PEN CULTURE (ENCLOSURE CULTURE) AS AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

M. N. KUTTY and D. CAMPBELL.
African Regional Aquaculture Centre
Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Lectures presented at ARAC for
the Senior Aquaculturists course

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
NIGERIAN INSTITUTE FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE RESEARCH
PROJECT RAF/82/009

July, 1987

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CONTENT

1. PENCULTURE (ENCLOSURE CULTURE) AS AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Evaluation & History of Pen Culture - Pen culture in various parts of the world

1.2.1. Pen culture in Japan

1.2.2. Development of Pen/Enclosure culture in Europe and North America

1.2.3. Pen culture in other parts of the world

1.2.4. Pen culture of milkfish in Philippines

1.2.5. Pen culture in Africa

1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages in Pen Culture

1.3.1. Advantages

1.3.2. Disadvantages

2. REQUIREMENTS OF PEN CULTURE AND SITE SELECTION

2.1. Biological factors

2.2. Physical (structural) factors

2.3. Site Selection

2.4. Site exposure

3. TYPE OF PENS - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

3.1. Rigid enclosures

3.1.1. Embanked Pens

3.1.2. Net enclosure

3.1.3.1 Square corner and subsequent lesser maintenance

3.1.3.2 Predator control (see also “requirements of pens” earlier)

3.1.4. Osland enclosure

3.1.5. Milkfish pen-bamboo poles and net

3.1.5.1 Design and construction

3.1.5.2 Catfish pen in Cote d'Ivoire

3.2. Flexible Enclosure

4. CULTIVABLE SPECIES

4.1. Cultivable species

4.1.1. Freshwater

4.1.2. Brackishwater

4.1.3. Marine

5. CULTURE OPERATIONS

5.1. Speed procurement

5.2. Cleaning nursery and ‘fattening’ pens

5.3. Stocking of nursery and fattening (growout) pens

5.4. Fertilization and feeding

5.5. Maintenance of Pens

5.6. Cropping (Harvest)

6. PEN CULTURE (L'Aquaculture EN Enc los) in Cote d'Ivoire

6.1. Stocking

6.2. Pen construction

7. ACADJA BRUST PARK CULTURE

8. ECONOMICS OF PEN (ENCLOSURE) CULTURE

9. ENVENRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PEN CULTURE

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Space

9.3. Water flow and currents

9.4. Disease

9.5. Predation

9.6. Wild fish populations

9.7. Toxic substances

9.8. Eutrophication

9.9. Miscellaneous

9.10. Predicting environmental effect of intensive farming

9.11. Impact of extensive farming

10. CONCLUSION

11. REFERENCES