Appendice

Appendix Table 1. Number of TVEs by ownership in rural China, 1978-96 (in '000)

Year	Total	Township	Village	Others	Cooperative	Private
1978	1524	319	1205
1979	1480	320	1160
1980	1425	337	1088
1981	1337	335	1002
1982	1376	338	1038
1983	1346	338	1008
1984	6065	401	1248	4416	1119	3297
1985	12225	420	1150	10655	1401	9254
1986	15153	425	1092	13636	1304	12332
1987	17446	418	1160	15868	1180	14688
1988	18882	423	1167	17292	1200	16092
1989	18686	406	1130	17150	1069	16081
1990	18504	388	1066	17050	880	16170
1991	19090	382	1066	17642	849	16793
1992	20916	395	1128	19393	904	18489
1993	24529	434	1251	22844	1039	21806
1994	18667	425	1216	23294	791	16236
1995	22027	417	1201	20409	na	na
1996	23363	406	1143	21814	972	20842

Source: Statistical Yearbook of China, various issues; Agricultural Yearbook of China, various issues; China's TVEs Yearbook, various issues.

Appendix Table 2. Number of TVEs by sector in rural China, 1978-96 (in '000)

Year	Total	Agriculture	Industry	Cons'n	Trans'n	Commerce & food service
1978	1524	495	794	47	65	123
1979	1480	444	767	50	82	137
1980	1425	378	758	51	89	149
1981	1337	319	725	48	88	155
1982	1376	293	749	54	96	184
1983	1346	269	743	56	91	187
1984	6065	248	4812	80	130	794
1985	12225	224	4930	83	106	6882
1986	15153	240	6355	893	2620	5046
1987	17446	231	7083	903	3252	5977
1988	18882	233	7735	956	3726	6232
1989	18686	227	7365	926	3799	6369
1990	18504	224	7220	904	3814	6342
1991	19090	231	7426	888	4003	6542
1992	20916	249	7998	985	4362	7322
1993	24529	279	9184	1217	4864	8985
1994	18667	247	6986	830	3693	6911
1995	22027	278	7182	1067	4952	8548
1996	23363	289	7564	1046	5465	8999

Note: Figures for 1978 and 1980 include only those enterprises run by township and village, while figures for other years include all enterprises in the rural area except for the 1995 and 1996 which do not account for "extremely small enterprises" defined by State Township and Village Enterprises Administrative Bureau.

Source: Statistical Yearbook of China, various issues.

Appendix Table 3: Elasticities of crop response in China

	Price of
Crop/ Prices	Rice	Wheat	Maize	Sweet potato	Potato	Other coarse	Soybean	Cotton	Oil Crop	Sugar	Vegetable	Other crops	Fertilizer	Labor	Land
Rice	0.1800	-0.0240	-0.0200	-0.0040	-0.0020	-0.0050	-0.0050	-0.0050	-0.0060	-0.0040	-0.0080	-0.0165	-0.0205	-0.0400	-0.0200
Wheat	-0.0256	0.2500	-0.0350	-0.0050	-0.0030	-0.0050	-0.0100	-0.0100	-0.0080	-0.0030	-0.0080	-0.0204	-0.0310	-0.0560	-0.0300
Maize	-0.0270	-0.0443	0.2600	-0.0080	-0.0030	-0.0150	-0.0100	-0.0050	-0.0080	-0.0010	-0.0100	-0.0147	-0.0280	-0.0560	-0.0300
Sweet potato	-0.0202	-0.0237	-0.0299	0.2200	-0.0250	-0.0200	-0.0150	-0.0050	-0.0100	-0.0050	-0.0150	0.0289	-0.0050	-0.0400	-0.0350
Potato	-0.0179	-0.0252	-0.0199	-0.0443	0.2900	-0.0200	-0.0250	-0.0050	-0.0050	-0.0050	-0.0200	-0.0277	-0.0050	-0.0400	-0.0300
Other Coarse grain	-0.0153	-0.0144	-0.0340	-0.0121	-0.0068	0.2500	-0.0150	-0.0075	-0.0150	-0.0100	-0.0150	-0.0198	-0.0050	-0.0450	-0.0350
Soybean	-0.0189	-0.0355	-0.0280	-0.0112	-0.0106	-0.0185	0.2600	-0.0050	-0.0250	-0.0050	-0.0080	-0.0242	-0.0100	-0.0300	-0.0300
Cotton	-0.0284	-0.0532	-0.0210	-0.0056	-0.0032	-0.0139	-0.0075	0.2500	-0.0100	-0.0010	-0.0050	-0.0232	-0.0200	-0.0300	-0.0280
Oil crop	-0.0141	-0.0176	-0.0139	-0.0046	-0.0013	-0.0115	-0.0155	-0.0041	0.2600	-0.0100	-0.0100	-0.0523	-0.0250	-0.0450	-0.0350
Sugar	-0.0676	-0.0476	-0.0125	-0.0167	-0.0094	-0.0551	-0.0223	-0.0030	-0.0720	0.3900	-0.0050	-0.0088	-0.0200	-0.0250	-0.0250
Vegetable	-0.0259	-0.0243	-0.0239	-0.0096	-0.0072	-0.0158	-0.0068	-0.0028	-0.0138	-0.0010	0.3400	-0.0789	-0.0400	-0.0550	-0.0350
Other crops	-0.0509	-0.0592	-0.0335	0.0176	-0.0095	-0.0199	-0.0198	-0.0126	-0.0688	-0.0016	-0.0753	0.4236	-0.0200	-0.0400	-0.0300

Appendix Table 4. Elasticities of crop yield response in China

Commodity	Price of
	Rice	Wheat	Maize	Sweet potato	Potato	Coarse grain	Soybean	Cotton	Oil crop	Sugar	Vegetable	Fertilizer	Labor	Res Stock	Irr Stock
Rice	0.1015											-0.0615	-0.0400	0.2920	0.0800
Wheat		0.1420										-0.0930	-0.0490	0.3448	0.1720
Maize			0.1418									-0.0843	-0.0575	0.4164	0.1810
Sweet potato				0.1100								-0.0500	-0.0600	0.3500	0.1500
Potato					0.1100							-0.0500	-0.0600	0.3500	0.1500
Other coarse grain						0.1300						-0.0800	-0.0500	0.3500	0.1410
Soybean							0.0675					-0.0375	-0.0300	0.3500	0.1000
Cotton								0.1100				-0.1000	-0.0100	0.2430	0.3560
Oil crop									0.1100			-0.1000	-0.0100	0.2430	0.3560
Sugar										0.0900		-0.0800	-0.0100	0.2430	0.3500
Vegetable											0.1100	-0.1000	-0.0100	0.2430	0.3500

Commodity	Price of
	Pork	Beef	Mutton	Poultry	Egg	Milk	Fish	Maize
Pork	0.5000							-0.3000
Beef		0.4000						-0.1000
Mutton			0.4000					-0.1000
Poultry				0.5500				-0.3000
Egg					0.5500			-0.3000
Milk						0.5000		-0.2000
Fish							0.5500	-0.0500

Appendix Table 5-a. Elasticities of demand for food in rural area in 1996 (elasticities change over time)

Commodity	Price of
	Rice	Wheat	Maize	Sweet potato	Potato	Other Coarse	Soybean	Sugar	Pork	Beef	Mutton	Poultry	Egg	Milk
Rice	-0.280	0.050	0.010	0.005	0.005	0.010	-0.004	-0.005	-0.005	-0.001	-0.001	-0.004	-0.005	0.000
Wheat	0.051	-0.275	0.011	0.005	0.005	0.011	-0.005	-0.003	-0.004	-0.001	-0.001	-0.004	-0.006	0.000
Maize	0.104	0.108	-0.250	0.010	0.010	0.050	0.000	0.002	-0.004	0.000	-0.001	-0.003	0.001	0.002
Sweet potato	0.147	0.144	0.031	-0.250	0.010	0.050	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Potato	0.121	0.118	0.027	0.009	-0.250	0.005	0.005	0.000	0.010	-0.050	-0.010	-0.005	-0.005	0.000
Other coarse	0.142	0.147	0.075	0.025	0.004	-0.250	-0.001	0.002	0.022	0.001	0.001	-0.003	0.002	0.001
Soybean	-0.047	-0.057	-0.005	-0.002	0.003	-0.004	-0.301	0.002	0.008	0.004	0.007	0.008	0.013	0.005
Sugar	-0.194	-0.126	-0.006	-0.005	-0.004	-0.005	-0.001	-0.600	0.020	0.005	0.005	0.010	0.010	0.002
Pork	-0.064	-0.062	-0.014	-0.005	-0.003	-0.007	-0.004	0.001	-0.537	0.013	0.009	0.031	0.018	0.002
Beef	-0.086	-0.085	-0.015	-0.005	-0.046	-0.009	0.000	0.003	0.241	-0.755	0.097	0.087	0.036	-0.003
Mutton	-0.095	-0.080	-0.017	-0.005	-0.017	-0.009	0.009	0.005	0.251	0.145	-0.803	0.087	0.026	-0.003
Poultry	-0.097	-0.095	-0.018	-0.005	-0.006	-0.012	-0.001	0.002	0.228	0.035	0.023	-0.763	0.086	-0.003
Egg	-0.070	-0.078	-0.008	-0.004	-0.004	-0.005	0.004	0.004	0.178	0.018	0.009	0.098	-0.758	0.048
Milk	-0.142	-0.119	-0.007	-0.009	-0.008	-0.012	0.007	0.001	0.007	-0.012	-0.008	-0.030	0.325	-0.905
Fish	-0.139	-0.122	-0.019	-0.006	-0.005	-0.012	0.008	0.002	0.111	-0.006	-0.004	0.034	0.004	-0.002
Oil	-0.045	-0.024	-0.008	-0.004	0.002	-0.005	-0.003	-0.002	0.075	0.004	0.003	0.021	0.003	0.000
Fruits	-0.069	-0.070	-0.008	-0.007	0.000	-0.005	-0.003	0.005	-0.077	-0.009	-0.006	0.016	-0.004	-0.003
Vegetable	-0.100	-0.110	-0.016	-0.005	-0.014	-0.010	-0.005	0.001	-0.027	-0.006	-0.004	-0.011	-0.010	-0.002
Other food	-0.094	-0.090	-0.017	-0.005	-0.004	-0.012	-0.007	-0.001	-0.039	-0.001	0.000	-0.005	-0.005	0.001
Non food	-0.139	-0.139	-0.024	-0.009	-0.008	-0.019	-0.008	-0.003	-0.146	-0.008	-0.006	-0.022	-0.014	-0.002

(cont'd from 5-a)

Commodity	Price of
	Fish	Oil	Fruit	Vegetable	Other food	Nonfood	Income	Market Development
Rice	-0.007	0.001	0.005	-0.015	0.002	0.040	0.200	-0.110
Wheat	-0.005	0.006	0.004	-0.021	0.003	0.027	0.200	-0.080
Maize	-0.001	0.007	0.013	-0.003	0.006	0.068	-0.120	-0.100
Sweet potato	0.000	0.000	0.000	-0.002	0.020	0.050	-0.250	-0.200
Potato	0.000	0.030	0.020	-0.100	0.020	0.005	0.050	-0.050
Other coarse	0.000	0.008	0.014	-0.002	0.007	-0.046	-0.150	-0.150
Soybean	0.028	0.002	0.011	0.002	0.003	0.171	0.150	-0.050
Sugar	0.010	-0.020	0.030	0.015	0.002	0.052	0.800	0.200
Pork	0.019	0.015	-0.006	-0.007	0.002	-0.163	0.650	0.100
Beef	-0.013	0.013	-0.024	-0.047	0.011	-0.255	0.854	0.200
Mutton	-0.013	0.013	-0.024	-0.047	0.011	-0.289	0.854	0.200
Poultry	0.037	0.033	0.026	-0.037	-0.004	-0.284	0.854	0.150
Egg	0.012	0.010	0.006	-0.018	0.014	0.032	0.512	-0.050
Milk	-0.023	-0.031	-0.044	-0.086	0.003	-0.464	1.450	0.300
Fish	-0.666	0.009	0.021	-0.048	-0.002	-0.210	1.051	0.150
Oil	0.011	-0.713	0.002	-0.046	0.013	0.068	0.650	0.100
Fruits	0.015	-0.010	-0.781	0.239	-0.007	-0.317	1.103	0.200
Vegetable	-0.011	-0.031	0.101	-0.547	0.011	-0.054	0.850	-0.350
Other food	-0.001	-0.007	-0.003	-0.005	-0.612	-0.217	1.124	0.100
Non food	-0.016	-0.023	-0.026	-0.045	-0.061	-0.903	1.654	0.024

Appendix Table 6-a. Elasticities of demand for food in urban area in 1996 (elasticities change over time)

Commodity	Price of
	Rice	Wheat	Maize	Sweet potato	Potato	Other Coarse	Soybean	Sugar	Pork	Beef	Mutton	Poultry	Egg	Milk
Rice	-0.200	0.080	0.003	0.002	0.003	0.003	-0.002	-0.005	-0.030	-0.003	-0.002	-0.010	-0.003	0.001
Wheat	0.051	-0.250	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	-0.003	-0.003	-0.025	-0.006	-0.004	-0.011	-0.009	0.001
Maize	0.103	0.181	-0.280	0.005	0.005	0.020	0.000	0.002	0.011	0.005	0.003	0.006	0.010	0.003
Sweet potato	0.104	0.197	0.006	-0.250	0.002	0.020	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Potato	0.017	0.025	0.001	0.000	-0.200	0.030	0.002	0.000	0.020	-0.050	-0.010	-0.005	-0.005	0.000
Other coarse	0.050	0.089	0.009	0.007	0.080	-0.280	-0.001	0.002	0.021	0.006	0.004	0.006	0.011	0.001
Soybean	-0.010	-0.018	0.000	0.000	0.001	-0.001	-0.250	0.002	0.019	0.002	0.006	0.004	0.009	0.005
Sugar	-0.037	-0.035	0.000	0.000	-0.002	-0.001	-0.001	-0.600	0.020	0.005	0.005	0.010	0.010	0.002
Pork	-0.029	-0.037	-0.001	0.000	-0.001	-0.001	-0.003	0.001	-0.519	0.029	0.023	0.008	-0.006	0.001
Beef	-0.034	-0.067	0.000	0.000	-0.034	0.000	-0.003	0.004	0.342	-0.774	0.137	0.107	0.008	-0.003
Mutton	-0.034	-0.064	0.000	0.000	-0.012	0.000	0.006	0.006	0.411	0.205	-0.814	0.107	-0.002	-0.003
Poultry	-0.033	-0.045	-0.001	0.000	-0.004	-0.001	-0.004	0.001	0.017	0.028	0.018	-0.693	0.058	-0.003
Egg	-0.019	-0.036	0.000	0.000	-0.003	0.000	0.001	0.004	-0.014	0.004	0.001	0.083	-0.578	0.033
Milk	-0.043	-0.061	-0.001	-0.001	-0.006	-0.003	-0.008	-0.006	-0.064	-0.008	-0.005	-0.031	0.051	-0.856
Fish	-0.030	-0.041	-0.001	-0.001	-0.004	-0.002	0.000	-0.001	0.031	-0.004	-0.003	0.023	0.003	-0.002
Oil	-0.009	-0.002	0.000	0.000	0.004	-0.001	-0.002	-0.007	0.077	0.006	0.004	0.050	0.019	-0.004
Fruits	-0.024	-0.039	-0.001	-0.001	-0.002	-0.001	-0.006	0.001	-0.064	-0.008	-0.005	0.003	-0.008	-0.011
Vegetable	-0.032	-0.038	-0.001	-0.001	-0.011	-0.002	-0.004	0.001	0.021	-0.002	-0.002	-0.004	-0.002	0.001
Other food	-0.028	-0.039	-0.001	-0.001	-0.003	-0.002	-0.008	-0.004	-0.048	-0.003	-0.002	-0.015	-0.014	0.001
Non food	-0.027	-0.038	-0.001	-0.001	-0.004	-0.002	-0.008	-0.004	-0.074	-0.009	-0.007	-0.021	-0.016	-0.003

Appendix Table 6-b. Elasticities of demand for food in urban area in 1996 (elasticities change over time)

(con't from 6-a)

Commodity	Price of
	Fish	Oil	Fruits	Vegetable	Other food	Nonfood	Real Income
Rice	-0.003	0.005	0.012	-0.020	0.015	0.155	0.050
Wheat	-0.004	0.008	0.006	-0.012	0.010	0.140	0.100
Maize	0.002	0.009	0.018	-0.005	0.018	0.084	-0.200
Sweet potato	0.000	0.000	0.000	-0.002	0.020	0.002	-0.100
Potato	0.000	0.030	0.020	-0.100	0.020	0.105	0.100
Other Coarse	0.002	0.009	0.018	-0.005	0.018	0.153	-0.200
Soybean	0.028	0.003	0.011	0.008	0.001	0.079	0.100
Sugar	0.010	-0.020	0.030	0.015	0.002	0.038	0.550
Pork	0.023	0.018	-0.010	0.019	-0.016	-0.150	0.600
Beef	-0.014	0.016	-0.029	-0.018	-0.010	-0.376	0.750
Mutton	-0.014	0.016	-0.029	-0.018	-0.010	-0.501	0.750
Poultry	0.037	0.036	0.021	-0.008	-0.025	-0.149	0.750
Egg	0.021	0.021	0.011	0.008	-0.015	-0.020	0.500
Milk	-0.029	-0.030	-0.062	-0.038	-0.044	-0.355	1.250
Fish	-0.667	0.012	0.013	-0.013	-0.028	-0.237	0.850
Oil	0.033	-0.710	-0.001	-0.023	-0.002	0.018	0.550
Fruits	0.004	-0.014	-0.646	0.172	-0.042	-0.479	1.170
Vegetable	-0.001	-0.013	0.136	-0.618	-0.010	-0.169	0.750
Other food	-0.014	-0.012	-0.011	-0.023	-0.444	-0.430	1.100
Non food	-0.027	-0.014	-0.039	-0.046	-0.117	-0.809	1.284

Appendix Table 7. Key assumptions on the growth of factors affecting grain supply and demand under baseline in China, 1996-2020.

		1996-2000	2001-2005	2006-2010	2011-2015	2016-2020
Annual population growth rate		1.105	0.880	0.820	0.720	0.560
Share of urban population (%)		32	35	39	42	46
Annual per capita income growth rate
	Rural	4.0	3.8	3.5	3.2	3.2
	Urban	4.5	4.2	4.0	3.75	3.2
Annual agricultural research investment growth rate		4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
Annual irrigation investment growth rate		3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
Environmental factors (growth rate)
	Salinity	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
	Erosion	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2

Appendix Table 8. Literacy level of rural labor in China, 1995

	Rural Area				Poor Areas in Southwest China
	National	Guangxi	Guizhou	Yunnan	Average	Guangxi	Guizhou	Yunnan
Illiterate & Semi-illiterate	24.5	8.3	25.9	24.1	28.7	15.9	36.1	35.1
Primary school	36.6	44.3	38.1	44.9	45.4	48.1	40.2	48.9
Middle school	40.1	38.3	31.6	26.9	22.1	29.2	21.0	14.8
High school	8.6	8.2	3.6	3.8	3.4	6.3	2.2	1.3
Specialised secondary school	1.0	0.6	0.7	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.1
College & above	0.24	0.01	0.08	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.00