Abuan

Calamus diepenhorstii

Philippines

Ain

Korthalsia ferox

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Air

Calamus erinaceusDaemonorops angustifoliaD. fissa

MalaysiaMalaysiaBorneo

Ambalua

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Malaysia

Kedazan (L), Sabah (G)

Apas

Calamus reyesianus

Philippines

Arichural

Calamus travancoricus

India

Malayalam (L), Kerala (G)

Arorog

Calamus javensis

Philippines

Arugda

Calamus arugda

Philippines

Ibanag (L)

Arurug

Calamus javensis

Philippines

Palawan (G)

Babuyan

Calamus usitatus

Philippines

Sambal (L)

Baiteng

Calamus tetradactylus

China

Bala mata

Daemonorops fissa

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Balala

Calamus multinervis

Philippines

Banakbo

Calamus megaphyllus

Philippines

Manobo (L)

Bara bet

Calamus viminalis

Bangladesh

Chittagong (G)

Barahuasca

Desmoncus mitis

Peru

Batang

See: rotan batang

Batang merah

Daemonorops robusta

Indonesia

Central Sulawesi (G)

Batu

See: rotan batu

Bayabong

Calamus manillensis

Philippines

Manobo (L)

Be'ang

Korthalsia echinometra

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Bioengan

Daemonorops sabut

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Borangan

Calamus ornatus

Philippines

Mindanao (G)

Boro bet

Calamus viminalis

India

Botet

Korthalsia furtadoanaK. rostrata

BorneoBorneo

(both) Samarinda trade

Boyukng

Calamus optimus

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Butarak

Calamus vidalianus

Philippines

Ilokano (L)

Cekolo

Myrialepis paradoxa

Indonesia

Sumatra (G)

Charab

Calamus andamanicus

India

Andaman Islands (G)

China bet

Calamus pseudorivalis

India

Nicobar Islands (G)

Chowdah

Calamus andamanicus

India

Andaman Islands (G)

Coo cemee

Calamus blumei

Malaysia

Coon cemees

Calamus blumei

Malaysia

Coonk stook

Calamus javensis

Malaysia

Perak (G)

Da-teng

Calamus wailong

China

Dagdag

Calamus siphonospathus

Philippines

Ilokano (L)

Dahan

See: rotan dahan

Dalimban

Calamus melanorhynchus

Philippines

Bagobo (L)

Danan

Korthalsia ferox

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Danye shengteng

Calamus simplicifolius

China

Hainan Island (G)

Dara panda

Calamus scabridulus

Indonesia

Datu

Calamus minahassae

Indonesia

Sulawesi (G)

Demenai

Calamus gonospermus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Demere

Calamus deërratus

Ghana

Twi (L) and trade name

Dhangri bet

Calamus leptospadix

India

Ditaan

Daemonorops ochrolepis

Philippines

Dok

See: rotan dok

Douung-douung

Calamus cumingianus

Philippines

Manobo (L)

Dre sekam

Daemonorops micracantha

Malaysia

Pahang (G)

Duanye shengteng

Calamus egregius

China

Golak bet

Daemonorops jenkinsiana

India

Gonot pipit

Daemonorops fissa

Malaysia

Hamlis

Calamus discolor

Philippines

Hanapas

Calamus usitatus

Philippines

Bikol (L)

Hoe cacing

Calamus ciliaris

Indonesia

Sundanese (L)

Hongteng

Daemonorops jenkinsiana

China

Howe belukbuk

Calamus burckianus

Indonesia

Western Java (G)

Howe cacing

Calamus heteroideusC. javensis

IndonesiaIndonesia

Western Java (G)

Howe gelang

Calamus polystachys

Indonesia

Western Java (G)

Howe seel

Daemonorops melanochaetes

Indonesia

Western Java (G)

Huangteng

Daemonorops jenkinsiana

China

Huwi pantis

Calamus luridus

Indonesia

Sumatra (G)

Ilem

Calamus pilosellus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Inai

Ceratolobus subangulatus

Borneo

Bentian Dayak (L)

Irit

See: rotan irit

Jacitara

Desmoncus giganteusD. mitisD. orthacanthosD. polyacanthos

BrazilBrazilBrazilBrazil

Jaoei

Calamus tomentosus

Borneo

Kenya Dayak (L)

Jarmasi

Calamus leiocaulis

Indonesia

Sulawesi (G)

Jati bet

Calamus tenuis

India

Jehab

Calamus trachycoleus

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade

Jelayan

Calamus ornatus

Borneo

Jepung

Daemonorops crinita

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade

Jungan

Daemonorops sabut

Indonesia

East Kalimantan (G)

Kalapit

Calamus microcarpus

Philippines

Bikol (L)

Keb

Korthalsia cheb

Malaysia

Keerah

Calamus densiflorus

Thailand

Kehes

Calamus pandanosmusCalamus rhytidomus

BorneoBorneo

(both) Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L), Samarinda trade

Kehes murah

Calamus pilosellus

Borneo

Samarinda trade

Keplar

Daemonorops ingens

Malaysia

Kesoleg

Calamus ornatus

Borneo

Bentian Dayak (L)

Kodi

Eremospatha macrocarpa

DR Congo

Luba (L)

Kokop

Calamus bacularis

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Korak bet

Calamus latifolius

India

Kotok

See: rotan kotok

Kulakling

Calamus microsphaerion

Philippines

Kumaboy

Calamus discolor

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Kurakling

Calamus spinifolius

Philippines

Pampanga (L), Tagalog (L)

Labit

Calamus microsphaerion

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Lalun

Korthalsia furtadoana

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Lalun djengan

Korthalsia rostrata

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Lambutan

Calamus halconensis var. dimorphacanthusC. microcarpus

PhilippinesPhilippines

Tagalog (L)

Lapa

Daemonorops lamprolepis

Indonesia

Laru

Calamus symphysipus

Indonesia

Central Sulawesi (G)

Lasas

Korthalsia robusta

Malaysia

Lasi

Calamus bicolor

Philippines

Latea

Daemonorops lamprolepis

Indonesia

Southern Sulawesi (G)

Lauro sura

Calamus didymocarpus

Indonesia

Southern Sulawesi (G)

Lembulu

Calamus hispidulus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Leme

Calamus longisetus

Myanmar

Lempinit landang

Daemonorops micracantha

Malaysia

Sandakan (G)

Lempinit pahetan

Daemonorops elongata

Malaysia

Lempinit tingkau

Calamus paspalanthus

Malaysia

Lempinit ular-ular

Calamus javensis

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Leutik

Calamus caesius

Sarawak

Limuran

Calamus ornatus

Philippines

Luzon (G)

Lintokan

Calamus manillensis

Philippines

Bagobo (L)

Liteng

Calamus egregius

China

Hainan Island (G)

Litoko

Calamus manillensis

Philippines

Ifugao (L)

Lukuan

Calamus reyesianus

Philippines

Lumpit

Daemonorops calicarpa

Malaysia

Ma wewel

Calamus ovoideus

Sri Lanka

Sinhala (L)

Mai lepe

Calamus conirostris

Malaysia

Makak

Laccosperma secundiflorum

West Africa

Trade name

Manau

See: rotan manau

Manau riang

Calamus oxleyanus

Indonesia

Palembang (G)

Manau tikus

Calamus manan

Malaysia

Small diameter only; see: rotan manau tikus

Mangkawayan

Calamus subinermis

Borneo

Kadazan/Dusun (L)

Mantang

Calamus ornatusPlectocomia elongata

MalaysiaMalaysia

Matakito

Calamus leptostachys

Indonesia

Buton (G)

Matamba

Desmoncus cirrhiferus

Colombia

Matkong

Calamus mitis

Philippines

Ilokano (L)

Me'a

Korthalsia echinometra

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Moa

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Malaysia

Bidayuh (L), Sarawak (G)

Nag betta

Calamus nagbettai

India

Karnataka (G)

Nat

Calamus andamanicus

India

Nicobars (G)

Ngenau

Calamus manan

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Nguay

Calamus peregrinus

Thailand

Nkan

Laccosperma robustumL. secundiflorum

Cameroon,Equatorial Guinea,Gabon

Fang (L)

Nlong

Eremospatha macrocarpa

Cameroon,Equatorial Guinea,Gabon

Bulu (L), Fang (L)

Nue waatang

Calamus didymocarpus

Indonesia

Padao

Calamus viminalis

Cambodia

Pakoe

Calamus pilosellus

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Palaklakanin sumulid

Daemonorops ochrolepis

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Palanog

Calamus symphysipus

Philippines

Luzon (G)

Palasan

Calamus merrillii

Philippines

Biko (L), Marobo (L), Tagalog (L)

Palem paris

Calamus ciliaris

Indonesia

Horticulture

Palimanok

Calamus siphonospathus

Philippines

Pampanga (L)

Panlis

Calamus ramulosus

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Pannichural

Calamus thwaitesii

India

Malayalam (L)

Parasan

Calamus merrillii

Philippines

Bisaya (L)

Pelus

Calamus javensis

Borneo

Bentian Dayak (L)

Pelus belang

Ceratolobus subangulatus

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Pelus djengan

Ceratolobus subangulatus

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Pelus lintung

Calamus flabellatus

Borneo

Bentian Dayak (L)

Pelus mingay

Calamus javensis

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Pelus susu

Calamus javensis

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Pelus tulukn

Ceratolobus concolor

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Penjalin cacing

Calamus viminalis

Indonesia

Bali (G)

Perambu

Calamus rotang

India

Pitpit

Daemonorops curranii

Philippines

Pondos alus

Calamus minahassae

Indonesia

Northern Sulawesi (G)

Pondos batang

Calamus zollingeri

Indonesia

Sulawesi (G)

Pondos embel

Calamus symphysipus

Indonesia

Northern Sulawesi (G)

Pulut merah

Ceratolobus concolorC. subangulatusDaemonorops crinita

BorneoBorneoBorneo

(all) Samarinda trade

Pulut putih

Calamus flabellatusC. javensis

BorneoBorneo

(both) Samarinda trade

Rasi

Calamus bicolor

Philippines

Red rattan

Daemonorops jenkinsiana

China

Rimoran

Calamus ornatus

Philippines

Palawan (G)

Rong

Calamus inermis

India

Ronti

Calamus leptostachys

Indonesia

Rotan air

Calamus blumeiC. tomentosusC. zollingeri

BorneoBorneoIndonesia

Samarinda tradeSamarinda tradeMoluccas (G), Seram (G)

Rotan asas

Korthalsia robusta

Malaysia

Rotan bacap

Daemonorops leptopus

Malaysia

Rotan bakul

Daemonorops micracantha

Malaysia

Negri Sembilan (G)

Rotan bangkorn

Daemonorops elongata

Malaysia

Sandakan (G)

Rotan batang

Calamus zollingeri

Indonesia

Rotan batu

Calamus convalliumC. diepenhorstiiC. flabellatusC. insignisC. subinermis

BorneoIndonesiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia

Kenyah Dayak (L)Except Sulawesi (G)

Rotan bejungan

Daemonorops fissa

Indonesia

Central Kalimantan (G)

Rotan belubu

Daemonorops periacantha

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Rotan bembangin

Calamus marginatus

Malaysia

Sandakan (G)

Rotan berman

Calamus flabellatus

Indonesia

Rotan besi

Calamus marginatus

Indonesia

Palembang (L)

Rotan boga

Calamus koordersianus

Indonesia

Central Sulawesi (G)

Rotan buku dalam

Calamus ornatus

Indonesia

Northern Sulawesi (G)

Rotan buku hitam

Calamus palustris

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan bulu

Calamus hispidulus

Indonesia

Rotan bulu rusa

Daemonorops robusta

Indonesia

Western Seram (G), Ambon (G)

Rotan cacing

Calamus heteroideusC. javensisC. unifariusC. viminalis

IndonesiaPhilippinesIndonesiaIndonesia

Western Java (G)Wrongly appliedSumatra (G), Java (G)

Rotan cucor

Calamus castaneus

Malaysia

Rotan dago kancil

Calamus conirostris

Indonesia

Rotan dahan

Korthalsia echinometraK. flagellarisK. laciniosaK. rigida

MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia

Rotan dalem buku

Calamus conirostris

Indonesia

Rotan damp

Daemonorops fissa

Malaysia

Sandakan (G)

Rotan demuk

Calospatha scortechinii

Malaysia

Rotan dok

Calamus ornatus

Malaysia

Selangor (G)

Rotan dudok

Calamus perakensisC. sedens

MalaysiaMalaysia

Rotan getah

Daemonorops angustifoliaD. melanochaetes

MalaysiaMalaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan gunung

Calamus exilis

Indonesia

Rotan irit

Calamus trachycoleus

Indonesia

Kalimantan (G)

Rotan jergang

Daemonorops draco

Indonesia

Sumatra (G)

Rotan jermasi

Calamus leiocaulis

Indonesia

Rotan jernang

Daemonorops dracoD. micracanthaD. propinqua

IndonesiaMalaysiaMalaysia

Sumatra (G)Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan kerai

Calamus conirostrisC. luridusC. scabridulus

MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia

Rotan kerai gunung

Calamus simplex

Malaysia

Rotan kerai hitam

Calamus diepenhorstii

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan kertong

Myrialepis paradoxa

Malaysia

Rotan kesup

Calamus ornatus

Indonesia

Bengkulu (G)

Rotan kikir

Calamus scabridulus

Malaysia

Rotan koman

Calamus diepenhorstii

Malaysia

Rotan kotok

Daemonorops fissa

Indonesia

East Kalimantan (G)

Rotan kunyung

Calamus longispathus

Malaysia

Rotan lambang

Calamus ornatus

Indonesia

Central Sulawesi (G)

Rotan legi

Daemonorops melanochaetes

Indonesia

Eastern Java (G)

Rotan lelo

Daemonorops melanochaetes

Indonesia

Sumatra (G), Bengkulu (G)

Rotan liah

Calamus laevigatus

Brunei

Rotan lilin

Calamus exilisC. flabellatusC. javensis

MalaysiaIndonesiaIndonesia

Southern Kalimantan (G)

Rotan lintang

Calamus pilosellus

Indonesia

Rotan manau

Calamus manan

General throughout the region and trade

Rotan manau buku hitam

Calamus tumidus

Malaysia

Northern Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan manau padi

Calamus marginatus

Indonesia

Bangka (G)

Rotan manau telur

Calamus manan

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan manau tikus

Calamus tumidus

MalaysiaIndonesia

Peninsular Malaysia (G), Sumatra (G)

Rotan maran

Calamus mattanensis

Indonesia

Kalimantan (G)

Rotan meiya

Korthalsia echinometra

Indonesia

Rotan melukut

Calamus muricatus

Indonesia

Rotan merah

Korthalsia cheb K. echinometraK. feroxK. flagellarisK. rigida

(all) Borneo

(all) Samarinda trade

Rotan minyak

Calamus oxleyanusDaemonorops angustifolia

MalaysiaMalaysia

Rotan murah

Calamus pogonocanthusDaemonorops sabut

BorneoBorneo

Samarinda tradeSamarinda trade

Rotan ombol

Calamus symphysipus

Indonesia

Sulawesi (G)

Rotan opot

Calamus javensis

Indonesia

Sumatra (G), Bengkulu (G)

Rotan pahit

Calamus densiflorus

Malaysia

Rotan paku

Calamus exilis

Malaysia

Rotan pasir

Calamus palustris

Malaysia

Perak (G)

Rotan patani

Calamus minahassae

Indonesia

Central Sulawesi (G)

Rotan patis

Calamus unifarius

Indonesia

Western Java (G)

Rotan pehekan

Calamus marginatus

Indonesia

Southern Kalimantan (G)

Rotan pipit

Daemonorops elongata

Malaysia

Rotan pitik

Daemonorops oblonga

Indonesia

Rotan poprok

Daemonorops oblonga

Indonesia

Eastern Java (G)

Rotan putih

Calamus diepenhorstii

IndonesiaMalaysia

Sabah (G)

Rotan rilang

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Malaysia

Malay (L)

Rotan riman

Calamus blumei

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Rotan rua

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Indonesia

Rotan sabong

Calamus polystachys

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan sabung

Calamus polystachys

Malaysia

Rotan sabut

Calamus conirostris Daemonorops sabut

MalaysiaMalaysia

Temuan (L)

Rotan sakat

Calamus muricatus

Indonesia

Kalimantan (G)

Rotan sega“Rotan sega”in error

Calamus caesiusC. rhytidomus

Indonesia

General throughout region and in tradeNunukan, East Kalimantan (G)

Rotan sega air

Calamus axillaris

IndonesiaMalaysia

Rotan sega batu

Calamus diepenhorstii

Indonesia

Except Sulawesi (G)

Rotan sega beruang

Calamus palustris

Malaysia

Pahang (G)

Rotan sego

Calamus caesiusC. optimus

IndonesiaIndonesia

Sumatra (G)Bengkulu (G)

Rotan semambu

Calamus scipionum

General throughout region and in trade

Rotan semampun

Calamus laevigatus

Malaysia

Name also used for C. praetermissusJ. Dransf.

Rotan semut

Korthalsia rostrata

Malaysia

Rotan sendang

Daemonorops grandis

Singapore

Rotan sepet

Daemonorops hystrix

Indonesia

Rotan sirikis

Calamus paspalanthus

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan sotong

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Indonesia

Sumatra (G)

Rotan susu

Daemonorops robusta

Indonesia

Northern Sulawesi (G)

Rotan tahi ayam

Calamus tomentosus

Malaysia

Rotan tahi landak

Daemonorops hystrix

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Rotan taman

Calamus caesiusC. optimus

IndonesiaIndonesia

Southern and central Kalimantan (G)Central Kalimantan (G)

Rotan teling

Calamus palustris

Malaysia

Kedah/Perlis (L)

Rotan tohiti

Calamus inopsC. subinermis

Indonesia

Rotan tukas

Calamus blumeiC. tomentosus

MalaysiaMalaysia

Perak (G)

Rotan tunggal

Calamus laevigatusC. occidentalisC. subinermisDaemonorops didymophylla

MalaysiaJavaMalaysiaIndonesia

Selangor (G)Malay (L)

Rotan udang

Korthalsia rostrata

Malaysia

Rotan wi jerenang

Daemonorops micracantha

Malaysia

Rotan wuluh

Calamus unifarius

Indonesia

Eastern Java (G)

Rotan yuk

Calamus muricatus

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Rote batu

Calamus javensis

Thailand

Runti

Calamus leptostachys

Indonesia

Sulawesi (G)

Sababai

Calamus elmerianus

Philippines

Manobo (L)

Saba-ong

Calamus grandifolius

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Samanid

Calamus elmerianus

Philippines

Bagobo (L)

Sambonotan

Calamus bicolor

Philippines

Bagobo (L)

Samole

Calamus pedicellatus

Indonesia

Bugis (G)

Samulid

Calamus reyesianus

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Sanam

Korthalsia cheb

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Sanka beth

Daemonorops kurzianus

India

Andaman Islands (G)

Saput

Calamus laevigatus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Sarani

Calamus moseleyanus

Philippines

Bagobo (L)

Saranoi

Daemonorops curranii

Philippines

Tagbanva (L)

Savit asaq

Daemonorops sparsiflora

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Savit payah

Daemonorops longispatha

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Sega

See: rotan sega

Sega batu

Calamus marginatus

Borneo

Samarinda trade

Sek batang

Calamus ornatus

Malaysia

Pahang (G)

Seka

Calamus caesius

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Sekei udang

Daemonorops melanochaetes

Indonesia

Riau (G)

Selutup

Calamus optimus

Borneo

Samarinda trade

Semambu

See: rotan semambu

Semoleh membatong

Calamus pogonocanthus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Semoleh timaitong

Calamus pogonocanthus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Seringan

Daemonorops sabut

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Si'it

Calamus marginatus

Borneo

Benuaq Dayak (L)

Si'it batu

Calamus marginatus

Borneo

Bentian Dayak (L)

Sika

Calamus caesius

Philippines

Sika-sika

Calamus microsphaerion

Philippines

Silau-silau

Calamus gibbsianus

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Sintang

Daemonorops hystrix

Indonesia

Palembang (L)

Sokag

Calamus caesius

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Sudu wewel

Calamus ovoideus

Sri Lanka

Sinhala (L)

Suko

Calamus optimus

Indonesia

South Kalimantan (G)

Sundi bet

Calamus guruba

India

Takathong

Calamus caesius

Thailand

Rangea District, Narathiva Province (G)

Talola

Calamus siphonospathus

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Taman

See: rotan taman

Tandulang-glubat

Calamus microcarpus

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Tandulang-parang

Calamus usitatus

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Tebdas

Calamus mitis

Philippines

Ivatan (L)

Tebungan

Calamus ornatus

Borneo

Kenyah Dayak (L)

Tehri bet

Plectocomia himalayana

India

Teland

Calamus leptostachys

Indonesia

South Sulawesi (G)

Teretes

Daemonorops rubra

Indonesia

Western Java (G)

Thuda rena

Calamus ovoideus

Sri Lanka

Sinhala (L)

Timai

Calamus javensisCeratolobus concolor

BorneoBorneo

(both) Kenyah Dayak (L)

Toan pekat

Daemonorops sabut

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Tohiti

See: rotan tohiti

Tohiti siombo

Calamus didymocarpus

Indonesia

Central Sulawesi (G)

Tomani

Calamus boniensis

Indonesia

Southern Sulawesi (G)

Tumalim

Calamus mindorensis

Philippines

Tagalog (L)

Tumaram

Calamus mindorensis

Philippines

Bikol (L)

Tuwu

Calamus scipionum

Borneo

Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)

Ubanon

Calamus discolor

Philippines

Cebu Bisaya (L)

Ubli

Calamus multinervis

Philippines

Ilokano (L)

Udat

Daemonorops didymophylla

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Udom bet

Calamus longisetus

Bangladesh

Cox's Bazar (G)

Ue puti

Calamus albus

Indonesia

Uwai belalong

Retispatha dumetosa

Brunei

Uwai kiton

Calamus ornatus

Brunei

Uwai lambat

Daemonorops periacantha

Brunei

Uwai pagit

Calamus marginatus

Brunei

Uwai pegit

Calamus conirostris

Brunei

Uwai peladas

Calamus javensis

Brunei

Uwai podos

Calamus javensis

Brunei

Uwai taut

Calamus axillarisC. pogonacanthus

BruneiBrunei

Uwai telong

Calamus optimus

Malaysia

Uwau paya

Calamus marginatus

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Uwe ahun tain

Calamus albus

Indonesia

Ambon (G)

Uwe rence

Calamus minahassae

Indonesia

Southern Sulawesi (G)

Uwe sangkayu-kayu

Calamus symphysipus

Indonesia

Southern Sulawesi (G)

Uwi hurang

Korthalsia echinometra

Indonesia

Uwi jernang kecil

Daemonorops didymophylla

Indonesia

Palembang (G)

Uwi kalang

Daemonorops hystrix

Indonesia

Uwi pahe

Calamus exilis

Indonesia

Palembang (G)

Vara casha

Desmoncus giganteus

Peru

Velichural

Calamus hookerianus

India

Malayalam (L)

Waai chaang

Calamus ornatus

Thailand

Pattani (G)

Waai khring

Calamus palustris

Thailand

Trang (G)

Waai kung

Myrialepis paradoxa

Thailand

Trang (G)

Waai maithao

Calamus scipionum

Thailand

Peninsular Malaysia (G)

Waai phon khon non

Daemonorops sabut

Thailand

Wae dangah

Daemonorops hystrix

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Wae saput

Calamus laevigatus

Malaysia

Sabah (G)

Wae sawit usen

Calamus muricatus

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Wai boun

Calamus rudentum

Lao PDR

Wai-chak

Daemonorops grandis

Thailand

Wai-chakkao

Calamus castaneus

Thailand

Wai-dam

Calamus oxleyanus

Thailand

Wai-hin

Calamus insignis

Thailand

Wain hom

Calamus acanthospathusC. gracilis

Lao PDRLao PDR

Wai kaepung

Calamus blumei

Thailand

Surattani (G)

Wai-kamphuan

Calamus longisetus

Thailand

Wai-khao

Calamus castaneus

Thailand

Wai-khipet

Daemonorops didymophylla

Thailand

Wai-khom

Calamus diepenhorstiiC. siamensis

ThailandLao PDR

Wai kuan

Calamus javensis

Thailand

Pattani (G)

Wai-kungnampharai

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Thailand

Wai kunun

Calamus blumei

Thailand

Trang (G)

Wai lau cincin

Calamus polystachys

Indonesia

Sumatra (G)

Wai mon

Calamus viminalis

Thailand

Wai-nam

Daemonorops angustifolia

Thailand

Wai namleuang

Calamus platycanthus

Lao PDR

Wai nwn

Calamus nambariensis

Lao PDR

Wai sam bai taw

Calamus viminalis

Thailand

Wai sideken

Calamus unifarius

Indonesia

Western Sumatra (G)

Wai som

Calamus viminalis

Thailand

Wai-somm

Daemonorops jenkinsiana

Thailand

Wai ta kha thong

Calamus caesius

Thailand

Wai tek

Calamus javensis

Thailand

Southern Thailand (G)

Wai thoon

Calamus poilanei

Lao PDR

Wai thork

Calamus solitarius

Lao PDR

Wai wan

Calamus rhabdocladus

Lao PDR

Wailong

Calamus wailong

China

We maliang

Calamus ornatus

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wee jematang tengan

Korthalsia cheb

Malaysia

Wee ligur

Calamus conirostris

Malaysia

Kayan (L)

Wee lumbak

Calamus ruvidus

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wei dangh

Calamus myriacanthus

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

Wei saput

Calamus mattanensis

Malaysia

Penan (L), Sarawak (G)

White rattan

Calamus tetradactylus

China

Wi anak

Calamus javensisC. laevigatus

BruneiBrunei

Wi babut

Calamus bacularis

Malaysia

Bidayuh (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi batu

Calamus diepenhorstii

Malaysia

Iban (L)

Wi belubu

Daemonorops longispatha

Brunei

Wi buluh

Calamus erioacanthus

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi danum

Calamus conirostris

Brunei

Wi darum

Daemonorops didymophyllaD. ingens

BruneiMalaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi dudok

Calamus myriacanthusDaemonorops ruptilis

MalaysiaMalaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi duduk

Daemonorops hystrix

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi embalua

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Brunei

Wi empunoh

Daemonorops periacantha

Malaysia

Wi empunok

Daemonorops periacantha

BruneiMalaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi empunok ruai

Daemonorops scapigera

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi gemaing

Calamus axillaris

Brunei

Wi jerenang

Daemonorops didymophylla

Brunei

Wi labu

Calamus pilosellus

Brunei

Wi laleh

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi lantak patong

Calamus mattanensis

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi lemaing

Calamus axillaris

Brunei

Wi lepoh

Daemonorops sabut

BruneiMalaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi lohong

Calamus paspalanthus

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi matahari

Calamus marginatus

Brunei

Wi natahari

Calamus marginatus

Malaysia

Wi ondo

Daemonorops draco

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi pale

Calamus pogonacanthus

Malaysia

Kayan (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi peladas

Calamus javensis

Brunei

Wi ruah air

Daemonorops sparsiflora

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi ruak ai

Daemonorops fissa

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi sego

Calamus optimus

BruneiMalaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi semoi

Calamus semoi

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi seruing

Daemonorops ingens

Malaysia

Kayan (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi singkau

Calamus paspalanthus

BruneiMalaysia

Wi sugi

Calamus laevigatus

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi takong

Calamus flabellatus

BruneiMalaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi tapah

Calamus pseudoulur

Malaysia

Sarawak (G)

Wi tautuk

Calamus flabellatus

Malaysia

Bidayuh (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi tedong

Calamus marginatus

Malaysia

Wi tibu

Daemonorops longispatha

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi tulang

Calamus bacularisC. myriacanthus

MalaysiaMalaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi tunggal

Calamus muricatus

Brunei

Wi tunjung

Calamus muricatus

Malaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Wi tut

Calamus pogonacanthusC. semoi

BruneiMalaysiaBruneiMalaysia

Iban (L), Sarawak (G)

Yellow rattan

Daemonorops jenkinsiana

China

Genus/Species

Vernacular names

Calamus acanthospathus

Wai hom

C. andamanicus

Charab, Chowdah, Nat

C. arugda

Arugda

C. axillaris

Rotan sega air, Uwai taut, Wi gemaing, Wi lemaing

C. bacularis

Kokop, Wi babut, Wi tulang

C. bicolor

Lasi, Rasi, Sambonotan

C. blumei

Coo cemee, Coon cemees, Rotan air, Rotan riman, Rotan tukas, Wai kaepung, Wai kunun

C. boniensis

Tomani

C. burckianus

Howe belukbuk

C. caesius

Leutik, Rotan sega, Rotan sego, Rotan taman, Seka, Sika, Sokag, Takathong, Wai ta kha thong

C. casteneus

Rotan cucor, Wai-chakkao, Wai-khao

C. ciliaris

Hoe cacing, Palem paris

C. conirostris

Mai lepe, Rotan dago kancil, Rotan dalem buku, Rotan kerai, Rotan sabut, Uwai pegit, Wee ligur, Wi danum

C. convallium

Batu

C. cumingianus

Douung-douung

C. deërratus

Demmere

C. densiflorus

Keerah, Rotan pahit

C. didymocarpus

Lauro sura, Nue waatang, Tohiti siombo

C. diepenhorstii

Abuan, Rotan batu, Rotan kerai hitam, Rotan koman, Rotan putih, Rotan sega batu, Wai-khom, Wi batu

C. discolor

Hamlis, Kumaboy, Ubanon

C. egregius

Duanye shengteng, Liteng

C. elmerianus

Sababai, Samanid

C. erinaceus

Air

C. erioacanthus

Wi buluh

C. exilis

Rotan gunung, Rotan lilin, Rotan paku, Uwi pahe

C. flabellatus

Pelus litung, Pulut putih, Rotan batu, Rotan berman, Rotan lilin, Wi takong, Wi tautuk

C. gibbsianus

Silau-silau

C. gonospermus

Demenai

C. gracilis

Wai hom

C. grandifolius

Saba-ong

C. guruba

Sundi bet

C. halconensis var. dimorphacanthus

Lambutan

C. heteroideus

Howe cacing, Rotan cacing

C. hispidulus

Lembulu, Rotan bulu

C. hookerianus

Velichural

C. inermis

Rong

C. inops

Rotan tohiti

C. insignis