| Pollution | Type of effect | Benefit impact | Benefit estimation technique | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedonic property | Hedonic wages | Travel cost | Contingent valuation | Dose-response | Other techniques | Comments | |||
| AIR POLLUTION | |||||||||
| 1. Conventional pollutants (TSP, SOx, NOx) | Respiratory illness | WLD, RAD, medical expenses, suffering | O | L | O | X | X | Health capital model | |
| Respiratory death | Death | L | X | O | O | X | |||
| Aesthetics | Visual, sensory | X | L | O | X | O | some wage evaluation experience | ||
| Recreation | Visits especially to forests | O | O | X | X | O | |||
| Materials | Maintenance/repair | O | O | (?) | (?) | X | For historic monuments | ||
| Vegetation | Crop losses | O | O | O | O | X | Forest reclamation | ||
| WATER POLLUTION | |||||||||
| 1. Conventional pollutants, BOD | Recreation, fishing, boating etc | Visit behaviour | L | O | X | X | O | ||
| Commercial fisheries | Stock losses | O | O | O | O | X | |||
| Aesthetics | Turbidity, odour, unsightliness | X | O | L | X | O | |||
| Ecosystem | Habitat & species loss | O | O | O | X | X | |||
| 2. Trace concentrations | |||||||||
| Drinking water | Illness, mortality | O | O | O | (?) | X | |||
| TOXIC SUBSTANCES | Fisheries | Stock | O | O | O | O | X | ||
| 1. Air (benzene, PCB, pesticides) | Illness and mortality | WLD , RAD. medical expenses, suffering (?) | X | O | X | X | |||
| 2. Hazardous chemicals to land | Aesthetics | Unsightliness | X | O | O | X | O | ||
| Ecosystem | Health, anxiety, ecosystem losses | O | O | O | X | X | |||
| RADIATION | |||||||||
| Illness, mortality | WLD , RAD lives lost | (?) | X | O | L | X | |||
| MARINE POLLUTION | |||||||||
| Oil, radioactive substances, sewage | Aesthetics, swimming | Unsightliness, visit behaviour, illness, fish stock losses | (?) | O | X | X | X | ||
| NOISE | |||||||||
| Nuisance | Annoyance | X | O | O | X | L | |||
Source: Markandya and Pearce (1989)
X = used techniue
(?) = not developed but possible
O = non-usable technique
WLD = work loss days
L = very limited application exists
RAD = restricted activity days [SOURCE]
