The double burden of malnutrition Case studies from six developing countries

Annexes

ANNEX 1: PHILIPPINE RDAs, 1976

Age group	Weight	Energy	Protein	Calcium	Iron	Vitamin A	Vitamin B12	Thiamine	Riboflavin	Niacin	Vitamin C
Age group	kg	kcal	g	g	mg	RE	IU	mg	mg	mg	mg
Males
20-39 years	56	2 580	63	0.5	10	650	4 500	1.3	1.3	17	75
40-49 years	56	2 450	63	0.5	10	650	4 500	1.2	1.2	16	75
50-59 years	56	2 320	63	0.5	10	650	4 500	1.2	1.2	15	75
60-69 years	56	2 060	63	0.5	10	650	4 500	1.0	1.0	14	75
70 + years	56	1 810	63	0.5	10	650	4 500	0.9	0.9	13	75
Females
20-39 years	48	1 920	54	0.5	18^*	550	3 800	1.0	1.0	13	70
40-49 years	48	1 820	54	0.5	18^*	550	3 800	0.9	0.9	13	70
50-59 years	48	1 730	54	0.5	8	550	3 800	0.9	0.9	13	70
60-69 years	48	1 540	54	0.5	8	550	3 800	0.8	0.8	13	70
70 + years	48	1 340	54	0.5	8	550	3 800	0.7	0.7	13	70
Infants, 6-11 months	9	970	25	0.6	9	250	1 800	0.5	0.5	6	30
Children
1-3 years	13	1 310	26	0.5	6	250	1 800	0.7	0.7	9	35
4-6 years	18	1 640	32	0.5	8	325	2 300	0.8	0.8	11	45
7-9 years	24	1 870	37	0.5	7	400	2 800	0.9	0.9	12	55
Boys
10-12 years	32	2 270	43	0.7	11	500	3 500	1.1	1.1	15	65
13-15 years	44	2 510	59	0.7	12	550	4 300	1.3	1.3	17	75
16-19 years	55	2 700	67	0.6	13	650	4 500	1.4	1.4	18	90
Girls
10-12 years	35	2 170	48	0.7	18^*	500	3 500	1.1	1.1	14	70
13-15 years	44	2 200	59	0.7	18^*	550	4 300	1.1	1.1	15	75
16-19 years	48	2 060	59	0.6	18^*	550	4 300	1.0	1.0	14	80
Pregnant, 2nd and 3rd trimesters
13-15 years		2 630	73	1.0	18	625	4 300	1.5	1.5	18	120
16-19 years		2 490	73	1.0	18	625	4 300	1.4	1.4	17	120
20-39 years		2 350	68	1.0	18	575	4 000	1.4	1.4	16	120
40-49 years		2 250	68	1.0	18	575	4 000	1.3	1.3	16	120
Nursing, 1st 6 months
13-15 years		2 750	87	1.0	18	975	6 800	1.4	1.7	19	120
16-19 years		2 610	87	1.0	18	975	6 800	1.3	1.6	18	120
20-39 years		2 470	82	1.0	18	975	6 800	1.3	1.6	17	120
40-49 years		2 370	82	1.0	18	975	6 800	1.2	1.5	17	120
Nursing, next 6 months
13-15 years		2 640	75	1.0	18	800	5 600	1.4	1.5	18	120
16-19 years		2 500	75	1.0	18	800	5 600	1.3	1.4	17	120
20-39 years		2 360	70	1.0	18	800	5 600	1.3	1.4	16	120
40-49 years		2 260	70	1.0	18	800	5 600	1.2	1.3	16	120
Per capita/day¹		2 016	50	0.6	12	520	3 612	1.0	1.0	14	67

* It is preferable that these amounts be higher than indicated. Supplemental iron is recommended during pregnancy,
¹Based on 1977 population structure (low assumption).

ANNEX 2: PHILIPPINE RDAs, 1989

Age group	Weight	Energy	Protein	Vitamin A	Vitamin C	Thiamine	Riboflavin	Niacin	Folate	Calcium	Iron	Iodine
Age group	kg	kcal	g	ug	mg	mg	mg	mg	ug	g	mg	mg
Infants
3-< 6 months	6	620	a	325	30	0.3	0.3	5	20	300	10	40
6-< 12 months	9	880	14	325	30	0.4	0.4	8	30	400	15	50
Children
1-3 years	13	1 350	27	350	35	0.7	0.7	13	40	600	9	55
4-6 years	18	1 600	32	375	45	0.8	0.8	15	60	600	10	65
7-9 years	24	1 740	35	400	55	0.9	0.9	17	80	600	12	70
Males
10-12 years	32	2 090	45	425	65	1	1	20	100	700	16	85
13-15 years	44	2 340	60	475	75	1.2	1.2	22	140	700	18	105
16-19 years	55	2 580	69	525	90	1.3	1.3	25	170	700	17	120
20-39 years	56	2 570	60	525	75	1.3	1.3	25	170	500	12	120
40-49 years	56	2 440	60	525	75	1.2	1.2	23	170	500	12	120
50-59 years	56	2 320	60	525	75	1.2	1.2	22	170	500	12	120
60-69 years	56	2 090	60	525	75	1	1	20	170	500	12	120
70 + years	56	1 880	60	525	75	0.9	0.9	18	170	500	12	120
Females
10-12 years	35	1 910	49	400	70	1	1	18	110	700	17	80
13-15 years	44	2 010	56	425	75	1	1	19	140	700	21	100
16-19 years	48	2 020	56	450	80	1	1	19	150	500	25	100
20-39 years	49	1 900	52	450	70	1	1	18	150	500	26	100
40-49 years	49	1 800	52	450	70	0.9	0.9	17	150	500	26	100
50-59 years	49	1 710	52	450	70	0.8	0.8	16	150	500	11	100
60-69 years	49	1 540	52	450	70	0.8	0.8	15	150	500	11	100
70 + years	49	1 390	52	450	70	0.7	0.7	13	150	500	11	100
Pregnant
1st trimester		0	9	25	10	0	0	0	200	400	41	25
2ndtrimester		300	9	25	10	0.3	0.6	3	200	400	41	25
3rd trimester		300	9	25	10	0.3	0.6	3	200	400	41	25
Lactating
1st 6 months		500	16	325	35	0.4	0.4	5	100	400	23	50
2nd 6 months		500	12	275	30	0.4	0.4	5	100	400	23	50

ANNEX 3: PHILLIPINE RENIs, 2002

Age group	Weight	Energy	Protein	Vitamin A	Vitamin C	Thiamine	Riboflavin	Niacin	Folate	Calcium	Iron	Iodine
Age group	kg	kcal	g	ug	mg	mg	mg	mg	ug	mg	mg	mg
Infants
< 3 months		0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
3-< 6 months	6	560	9	375	30	0.2	0.3	1.5	65	200	0	90
6-< 12 months	9	720	14	400	30	0.4	0.4	4	80	400	10	90
Children
1-3 years	13	1 070	28	400	30	0.5	0.5	6	160	500	8	90
4-6 years	19	1 410	38	400	30	0.6	0.6	7	200	550	9	90
7-9 years	24	1 600	43	400	35	0.7	0.7	9	300	700	11	120
Males
10-12 years	34	2 140	54	400	45	0.9	1	12	400	1000	13	120
13-15 years	50	2 800	71	550	65	1.2	1.3	16	400	1000	20	150
16-18 years	58	2 840	73	600	75	1.4	1.5	16	400	1000	14	150
19-29 years	59	2 490	67	550	75	1.2	1.3	16	400	750	12	150
30-49 years	59	2 420	67	550	75	1.2	1.3	16	400	750	12	150
50-64 years	59	2 170	67	550	75	1.2	1.3	16	400	750	12	150
65 + years	59	1 890	67	550	75	1.2	1.3	16	400	800	12	150
Females
10-12 years	35	1 920	49	400	45	0.9	0.9	12	400	1000	19	120
13-15 years	49	2 250	63	450	65	1	1	14	400	1000	21	150
16-18 years	50	2 050	59	450	70	1.1	1.1	14	400	1000	27	150
19-29 years	51	1 860	58	500	70	1.1	1.1	14	400	750	27	150
30-49 years	51	1 810	58	500	70	1.1	1.1	14	400	750	27	150
50-64 years	51	1 620	58	500	70	1.1	1.1	14	400	800	27	150
65 + years	51	1 410	58	500	70	1.1	1.1	14	400	800	10	150
Pregnant
1st trimester		0	66	800	80	1.4	1.7	18	600	800	27	200
2nd trimester		300	66	800	80	1.4	1.7	18	600	800	34	200
3rd trimester		300	66	800	80	1.4	1.7	18	600	800	38	200
Lactating
1st 6 months		500	81	900	105	1.5	1.7	17	500	750	27	200
2nd 6 months		500	76	900	100	1.5	1.7	17	500	750	30	200

ANNEX 4: NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES FOR the PHILIPPINES, 2000

1.	Eat a variety of foods every day.
2.	Breastfeed infants from birth to four to six months, and then give appropriate foods while continuing breastfeeding.
3.	Maintain children’s normal growth through proper diet, and monitor their growth regularly.
4.	Consume fish, lean meat, poultry or dried beans.
5.	Eat more vegetables, fruits and root crops.
6.	Eat foods cooked in edible/cooking oil daily.
7.	Consume milk, milk products and other calcium-rich foods, such as small fish and dark-green leafy vegetables, every day.
8.	Use iodized salt, but avoid excessive intake of salty foods.
9.	Eat clean and safe food.
10.	For a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition, exercise regularly, do not smoke and avoid drinking alcoholic beverages.

ANNEX 5: TRENDS IN PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF FOOD GROUPS TO TOTAL DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE (KCAL), 1978 TO 2003

Food group/sub-group	% distribution
	1978	1982	1987	1993	2003
Energy giving foods
Cereals and cereal products	69.7	69.8	69.2	71.0	67.5
Rice and products	58.2	57.1	58.3	56.4	52.8
Maize and products	7.6	7.2	4.7	6.8	5.2
Other cereals and products	3.9	5.5	6.2	7.8	9.5
Starchy roots and tubers	2.2	2.3	1.3	1.0	1.2
Sugars and syrups¹	3.7	4.5	4.8	4.2	4.4
Fats and oils²	4.9	6.2	6.3	5.9	5.9
Body building foods
Fish, meat and poultry	7.5	8.6	9.5	9.5	12.0
Fish and products	3.8	3.6	4.0	3.7	3.4
Meat and products	3.2	4.3	4.9	4.9	7.4
Poultry	0.5	0.6	0.6	1.0	1.2
Eggs	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.0
Milk and milk products	5.2	1.5	1.3	1.4	1.4
Whole milk				1.3	1.2
Milk products				0.1	0.2
Dried beans, nuts and seeds³	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.1
Regulating foods
Vegetables	1.9	1.6		1.5	1.7
Green leafy and yellow vegetables	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other vegetables	1.4	1.1	3.4^a	1.1	1.2
Fruits	2.5	2.3		2.1	1.6
Vitamin C-rich foods	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.2
Other fruits	1.7	1.7		1.7	1.4
Miscellaneous	0.6	1.0	1.0	1.1	2.2
Beverages⁴					1.6
Condiments					0.4
Others					0.2
Total kcal	1 804	1 808	1 753	1 684	1 887

Sample sizes: 1978, 2 800; 1982, 2 280; 1987, 3 200; 1993, 4 050; 2003, 5 514.
¹ Includes soft drinks (sugar content), sherbet and similar preparations.
² Includes grated coconut and coconut milk (fat).
³ Includes mung beans, soybeans, peanuts and other dried beans, nuts.
⁴Includes coffee, tuba (local wine), alcoholic beverages and others.
^a Includes other fruits and other vegetables.
Numbers may not add up to totals owing to rounding off.
Sources: NNS, 1978; 1982; 1987; 1993; 2003.