Crecimiento y distribución de la población
• Boletín demográfico No. 62. América Latina y Caribe: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población 1950-2050
CEPAL. Boletín demográfico No. 62. América Latina y Caribe: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población 1950-2050. Chile
Boletín Demográfico No. 63, No. 64, No. 65, No. 66, No. 67, No. 68 y No. 69
Las estimaciones de las variables demográficas para el período 1950-2000, que constituyen la base de las proyecciones, se presentan como referencias. Con respecto al período de proyección (2000-2050), se desarrollan hipótesis sobre la evolución de la fecundidad, la mortalidad y la migración, según los criterios establecidos en conjunto con la División de Población de las Naciones Unidas.
• Long-range World Population Projections: Based on the 1998 revision
UN. Long-range World Population Projections: Based on the 1998 revision. New York.
The second half of the twentieth century marked a turning point in human demographic history. After rising continuously for more than two centuries, the rate of world population growth finally began to decline in the late 1960s. This publication presents long-range projections that provide persuasive evidence that this reversal is permanent and that world population growth rates will continue to decline for the foreseeable future. At the same time it shows that the world population is unlikely to stabilize before 2040 and may not do so before the end of the next century. The long range projections presented in this publication extend to 2150 and cover the following major areas: Africa, Asia excluding China and India, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, Oceania, and China and India which have been considered separately
• The State of the World Population 2001
UNFPA. The State of the World Population 2001. New York.
Major environmental challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean are being described by taking into account world population projections. Some of these challenges presented are land degradation, deforestation, water resources and its depletion, urbanization, air pollution and biodiversity.
• World Population Projections to 2150
UN. World Population Projections to 2150. New York.
This publication presents long-range population projections for the period 1950-2150. Projections on fertility are given for eight major areas of the world, namely Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America, Oceania, China, India and Other Asia. The range of potential demographic outcomes underscores the difficulty of focusing on any particular scenario and also highlights the critical importance of current policies and actions for the long-range future of the world population. The World Population Projections 2150, also presents a comparative analysis with prior long-range projections, a summary and conclusions.
• Government Views on the Relationships Between Population and Environment
UN. 1998. Government views on the relationships between population and environment. New York
Concern about the environment has risen to the top of the international agenda and has brought in its wake a renewed attention to population issues. This publication presents a focus on the perceptions of selected Governments on the impact that population size, growth and spatial distribution have on the physical environment.
• Why Latin America Matters? It is a question of demographics
Price, J. 2002. Why Latin America matters? It is a question of demographics. Tendencias Latin American Report. Info America
http://tendencias.infoamericas.com
Demographic trends point to buoyant times for the next generation of Latin Americans. The fifty-year outlook is for strong growth in household wealth in Latin America, moderate growth in the US and declining purchasing power in Europe. Manufacturers of consumer goods will shift their offices to Central and South America to be closer to their largest markets. The fence between Mexico and the United States will disappear as immigration officials compete with their European counterparts to attract Latin American immigrants.
Poverty
• Human development and the environment: challenges for the United Nations in the new millennium
UN. Human development and the environment: challenges for the United Nations in the new millennium. New York
The new millennium sees humankind living in a vastly more complex, inter-linked, and mutually dependent world. There are increasing numbers of actors in world affairs today, as private and public non-state actors jostle alongside national governments in setting and implementing an ever more crowded agenda. This situation is presenting new challenges - in the fields of security, governance, development and environment - and will require innovative thinking and new forms of global governance. This book looks at the problems, processes and actors that constitute the milieu for human development and the environment. The contributions in this volume outline productive ways in which the international community and the UN system can address the major challenges of eradicating poverty and reducing the rate of environmental deterioration.
• Panorama social de América Latina 2000-2001
CEPAL. 2001. Panorama social de América Latina 2000-2001. Santiago de Chile.
Se presenta un análisis de la evolución de la pobreza y la indigencia durante los últimos años y se evalúan los logros alcanzados en este aspecto por los países de América Latina. Además, se describen algunos rasgos básicos del perfil de los hogares pobres, y se discute acerca de la factibilidad de reducir a la mitad la incidencia de la pobreza extrema en la región, conforme a la meta trazada para el año 2015 por la Cumbre del Milenio.
En el tercer capítulo se examina la dinámica del empleo y el desempleo, y por primera vez se presentan antecedentes agregados para el conjunto de los países latinoamericanos, con el fin de destacar las principales tendencias en materia de oferta y demanda laboral, segmentación del mercado de trabajo y evolución y características del creciente desempleo abierto que afecta a un considerable número de países.
• Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe
CEPAL. 2002. Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe.
La edición 2001 del Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe contiene una selección actualizada a comienzos de diciembre de las principales series estadísticas disponibles sobre la evolución económica y social de los países de la región.
• Global Urban Observatory
UN-HABITAT. Global Urban Observatory. UN-HABITAT
The Global Urban Observatory (GUO) was established by UN-HABITAT in response to a decision of the United Nations Commission on Human Settlements, which called for a mechanism to monitor global progress in implementing the Habitat Agenda and to monitor and evaluate global urban conditions and trends.
Otros indicadores de desarrollo social
• Human development report 2002
UNDP. 2002. Human development report 2002. New York
This Human development report examines country by country progress on millennium development goals. It describes the state and progress of human development and its democratic governance for human development.
• Which World? Scenarios for the 21st century
WRI. Hammond, A. Which World? : Scenarios for the 21st Century. Island Press.
Latin America and the Caribbean is home to a still-growing population of nearly half a billion people. Of all the developing regions of the world, it is perhaps the most resource-rich, endowed with huge mineral and oil reserves, abundant sources of water, the world's largest tropical forest, and large areas of fertile soils. Latin Americans have the longest life expectancy and the lowest child mortality of any developing region. Most countries in the region have already undergone the urban transition; three-quarters of Latin Americans live in cities, making the region as urbanized as Western Europe. What might the future hold for this region under different scenario? Demographical, economical, environmental, societal and political trends are analyzed and three different scenarios are being described. These scenarios being Latin America, market world: an economic boom, Latin America, fortress world: stagnation and conflict and Latin America, transformed world: Political and Social Reform.
• Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe
CEPAL. 2002. Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile.
La edición 2001 del Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe contiene unas series estadísticas disponibles sobre la evolución económica y social de los países de la región. La primera parte (Indicadores del desarrollo socio-económicos de América Latina y el Caribe) comprende indicadores socio-económicos derivados (tasas de crecimiento, proporciones o coeficientes), que representan una visión resumida de cada área de interés y que constituyen antecedentes para que la información pueda ser utilizada en análisis especializados. En la segunda parte (Series estadísticas de América Latina y el Caribe) figuran las series históricas en números absolutos, lo que permite su posible utilización para una gran variedad de propósitos. En la mayoría de los cuadros estadísticos aparecen cifras referidas a un mismo tema, ordenadas de manera que se facilite la comparación entre países y entre éstos y los totales o promedios regionales. Al respecto, sólo los cuadros de balanza de pagos y cuentas nacionales son una excepción, ya que han sido elaborados por países
• The Library of Congress Country Studies
Studies of 100 countries that provide an excellent overview of history, economics, politics, and culture. Prepared by the Library of Congress and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Army.
The Country Studies Series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world and examines the interrelationships of those systems and the ways they are shaped by cultural factors.
The countries are Belize, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, el Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela
Gobierno
• Governance in the 21st Century
OECD. Governance in the 21st century. Paris.
As we move into the 21st century, the turbulent transformation of economy and society looks set to continue. Growing integration of markets, radical new technologies, the increasing knowledge intensity of human activity, all point to the emergence of an immensely complex world. But how will it be managed? And by whom? What forms of organisation and decision-making will be required at local, national and global levels to meet the challenges of the next decades? One thing seems certain: old forms of governance -- in the public sector, corporations and civil society -- are becoming increasingly ineffective. New forms of governance will be needed over the next few decades which will involve a much broader range of active players. Traditional hierarchical organisations and top-down control will give way more and more to a wider diffusion of responsibility and decision-making that builds on the talents for innovation and creativity of individuals and groups. This book explores some of the opportunities and risks -- economic, social and technological -- that decision-makers will have to address in the coming years, and outlines what needs to be done to foster society’s capacity to manage its future more flexibly and with broader participation of its citizens.
Legislación política
• Critical Trends: Global Change and Sustainable Development
UN. Global Change and Sustainable Development. New York
In an effort to bring to the international community, important and emerging problems which require urgent policy deliberation and action, this report surveys long-term trends in selected environmental and socio-economic issues. It focuses on the role of policy in influencing developments over the short and long term and the potential for achieving more sustainable patterns of development in the future. It's coverage include population; energy and materials consumption; agriculture and food supply; water - a multifunction resource and human development.
• Comercio, medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable: perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe
UNEP, Leff, E. y Bastida, M. 2001. Comercio, medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable: perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe. México.
Este libro contiene las ponencias presentadas en la Conferencia Internacional “Comercio Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable: Perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe”, realizada del 19 al 21 de febrero de 2001 en la Ciudad de México. Esta reunión ofreció la oportunidad para abrir un proceso orientado a establecer políticas más integradas y agendas mejor balanceadas entre el comercio y el medio ambiente en América Latina y el Caribe. Los trabajos publicados se agruparon en tres grandes temas: Las políticas de comercio, ambiente y desarrollo sustentable en América Latina y el Caribe; Agricultura, bioseguridad, derechos de propiedad intelectual y el acuerdo de los ADPIC de la OMC, y Fortalecimiento de capacidades y formación ambiental.
• Future Trends
OECD, Future Trends 7 CD-Rom
Books, papers and articles claiming to hold the key to understanding the 21st Century are proliferating. The OECD Future Studies Information Base is designed to help policy makers and analysts in this regard, by identifying those future-oriented references most likely to be pertinent to their work and by providing details, in a concise form, on the most significant results of such studies.
Thousands of published and unpublished sources in over a dozen languages are scanned to find those documents offering the most significant data and projections, fresh insights or innovative approaches to the long-term issues facing the public and private sectors.
The Information Base covers macroeconomics, economic development and international trade; prospects for specific sectors of economic activity; labour and social affairs; natural resources; and the methodology of futures research.
More than 11,000 entries are recorded in the Base, and over a thousand new references are added each year. For each reference entered onto the Base, a specially-written 250-word abstract in English provides information on the subject addressed in the document, its main futures-oriented findings and conclusions, as well as the methodology applied if important.
• Critical Trends: Global Change and Sustainable Development
UN. Global Change and Sustainable Development. New York
In an effort to bring to the international community, important and emerging problems which require urgent policy deliberation and action, this report surveys long-term trends in selected environmental and socio-economic issues. It focuses on the role of policy in influencing developments over the short and long term and the potential for achieving more sustainable patterns of development in the future. It's coverage include population; energy and materials consumption; agriculture and food supply; water - a multifunction resource and human development.
• El desarrollo del derecho latinoamericano y su aplicación. Informe sobre los cambios jurídicos después de la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente y el desarrollo (Río 1992).
PNUMA. 2001. El desarrollo del derecho latinoamericano y su aplicación. Informe sobre los cambios jurídicos después de la conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente y el desarrollo (Río 1992). México D.F.
Después de la Cumbre de la Tierra, celebrada en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, en junio de 1992, los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe han llevado a cabo importantes procesos para perfeccionar sus sistemas jurídicos de protección del medio ambiente y promoción del desarrollo sostenible, así como para velar por la aplicación de esos sistemas.
De esos avances da cuenta, desde una perspectiva latinoamericana, este informe, que constituye un elemento de referencia para la reflexión que los propios gobiernos y demás actores del desarrollo sostenible están haciendo sobre el camino recorrido en estos años y lo que aún queda por recorrer.
Estructura económica
• Privatising Sustainable Forestry: A Global Review of Trends and Challenges.
IIED. Landell, N and Ford, J. 1999. Privatising Sustainable Forestry: A Global Review of Trends and Challenges. London.
This report examines the ways in which economic liberalisation has affected the forestry sector. Drawing on a global survey, data is compiled for 23 countries. The information is pulled together to highlight trends in three principal areas: private sector participation, market-based instruments and restructuring forestry authorities. The report goes on to identify three policy measures with special promise for encouraging sustainable forestry: certification, company-community partnerships and measures to encourage private sector involvement in conservation.
• South-North Challenges in Global Forestry
UN. South-North Challenges in Global Forestry. New York
South-North Challenges in Global Forestry addresses the types of transitions operating in global forestry and evaluates the significance of trends. The publication is part of an applied research and policy analysis series on structural changes affecting the developing and transitional economies.
• Forest Clusters: A competitive Model for Latin America
IADB. Bonita, M., Correa, F. et al. Forest Clusters: A competitive model for Latin America. Washington D.C.
The basic objective of this document is to examine the potential for creating forest clusters in Latin America. Specifically, this study aims to (1) identify issues and opportunities for forestry and the forest industry as a vehicle for development in Latin America; (2) define lessons for forest clusters development in Latin America in the light of good practice experiences in the Nordic countries; and (3) formulate policy recommendations for the selected Latin American countries on how to develop and environmentally manage different types of forest clusters.
Inversiones
• Are the good times over? Foreign investment declines in Latin America
Info Americas. Price, J. 2001. Are the good times over? Foreign investment declines in Latin America..
http://tendencias.infoamericas.com
2001 has been a year of weakened investor confidence. The US emerged from a divisive election, questioning its own democratic institutions. Argentines lost faith in their leaders as their economy teetered on default. Investors lost confidence in the Brazilian and Chilean currencies that have dropped on average 32% since January. Now, the terrorist attacks have shaken deeper foundations of the US economy and stock markets that expanded unfettered for a record nine years. In times of uncertainty, companies retreat from risk. Foreign direct investment will drop more than 40% in 2001 after ten consecutive years of growth.
• Foreign direct investment in Latin America: What to do after the family jewels are sold
Info Americas. Price, J. 2001. Foreign direct investment in Latin America: What to do after the family jewels are sold.
http://tendencias.infoamericas.com
The year 2000 saw remarkable economic growth throughout most of Latin America. The same cannot be said for foreign direct investment, which fell by 22 percent compared with 1999. The downward trend will continue in 2001 with FDI sliding by a further 19 percent. Analysts predict a continuing trend of shrinking FDI until 2004 followed by a period of slow recovery. This may seem surprising in light of the improving global perception of the region and the growing recognition of Latin America's democracy and generally sound economics.
• Foreign direct investment in Latin America, the role of European investors
IADB. Vodusek, Z. 2001. Foreign direct investment in Latin America, the role of European investors. Washington D.C.
Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America provides an overview and analysis of the increased presence of European investors in Latin America. As flows grew rapidly from a number of countries, particularly Spain, overall European FDI flows to the region rose more than eight times in the second half of the 1990s relative to the first. The European investor countries covered are Spain, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, the Netherlands and Switzerland. A separate chapter by Professor John Dunning reviews the process of “Latin Americanization” of European companies. The book also presents the results of a survey carried out in the major European investor countries with a view to analyzing corporate investment strategies in Latin America.
Crecimiento económico
• Proyecciones latinoamericanas 2001-2002
ECLAC. Calcagno, A; Manuelito, S y Ryd, G. 2002. Proyecciones latinoamericanas 2001-2002. Chile
La economía de América Latina creció muy lentamente en 2001: se espera un crecimiento cercano a 0,5% para la región en su conjunto, que contrasta con la expansión de 4,1% exhibida en 2000. Esta desaceleración responde en gran medida a un peor desempeño de las economías de mayor gravitación en la región, pero cabe destacar que ha afectado a prácticamente todos los países latinoamericanos.
Para el año 2002 proyectamos un crecimiento en torno a 1%. Esto, si bien significaría otro año con caída en el producto por habitante, está suponiendo una mejoría en varios países, especialmente en el segundo semestre. Esta proyección supone un marco externo que seguirá siendo poco favorable: aun cuando se espera un cambio de tendencia de la economía mundial (y en especial, de la norteamericana) durante 2002 y una moderada recuperación del comercio, el crecimiento mundial seguiría siendo bajo y los precios de los productos primarios continuarían deprimidos. En el plano interno, los países deberán apoyarse más en el mercado interno y, en muchos casos, recuperar la inversión para superar diversos cuellos de botella y retomar una perspectiva de crecimiento a más largo plazo. También será preciso dar respuestas a situaciones de sobreendeudamiento, crisis financieras y emergencias sociales.
• Perspectivas de América Latina en el nuevo contexto internacional de 2001
CEPAL. 2001. Perspectivas de América Latina en el nuevo contexto internacional de 2001.
América Latina enfrenta en 2001 un escenario externo más adverso que el que se percibía a fines de 2000. En particular, se espera para este año un bajo crecimiento en dos de las principales economías mundiales: Estados Unidos y Japón. Ello ya está repercutiendo en el desempeño del comercio latinoamericano, y también en el acceso al financiamiento internacional. Por otra parte, el empeoramiento del marco externo ha dejado al descubierto problemas internos que enfrentan varias economías de la región, que también explican un probable retroceso del crecimiento, en 2001, respecto del alcanzado el año 2000. De este modo, las proyecciones de crecimiento para este año deben ser revisadas a la baja desde el nivel de 3,8% estimado en diciembre pasado a un 3,0%. Esto representaría un retroceso de un punto porcentual con relación al crecimiento que la región alcanzó en 2000.
En este documento se examina, en una primera parte, la evolución reciente y las perspectivas de corto plazo de las principales economías desarrolladas, destacando la desaceleración que está experimentando la economía de Estados Unidos. Una segunda parte analiza el efecto que estos cambios en el marco externo están teniendo sobre el comercio latinoamericano. El tercer capítulo examina el impacto sobre la región de dichos cambios, por la vía del financiamiento externo. Por último, el capítulo 4 presenta las nuevas proyecciones económicas latinoamericanas para el año 2001, a la luz de las consideraciones anteriores y de las características propias a los países de la región.
• Economic Outlook
OECD. 1999. Economic Outlook. Washington D.C.
The OECD Economic Outlook analyses the major trends in the OECD area that will mark the next two years. It provides in-depth coverage of the economic policy measures each Member country should adopt for the years to come. Recent measures and forthcoming developments in selected non-OECD economies in East Asia; Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Russia; and South America are also evaluated in detail.
• Proyecciones latinoamericanas 2001-2002
ECLAC. Calcagno, A; Manuelito, S y Ryd, G. 2002. Proyecciones latinoamericanas 2001-2002. Chile
La economía de América Latina creció muy lentamente en 2001: se espera un crecimiento cercano a 0,5% para la región en su conjunto, que contrasta con la expansión de 4,1% exhibida en 2000. Esta desaceleración responde en gran medida a un peor desempeño de las economías de mayor gravitación en la región, pero cabe destacar que ha afectado a prácticamente todos los países latinoamericanos.
Para el año 2002 proyectamos un crecimiento en torno a 1%. Esto, si bien significaría otro año con caída en el producto por habitante, está suponiendo una mejoría en varios países, especialmente en el segundo semestre. Esta proyección supone un marco externo que seguirá siendo poco favorable: aun cuando se espera un cambio de tendencia de la economía mundial (y en especial, de la norteamericana) durante 2002 y una moderada recuperación del comercio, el crecimiento mundial seguiría siendo bajo y los precios de los productos primarios continuarían deprimidos. En el plano interno, los países deberán apoyarse más en el mercado interno y, en muchos casos, recuperar la inversión para superar diversos cuellos de botella y retomar una perspectiva de crecimiento a más largo plazo. También será preciso dar respuestas a situaciones de sobreendeudamiento, crisis financieras y emergencias sociales.
• World Economic Outlook: Recessions and Recoveries
IMF. 2002. World Economic Outlook. Washington D.C.
The World Economic Outlook presents the IMF staff’s analysis and projections of economic developments at the global level, in major country groups (classified by region, stage of development, etc.), and in many individual countries. It focuses on major economic policy issues as well as on the analysis of economic developments and prospects.
• The world in 2020: Towards a New Global Age
OECD. 1997. The world in 2020: Towards a New Global Age. Paris.
Two visions of the world economy in 2020 are presented.
The first scenario suggests a continuation of current trends and leads to only modest growth, limiting the potential for human progress.
The second provides a more optimistic outlook based on an acceleration of policy reform, with the promise of greater human well-being, better integration of developing countries, enhanced international security and a reduction in poverty world-wide.
This New Global Age will not materialize automatically. Significant efforts will have to be made to secure the stability of macro-economic policy, facilitate large-scale structural reform and define innovative approaches. The projections under this optimistic scenario are not enough: they must lay the foundation for an even more ambitious vision so that a new age of global prosperity can be fully realized.
• Economic Outlook: Latin America Forecast 2002.
InfoAmericas, Price, J. 2002. Latin America Forecast 2002, Tendencias.
http://tendencias.infoamericas.com
Don’t hold your breath waiting for an economic recovery in Latin America this year. After posting a miserable 0.1% real growth rate in 2001, the region will inch forward by less than 1% in 2002. For the second year in a row, Latin America will be the slowest growing region in the world. And the potential political fallout from slow growth and declining wages is troubling, with disgruntled working Latins increasingly rejecting neo-liberal policies.
• Latin American Economic Performance
Latin Focus. Latin American Economic Performance. Spain.
Latin Focus offers news, government statistics, economic forecasts, market analyses and economic indicators for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela.
• Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe, 2001
CEPAL. 2001. Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe, 2001. Santiago de Chile.
En esta publicación se hace un análisis de la evolución de la economía regional en el año 2001, desde una perspectiva comparativa e individual por países. En él se consigna que la fuerte desaceleración que ha mostrado la economía mundial truncó la recuperación iniciada en 2000 en los países de la región y, con ella, las esperanzas de que se diera paso a una etapa de crecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe.
Comercio
• Latin America: Change and Opportunities for Australia
Downer, A. 2000. Latin America: Change and Opportunities for Australia. Canberra, Australia.
Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander DownerSpeech by The Minister for Foreign Affairs, The Hon Alexander Downer MP to the Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies
While the government's highest foreign policy priority is engagement with our immediate region, we are also actively seeking to strengthen our relations with Latin America, an emerging dynamic region of the world. We now look increasingly to each other for trade and investment opportunities. As middle ranking powers and commodity-based economies, Australia and many Latin American countries share common trading interests. We also share similar perspectives on a range of global issues. And we share a fundamental belief in democracy and economic liberalisation. I would now like to look briefly at the future for Australia-Latin America relationships and how we can continue to build on them
• The Effect of a Tariff Elimination Policy on the Forest Sector: A Global Perspective
CINTRAFOR. Perez-Garcia, J. 2001. The Effect of a Tariff Elimination Policy on the Forest Sector: A Global Perspective. Seattle
Current tariffs on wood products act as a barrier to trade. They restrict market access to more efficient producers.
The scenario analysis also suggests the possibility that, in the short term, tariff elimination may not lead to increase global consumption.
Initial changes in softwood lumber trade flows reach 20% from baseline dropping to 13% by 2010. The result suggests that tariffs in softwood lumber have restricted markets mostly for North American and European producers. Because the North American, particularly the US market, and Europe are also the major consumers of softwood lumber, a tariff elimination scenario results in greater international demand for their products raising domestic prices and lowering domestic consumption. This reduction in North American and European domestic consumption outweighs consumption gains in Japan, Australia and Mexico, regions where tariff elimination occurs.
The current economic outlook for Asia is likely having a strong influence on the above result. Baseline results suggest a strong demand in the US while Asian consumption has fallen. The current global market condition has raised product prices in the US and lowered prices in Asia, an effect expected from lowering tariffs, but due to different forces. With an expanding US domestic markets and little consumption growth in Asian, the tariff elimination policy places further upward price pressure on US consumers as US and other producers shift some production from domestic to international markets. A further strengthening of foreign demand through a tariff elimination scenario reinforces upward price pressures affecting consumers in the US. Hence, the simulation suggests a global consumption decline in the short term with a price rise in the North American and European markets. This result suggests low cost producers are constrained from meeting expanded demand from tariff liberalization in the short run.
The above results suggests the major part of increased softwood harvests would involve Canadian forests which are mostly natural followed by secondary forests in the US and Europe. Depending on Chinese consumption changes, the major increase in hardwood harvests would originate from Southeast Asian producers under high Chinese consumption growth. Otherwise, the increase in hardwood consumption would flow from US forests.
• Trade, environment and the Millennium
UN. Trade, Environment and the Millennium.
The relationship between trade policy and environment policy remains a complex one. There has been much debate and discussion at the World Trade Organization (WTO) meetings but so much more is yet to be done to emphasize the need to strengthen environmental protection and ensure that trade rules support national policies providing for high levels of environmental protection. This publication attempts to raise an awareness of some of the key issues that should be discussed at future WTO negotiations by elaborating the concerns of both developing countries and environmentalists. Included in the book's presentation are such issues as: improving the agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary standards; environmental labelling schemes; the agreement on technical barriers to trade, the committee on trade and environment and eco-labelling; and environmental treaties and trade.
• Comercio, medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable: perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe
UNEP, Leff, E. y Bastida, M. 2001. Comercio, medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable: perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe. México.
Este libro contiene las ponencias presentadas en la Conferencia Internacional “Comercio Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable: Perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe”, realizada del 19 al 21 de febrero de 2001 en la Ciudad de México. Esta reunión ofreció la oportunidad para abrir un proceso orientado a establecer políticas más integradas y agendas mejor balanceadas entre el comercio y el medio ambiente en América Latina y el Caribe. Los trabajos publicados se agruparon en tres grandes temas: Las políticas de comercio, ambiente y desarrollo sustentable en América Latina y el Caribe; Agricultura, bioseguridad, derechos de propiedad intelectual y el acuerdo de los ADPIC de la OMC, y Forta
• International Trade and Foreign Markets
USDA. Anonymous. International Trade and Foreign Markets. Washington D.C.
This bulletin is issued from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service.
• World Commodity Survey 2000-2001 - Markets, Trends and the World Economic Environment
UNCTAD. 2001. World Commodity Survey 2000-2001 - Markets, Trends and the World Economic Environment. New York
World Commodity Survey discusses over 80 commodities and key commoditized industry sectors as well as the main commodity-related services. At the beginning of this new millennium, it explores recent world trends and developments that have had an impact on commodity markets. It presents comprehensive, practical information on the increasingly globalized markets for all commodities produced and traded internationally, be they soft or hard, unprocessed or processed.
• Trade and Development Report 2001
UN. 2000. Trade and Development Report 2001. New York
The Trade and Development Report (TDR) has become a valuable analytical source on trends and prospects in the global economy and its challenging analysis of pressing economic issues is eagerly anticipated, particularly by those involved in international business and economic development.
• Tree Trade Liberalization of international commerce in forest products: Risks and opportunities
WRI, Sizer, N; Downes, D and Kaimowitz, D. 1999. Tree Trade Liberalization of international commerce in forest products: Risks and opportunities.
In light of the important issues that trade and forests entail, this report analyzes the risks and opportunities associated with proposed liberalization of international commerce in forest products.
The authors note that unless countries that export forest products improve forest protection policies, laws, and practices, further trade liberalization poses a significant threat to efforts to conserve and sustainable managed forests.
• Trade and Development Report 2002.
UNCTAD. 2002. Trade and Development Report 2002.
The Trade and Development Report 2002 (TDR 2002) analyses trends and outlooks for the world economy and focuses on export dynamism and industrialization in developing countries.
• Comercio, medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable: perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe
PNUMA. 2001. Comercio, medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable: perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe. México D.F.
Este libro contiene las ponencias presentadas en la Conferencia Internacional “Comercio Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable: Perspectivas de América Latina y el Caribe”, realizada del 19 al 21 de febrero de 2001 en la Ciudad de México. Esta reunión ofreció la oportunidad para abrir un proceso orientado a establecer políticas más integradas y agendas mejor balanceadas entre el comercio y el medio ambiente en América Latina y el Caribe. Los trabajos publicados se agruparon en tres grandes temas: Las políticas de comercio, ambiente y desarrollo sustentable en América Latina y el Caribe; Agricultura, bioseguridad, derechos de propiedad intelectual y el acuerdo de los ADPIC de la OMC, y Fortalecimiento de capacidades y formación ambiental.
• Trade situation with Latin America
U.S. Department of Commerce. 2000. Trade situation with Latin America. Washington D.C.
An analysis of the economic overview, opportunities and current challenges of the different sub-regions (southern cone, Andean community, Central America and the Caribbean and Mexico) of the American continent is described.
• Reconciling Trade and the Environment: Lessons from Case Studies in Developing Countries
UN. 1999. Reconciling Trade and the Environment: Lessons from Case Studies in Developing Countries. New York
The link between trade and the environment has focused on two broad issues: how changing trade regimes have affected the environment and how stricter environmental regulations have affected trade. This book, based on eleven case studies undertaken by research institutes in developing countries provides empirical evidence from Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Malaysia, The Philippines, Poland, Thailand, Turkey and Zimbabwe. The book provides a wealth of information and shows a wide difference of outcomes from country to country, allowing the authors to draw an interesting set of conclusions. It will be useful for students and researchers in environmental and international economics and will be essential reading for policymakers in government and non-governmental organisations.
• Unlocking Trade Opportunities
IIED. 1997. Unlocking Trade Opportunities. London.
This report, commissioned by the UN for the five year review of the Earth Summit in 1997, presents 10 case studies of producers in developing countries who had benefited from moves towards sustainable consumption in their export markets. Examples are drawn from the agriculture, forestry, manufacturing and tourism sectors from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Pacific.
• Trade Report
Tradeport. Trade Report.
Provide information on demographics, political environment, market research reports, industry sector analysis reports and trade information for Mexico, Central American, Caribbean and South American countries.
Certificación
• Certification’s Impacts on Forests, Stakeholders and Supply Chains
IIED. Bass, S; Grieg-Gran, M; Markopoulos, M; Roberts, S and Thornber K. 2001.
Certification’s Impacts on Forests, Stakeholders and Supply Chains.
Certification was developed to independently verify the quality of forest management, to communicate this to market players, and so to improve market benefits for the products of good management. The growing influence of the Forest Stewardship Council is one of the most striking recent developments in forestry.
• Certification and community forestry: current trends, challenges and potential
World Bank/WWF Alliance. Irving, D. 1999. Certification and community forestry: current trends, challenges and potential. Washington D.C.
There is widespread interest in the potential of forest certification as a tool for maintaining and promoting good forest management on the extensive forest lands worldwide managed by local communities. They assumed that forest certification would help to provide markets for growing community forestry efforts around the world, and that low-impact, locally based enterprises would be more easily certified than industrial forestry in the early stages of the movement.
Over the last decade, however, the reverse trend has evolved. Forest certifications have overwhelming been awarded to industrial forest owners, mainly in the north (Bass and Simula 1999). The few community forestry enterprises that have been certified have as yet found little benefit in the market.
Forest-based communities, certified or uncertified, still face the challenge of combining economic and social goals in managing their resources and planning for the future. This challenge is increasingly daunting for communities faced with the pressures of a globalizing economy and a consolidating forest industry.
A closer look at current and potential community forestry certifications, and the larger pattern of evolving involvement of communities in the certification process shows that the role of certification in promoting good forest management has been more complex than initially envisioned. Furthermore, it is not yet clear how local participation will shape the emerging certification movement. This paper will examine the history of community forestry involvement in certification to date, the challenges and opportunities that certification may provide to forest communities in the future, and the ways that the WB-WWF Alliance may be able to constructively support this process to help improve the management of community forest resources.
This book provides evidence for considerable policy and institutional change as a result of certification, and the beginnings of change in forest and market practice.
• Overview of global trends in FSC certificates
IIED. Thornber, K. 1999. Overview of global trends in FSC certificates. London
This document is a factual summary of information of all active certificates compiled by FSC in 1999.
Ayuda internacional
• Global Environment in the 21st Century, Prospects for International Cooperation
UN. Global Environment in the 21st Century, Prospects for International Cooperation. New York
The earth's physical and biological systems are facing an unprecedented strain. Environmental pollution, the growing population and the range of animal and plant species are all placing a strain on the earth, threatening human health and economic well-being. This publication examines the roles of different actors in the formulation of international and national environmental policy. It analyzes the effectiveness of such actors as: states, civil society, market forces, regional arrangements and international organizations, and their relationship with other actors both within and outside the United Nations system.
• Financiamiento para el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe – de Monterrey a Johannesburgo
CEPAL. 2002. Financiamiento para el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe – de Monterrey a Johannesburgo.
América Latina y el Caribe invierten menos de uno por ciento de su producto bruto interno (PIB) en ambiente y desarrollo sustentable, reveló un informe presentado ayer en Johannesburgo por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
El informe "Financiamiento para el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe - De Monterrey a Johannesburgo", señala que el gasto ambiental rara vez sobrepasa tres por ciento del gasto público total y si se considera el gasto privado no suele superar uno por ciento.
La CEPAL reiteró que los pasados cinco años fueron "media década perdida" para la región e indicó que la ayuda de la comunidad internacional se concentra en pocos países latinoamericanos.
En la última década la región sólo captó 12 por ciento de la ayuda oficial al desarrollo de los países ricos, es decir casi 5.000 millones de dólares. Y esa asistencia se concentró en pocos países de bajos ingresos, como Nicaragua, Bolivia, Honduras y Perú.
En cambio la inversión extranjera directa aumentó significativamente en los años 90, pasando de un promedio anual de 18.200 millones de dólares entre 1990 y 1994 a 69.500 millones en el periodo 1995-99, indica el informe de CEPAL.
Pero esta inversión también estuvo concentrada en pocas economías, como Brasil (35 por ciento), México (21 por ciento) y Argentina (15 por ciento).
Por otra parte, las políticas latinoamericanas orientadas a incentivar la inversión, en especial la inversión extranjera y las exportaciones, incorporan de manera marginal el tema ambiental.
Un elemento muy preocupante es que en los periodos de crisis se tiende a hacer recortes muy fuertes en los programas de inversión.
El documento fue presentado durante la Cumbre Mundial de Desarrollo Sostenible, que concluye hoy, en un acto auspiciado por el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y encabezado por el presidente de México, Vicente Fox, con la presencia de su par de Ecuador, Gustavo Noboa.
Por otra parte, el informe de la CEPAL constata la caída de la asistencia internacional de los países ricos. En 1992 el mundo industrializado destinaba 0,33 por ciento de su PIB a la ayuda a las naciones pobres, asistencia que cayó a 0,22 por ciento en 2001.
Pero hay diferencias marcadas. Mientras Estados Unidos sólo aporta 0,1 por ciento de su PIB a la asistencia al desarrollo, la de Dinamarca es de 1,01 por ciento.
Por su parte el PNUD invirtió desde 1992 casi 1.400 millones de dólares para financiar el desarrollo sustentable en América Latina y el Caribe, dijo a Tierramérica Elena Martínez, directora regional de la agencia.
De esos fondos, más de 200 millones se destinaron a proyectos para el desarrollo de fuentes renovables de energía, la promoción de la energía rural y la erradicación de la pobreza, dijo Martínez.
Muchos de esos proyectos se llevaron a cabo mediante alianzas con comunidades, gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, empresas, donantes bilaterales e instituciones financieras, añadió.
El informe de CEPAL señala como elemento positivo que América Latina cuenta con la red más completa de bancos multilaterales del mundo en desarrollo, como el BID, el Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica, y la Corporación Andina de Fomento, que pronto se convertirá en entidad bancaria.
Uno de los mayores obstáculos para el desarrollo sustentable en América Latina, indica el informe de CEPAL, es su deuda externa, que asciende a 800.000 millones de dólares.
• Latin American and the Caribbean Regional Fact sheet (2001)
IFC. Latin American and the Caribean Regional Fact sheet (2001). Washington D.C
IFC Latin American Fact sheet attempts to give a recent perspective on IFC involvement and/or the support of IFC activities in some (but not all) IFC member countries of Latin America.
Globalización
• Globalización y desarrollo
CEPAL. 2002. Globalización y desarrollo. Santiago de Chile.
El mundo de hoy está marcado por lo que se conoce como el proceso de globalización, es decir, la creciente gravitación de los procesos económicos, sociales y culturales de carácter mundial sobre aquellos de carácter nacional o regional. En la segunda parte del documento se tratan temas específicos: Vulnerabilidad externa y política macroeconómica (Capítulo 5), Inserción de América Latina y el Caribe en los circuitos comerciales y productivos globales (Capítulo 6), Fortalecimiento de los sistemas de innovación y desarrollo tecnológico (Capítulo 7), Migración internacional y globalización (Capítulo 8), Globalización y sostenibilidad ambiental (Capítulo 9), Globalización y desarrollo social (Capítulo 10) y Efectos de la globalización sobre las economías del Caribe (Capítulo 11). En estos capítulos, después de un breve diagnóstico de los principales problemas, se presenta una serie de medidas que deberían adoptarse en los ámbitos nacional, regional e internacional, y se detallan las propuestas que figuran en el Capítulo 4.
• Global Environment Outlook 2000
UNEP. 2000. Global Environment Outlook 2000. Nairobi.
It incorporates regional views and perceptions, and builds consensus on priority issues and actions through dialogue among policy-makers and scientists at regional and global levels.
Overview of Latin America and Caribbean: two major environmental issues stand out in the region. The first is to find solutions to the problems of the urban environment - nearly three-quarters of the population are already urbanized, many in mega-cities where air quality threatens human health and water shortages are common. The second issue is the depletion and destruction of forest resources, especially in the Amazon basin, and the related threat to biodiversity.
• Global Environmental Outlook
UNEP. 1997. Global Environmental Outlook. Earthscan Publication LTD. London
GEO-1 confirms both striking similarities and marked differences among regions in terms of which environmental issues are of primary concern today. It also elaborates the priorities in the different regions with regard to land, forests, biodiversity, water, marine and coastal environments, atmosphere and urban and industrial environments.
The first GEO Report concludes with a brief exploration, based on model analyses, of what we might expect in the future for a selected number of environmental issues. The results in this final chapter highlight the integrated nature of the environment and underscore the need for more systematic analysis of linkages between environment, social, economic, institutional, and cultural sectors and among different environmental issues, such as biodiversity, climate, land, and water.
• Global Environment Outlook 3
UNEP. 2002. Global Environmental Outlook 3. Earthscan Publication LTD. London
GEO3 is an overview of major developments between 1972 and 2002 highlights significant milestones and integrates environmental, economic and social factors within a unified world view. The retrospective chapter explores many of these developments in greater depth from global and regional standpoints. The report presents a global overview and also directs a spotlight onto two or three key issues that are considered paramount in each of the seven regional arenas under each of eight environmental themes in turn: land, forests, biodiversity, freshwater, coastal and marine areas, atmosphere, urban areas and disasters.
GEO 3 uses scenarios analysis to explore the environmental outlook, fast-forwarding the reader into an array of alternative futures that provide insight on where events could lead us at various stages between 2002 and 2032.
• Critical Trends: Global Change and Sustainable Development
UN. 1997. Global Change and Sustainable Development. New York
In an effort to bring to the international community, important and emerging problems which require urgent policy deliberation and action, this report surveys long-term trends in selected environmental and socio-economic issues. It focuses on the role of policy in influencing developments over the short and long term and the potential for achieving more sustainable patterns of development in the future. It's coverage include population; energy and materials consumption; agriculture and food supply; water - a multifunction resource and human development.
• Future of the Global Environment, the: A Model-based Analysis Supporting UNEP’s First Global Environment Outlook
UN. Future of the global environment, the model based analysys supporting UNEP’s first global environment outlook. New York
Integrated assessment is one of the more powerful information tools to rational environmental policy. This report illustrates the integrated assessment an modelling techniques can be excellent tools for environment and development policy-setting. It documents The Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and the Environment's (RIVMs) contribution to UNEP's first Global Environment Outlook report. It focuses on one particular element of integrated assessment - looking ahead.
• Human development and the environment: challenges for the United Nations in the new millennium
UN. Human development and the environment: challenges for the United Nations in the new millennium. New York
The new millennium sees humankind living in a vastly more complex, inter-linked, and mutually dependent world. There are increasing numbers of actors in world affairs today, as private and public non-state actors jostle alongside national governments in setting and implementing an ever more crowded agenda. This situation is presenting new challenges - in the fields of security, governance, development and environment - and will require innovative thinking and new forms of global governance. This book looks at the problems, processes and actors that constitute the milieu for human development and the environment. The contributions in this volume outline productive ways in which the international community and the UN system can address the major challenges of radicating poverty and reducing the rate of environmental deterioration.
• Environmental Outlook
OECD. Environmental Outlook. Paris.
At the beginning of the 21st century, OECD countries are taking stock of their natural resources and evaluating the damage that is being done to the environment. They are also examining the actions that can be taken to ensure a clean, healthy and productive environment to pass on to future generations. The OECD Environmental Outlook provides economy-based projections of environmental pressures and changes in the state of the environment to 2020. Drawing on an analysis of the economic, social and technological forces driving environmental change, this report provides projections to 2020 of environmental pressures from key economic sectors (agriculture, forestry, fishery, transport, energy and selected industry sectors) and changes in the state of the environment for selected environmental issues (freshwater, biodiversity, climate change, air quality and waste). Cross-sectoral issues are also examined, such as human health and the environment, the social and environmental interface and resource efficiency. Finally, the OECD Environmental Outlook assesses the underlying institutional frameworks for the environment, and identifies and examines the economic and environmental effects of concrete policy packages to address the main problems identified.
The Outlook draws on extensive economic and environmental data and analysis of the OECD; the Pressure-State-Response framework forms the backbone of the analysis. The key findings of the report are summarised using traffic lights. These include a number of "red light" issues which need to be addressed urgently by OECD countries, but also "yellow lights" which require further investigation or some action, and "green lights" for which OECD countries should proceed with caution. The "red lights" identified for OECD countries regarding the state of the environment include climate change, urban air quality, biodiversity, fish stocks, groundwater quality and chemicals in the environment.
Cambios climáticos
• Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability - Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
IPCC-UNEP. 2001. Climate Change 2001. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge
This report brings us completely up-to-date on the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems to climate change and suggests options for adaptation to predicted effects.
Evaluates evidence that recent observed changes in climate have already affected a variety of physical and biological systems. Studies the vulnerabilities of human populations to future climate change, including associated sea-level rise, climate extremes such as floods and droughts. Takes into account potential impacts on water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, coastal and other types of settlements, and economic activities.
Assesses the potential
responses of natural environments and the wildlife that inhabits them to future
climate change and identifies environments at particular risk. Considers how
adaptation to climate change might lessen adverse impacts or enhance beneficial
impacts. Provides an overview of the vulnerabilities and adaptation
possibilities for all major regions of the world. Contrasts the different
vulnerabilities of the developed and developing parts of the world and explores
the implications for sustainable development and equity concerns.
• El Niño and Health
WHO. 1999. El Niño and health. Geneva.
The report highlights the fact that the ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) phenomenon has had a substantial impact on world climate, being directly associated with weather-related disasters like hurricanes and tropical storms, floods and droughts, forest and bush fires, as well as increasing the risk for certain vector-borne diseases, most notably malaria.
The ENSO phenomenon provides opportunities for early warning which should improve disaster and disease outbreak preparedness in the future. Seasonal forecasting methods and information can be used to far greater effect by the health sector. For example the onset and progression of El Niño can now be forecasted months ahead, and can give a timely seasonal indicator of malaria risk.
The ENSO phenemenon also provides opportunities to study the effects of longer-term climate change on human health. Longer-term climate change may affect El Niño and is very likely to affect the frequency and intensity of weather events. Addressing the health impacts of El Niño can thus lead to reduced vulnerability to the potential health impacts of climate change.
• Climate Change Mobilising Global Effort
OECD. 1997. Climate Change Mobilising Global Effort. Washington D.C.
This book contains a selection of papers from the meeting and the summary report. Its contents help to define the role of governments and begin to address how best to mobilise global effort to respond to climate change.
• The Impact of Climate Change
UNEP. 1993. The Impact of Climate Change. Nairobi.
This volume of the Earthwatch Environment Library summarizes our current state of knowledge on climate change and its possible consequences. It is based on the results of climate research, including the findings of the WMO/UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established in 1988 to draw together scientific research on the enhanced greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change; to assess possible impacts of climate change on human activities and natural ecosystems; and to recommend suitable courses of action to reduce these impacts.
• Climate, Biodiversity, and Forests: Issues and Opportunities Emerging from the Kyoto Protocol
WRI. 1998. Climate, Biodiversity, and Forests: Issues and Opportunities Emerging from the Kyoto Protocol. Washington D.C
Over the past 150 years, deforestation has contributed an estimated 30 percent of the atmospheric build-up of CO2. It is also a significant driving force behind the loss of genes, species, and critical ecosystem services. However, in the international policy arena, biodiversity loss and climate change have often moved in wholly unconnected domains. While the 1997 Kyoto Protocol is a key step towards the mitigation of climate change, it leaves many questions unanswered, including the role of forests and land-use change in meeting obligations to slow global warming. Climate, Biodiversity, and Forests: Issues and Opportunities Emerging from the Kyoto Protocol examines why, with so much at stake, the role of forests and land-use change under the Kyoto Protocol remains controversial. The report focuses on the need for strong international commitments and concerted action
• Regional Cooperation in Climate Change
UN. 1998. Regional Cooperation in Climate Change. New York
Regional Cooperation on Climate Change presents the proceedings of an expert group meeting which offered the opportunity to governments to exchange information, cooperation and dialogue on climate change. It presents numerous country reports and papers, as well as papers from international organizations.
• Forest Transition and Carbon Fluxes: Global Scenarios and Policies
UN. Forest Transition and Carbon Fluxes: Global Scenarios and Policies. New York
This publication discusses the scenarios and policies on how the deforestation of natural forests and the expansion of forest plantations influence the global carbon cycle through emissions and sequestration and on consequence how forestry operations impact on the climate, and vice versa. It includes four case studies on Brazil, Norway, Indonesia, tropical deforestation and Chile. This publication focuses on three specific research tasks: make scenarios of forest changes and carbon fluxes in the south and north in the short range (10-30 years) and the long range (50-100 years), - evaluate the effectiveness and cost efficiency of different forestry management options in carbon sequestration and in decelerating deforestation and - discuss the potential of tradable carbon permits in view of south-north cooperation on development and environment. The study also analyzes forest expansion and carbon fluxes in Europe and North America; the economics of tropical forestland use and global warming and reviews international policy issues on carbon fluxes and forests in the south.
• Debt for nature: A swap whose time has gone
ECLAC. 2001. Debt for nature: A swap whose time has gone. Santiago de Chile.
This paper purports to review the performance of the debt for nature swap (DNS) programs in light of their dual objectives of lowering deforestation rates as well as the cost of debt servicing. It evaluates the performance of private and Public DNS inquires whether such swaps have made any significant dent on the debt and deforestation problems besetting many developing countries.
It also assesses the prospects for such swaps in the future.
• Getting it Right: Emerging Markets for Storing Carbon in Forests
WRI, Totten, M. 1999. Getting it Right: Emerging Markets for Storing Carbon in Forests.
While there are a number of outstanding issues that still need to be resolved around measurement, time frames, methodologies, and verification, the momentum to create a market for forests as sinks of carbon emissions is clearly accelerating.
This report discusses a variety of deals which have already been completed, and the opportunity for businesses to get a head start on emissions reductions, and the opportunity for forest conservation.
The report goes on to highlight the opportunities for all stakeholders, including business, is to engage the political process to make sure the rules are set right and operationalized.
With the "right rules" there can be a clear co-benefit for climate mitigation, efficient commerce, and forest conservation.
• Support for climate and environment roles
UNDP. 2001. Support for climate and environment roles. New York.
31 of 33 countries in the region are preparing their First and Second National Communications, as required by parties to the Climate Change Convention. These documents provide baseline information about the impact each country has on the atmosphere. These documents provide data on sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, vulnerability to the effects of climate change, prospective adaptation requirements and mitigation measures, and assessments of national capacities.
Biodiversidad
• Balancing the Scales: Guidelines for Increasing Biodiversity's Chances Through Bioregional Management
WRI. Miller, K.R. 1996. Balancing the Scales: Guidelines for Increasing Biodiversity's Chances Through Bioregional Management. Washington D.C.
Biodiversity conservation efforts are at risk as wild lands are rapidly lost to crops and fibre production, haphazard governmental programs and private interests, urbanization, and infrastructure development to meet the demands of growing human populations. . . . Can the elements of wild nature -- its species, genetic traits, populations, habitats, and ecosystems -- be maintained in landscapes that also need to produce material goods, environmental services, and the many cultural, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits that people everywhere want?
• Global Biodiversity: Earth’s Living resources in the 21st Century
UN. Global Biodiversity: Earth’s Living resources in the 21st Century. New York.
http://www.un.org/Pubs/update/envirupd.htm
• The terrestrial biosphere and global change: Implications for natural and managed ecosystems
Cambridge University Press. Walker, B., Stefan, W., Canadell, J., and Ingram, J. 1999. The terrestrial biosphere and global change: Implications for natural and managed ecosystems. Cambridge
The potential impact of terrestrial biosphere and global changes on natural and managed ecosystems is extensive and of real significance to world agriculture. Changes in land use, land cover, the atmosphere, climate and biodiversity are all likely to affect the abilities of living organisms to survive and interact with each other and in different regions of the world; these impacts will be different and occur at different rates.
This books deals with a discussion of future perspectives from a biologist’s and an agricultural scientist’s perspective.
• Global biodiversity in a changing environment, scenarios for the 21st century
Springer-Verlag. Chapin, F.S.III., Sala, O.E., Sannwald, E. 2001. Global biodiversity in a changing environment, scenarios for the 21st century. Heidelberg, Germany
This volume uses our understanding of global environmental change to present the first comprehensive scenarios of biodiversity for the twenty first century. Combining physical earth science with conservation biology, Future scenarios of global biodiversity provides a starting point for regional assessments on all scales.
The book will be of interest to those concerned with guiding research on the changing environment of the earth and with planning future policy, especially in accordance with the Global Biodiversity Convention.
• Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the year 2100
Science Magazine. Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S., Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E et al. Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the year 2100. Vol 287: 1770-1774
Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes.
This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange and elevated carbon dioxide concentration.
• Future scenarios of global biodiversity
Science Magazine. Chapin, S., Sala, O.e. and Huber-Sannwald, E. 2000. Future Scenarios of global biodiversity. 287: 1770-1774
Scenarios of change in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes.
This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change.
• Global Biodiversity: Earth’s Living Resources in the 21st Century
WCMC. Groombridge, B. and Jenkins, M. 2000. Global Biodiversity: Earth’s living Resources in the 21st century. Cambridge
The first part of Global Biodiversity opens with an outline of some fundamental aspects of material cycles and energy flows within the biosphere. This is followed by discussion of the components of biological diversity, and an account of its expansion through geological time as well as the pattern of its distribution over the surface of the Earth.
The second part is concerned with material relationships between humans and biodiversity, covering the salient features of our impacts on the environment from the earliest hominids onwards, and the uses currently made of elements of biodiversity. This part also summarizes information on trends in the condition of the main ecosystem types and the species integral to them, contributing to objective analysis of the state of the biosphere at the dawn of this third millennium.
‘Global Biodiversity deliberately refrains from making any predictive statements about where humans' current behaviour patters may ultimately lead us,’ the authors, Brian Groombridge and Martin Jenkins explain. ’Rather it attempts to present a balanced portrait of the living Earth at the end of the 20th century. It is our hope that Global Biodiversity may serve as a frame of reference for our future actions, actions that will help determine how long we, as a species, continue to enjoy a place amongst the other denizens of this strange, blue planet.’
Deforestación
• The future of Latin American Natural Forests
ECLAC. Dourojeanni, M. 1999. The future of Latin American Natural Forests.
Deforestation and forest degradation trends of previous decades in Latin America remain unchanged despite international concern and new paradigms such as sustainable development. Social inequities and associated poverty can still be considered the main causes of forest losses, compounded by colonization accepted by governments as part of geo-politics and new economic growth policies. Natural forests are not being managed, except to some extent as protected areas and under current social and economic conditions, sustainable management of natural forests may not be profitable. The main opportunity to conserve natural forests may be in the recognition of and payment for the environmental services they provide and in the production of highly priced “certified green” good that would make sustainable forest management profitable. However this solution requires serious world negotiation. Meanwhile compensatory measures such as the establishment and better management of strictly protected areas are the best tools to delay the loss of ecosystems and species. Also useful are reforestation, agro forestry, restoration of degraded forests and ecotourism.
• Deforestation hot-spots
EU, Achard, F., Eva, H.D., Glinni, A., Mayaux, P., Stibig, H-J., Richards, T., 1998, Identification Of Deforestation Hot Spot Areas In The Humid Tropics, TREES Publications Series B, Research Report No.4, Luxembourg
The TREES project invited a group to discuss and where possible outline the main areas of rapid forest change across South and Central America. Apart from the experts, an extensive literature review was undertaken and contact was made with numerous groups involved in natural resource monitoring.
Throughout Central and South America major land use changes have occurred due to economic growth, and migration. The latter has arisen due to a number of reasons: isolation from markets and employment opportunities, lack of cultivable land, drought and civil disturbances, and few opportunities for producing cash crops (Preston 1996).
The main migratory trends have been from the north-east
of Brazil, from the Andes and from the highlands of Central America. In a number
of countries the process has been encouraged by government grants, subsidies and
infrastructure improvements.
Economic growth itself has
also stimulated these infrastructure improvements, constructing and upgrading
ports, roads, mineral exploration and exploitation etc., all of which combine to
make easier access to, and export from the forested regions.
• The last frontier forests: ecosystems and economies on the edge
WRI. Nielsen, D., Bryant, D. and Tangley, L. The last frontier forests: ecosystems and economies on the edge.
The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge shows the dramatic decline of original pristine forest and the status of the large remaining tracts. In vivid full-page, full-colour maps, it ranks country by country the perilous state of the world's forests today and provides systematic, easily comparable forestry profiles for Oceania, Asia, Europe and Russia, South America, North and Central America, and Africa. It also analyzes threats to the world's remaining forces areas and explains how to reverse these dangerous trends.
• Déforestation: Reseau des Conseillers Forestiers de l’ACDI
RCFA. Romper, J and Roberts, R. 1999. Déforestation: Reseau des Conseillers Forestiers de l’ACDI (RCFA). Canada.
Dans ce dossier sur la foresterie, les auteurs examinent l’étendue de la deforestation tropicale dans les pays en dévelopement, ses causes et ses conséquences, ainsi que les perspectives d’une utilisation des terres plus durables. Ce document a été préparé dans le but de contribuer à une meilleure comprehension pour la population, des questions complexes de nature sociale, économique et environnementale que souleve la déforestation tropicale. Les facteurs que favorisent la deforestation sont, entre autres, la pauvreté, la recherche du pouvoir, la croissance demographique et l’analphabétisme. Asinsi sont egalement etudier, les politiques publiques inadéquates, le decir de s’approprier des terres, les forces du marché a l’echelle nationale et mondiale, l’agriculture, lélevage a grande echelle, la collecte de bois de chauffage .
Desertificación
• Reports submitted to the COP, Latin Americana and the Caribbean
UNCCD. 2002. Reports submitted to the COP, Latin Americana and the Caribbean. Bonn, Germany
These national reports are guided to provide a general vision of environmental national problematic, generated from depletion and degradation of the natural resources which influence of direct manner in the process of desertification and affects drought.
• Country Reports on 12 natural resource issues
UN. Country reports. New York
Topics such as agriculture, atmosphere,biodiversity, desertification and droughts, energy, forests, freshwater, land management, mountains, ocean, toxic chemicals and waste and hazardous materials are being dealt for each country.
These reports are found for most of the Latin American countries and Caribbean region.
Tendencias en el mercado de productos forestales
• Economics of Non-Timber Forest Benefits: An Overview
IIED. Bishops, J.T. 1999. Economics of Non-Timber Forest Benefits: An Overview. London.
This paper provides an overview of the economics of non-timber forest products and services. It focuses on recent advances in the economic evaluation of forestry activities and, in particular, on how techniques for valuing non-timber forest benefits in monetary terms can assist the development of forest policy and management systems. It first considers the non-market nature of many non-timber forest benefits, and the reasons why markets often fail to account for them. The paper then reviews the different techniques used to evaluate non-market benefits in monetary terms, and explores the long-term dynamics of forest value. It concludes with a brief discussion of how the results of valuation studies can contribute to improved forest policy and management.
• Annual Report For the Year 2000
ITTO. 2000. Annual Report For the Year 2000. Yokohama.
Summary of world timber situation and in which production, export, import, prices and secondary products are being analyzed. It also gives information in the economics and market trends
• World Wood Fibre Study
RISI. Anonymous. 2002. World wood Fibre Study.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the world’s timber resource and timber production through the year 2025 in 33 different countries (North America, Western Europe, Former Soviet Block, Oceania, Africa, Asia and Latin America). Latin America being sub-divided in different regions such as Argentina, brazil, Central America and the Caribbean, Chile, Tropical South America and Uruguay.
The study consists of an analysis and forecast through 2025 placing the analysis in a historical perspective and emphasizing the dominant long-term trends. To do this analysis, a detailed product and timber demand tables as well as GDP, population, consumption, production, and net trade of major forest products (pulp, lumber and panels) has been done. The analysis and forecast of timber supply for the 33 different countries/regions with summary sections for each region.
• Reports by type: Forecast studies of five and fifteen years in different type of wood products
RISI. Forecast studies of five and fifteen years in different type of wood products.
North American, European and Asian regions are being analyzed in the future trends of graphic paper and paper packaging. Analysis in North American future trends on lumber, timber and wood panels are also being described.
• Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Forest ecosystems
WRI. Matthews, E; Payne, R; Rohweder, M and Murray, S. 2000. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Forest ecosystems.
This study analyzes data sets at the global, national, and sub-national levels, and draws on published and unpublished scientific studies. It develops selected indicators that describe the condition of the world's forests, where condition is defined as the current and future capacity of forests to provide the full range of goods and services that humans need and consume.
• 7th Annual Wood Chips and Pulp Logs Trade Review
Robert Flynn & Associates. Neilson, D and Flynn, B. 2000. International Wood chips and pulp logs trade review. Tacoma, Washington
Global issues as global pulp and paper trends, economic recovery in major Asian markets; pulp and paper industry restructuring and outlook for new capacity; impact of engineered wood products on fiber demand, recycling and non-wood fiber impacts. Carbon credits and their impact on international woodchip trade.
Analisis of Japan, Korea, Taiwan, North America, Latin America, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa.
It also provides an outlook to supply, demand balances for pulpwood, pulp, and pulp prices projections.
• The Global Market for Tropical Hardwood Plywood, 2001-2006
BIS Shrapnel Forestry Group. 2001. The Global Market for Tropical Hardwood Plywood, 2001-2006. Sydney
The study combines market research and forecasting to assess the prospects for investment and trade in the tropical hardwood plywood industry. The report includes an overview of the world market for plywood, including production, exports, imports and consumption by world region and major countries, chapters on the key tropical hardwood supplying countries, Malaysia and Indonesia, chapters on the key North Asian tropical hardwood consuming countries, Japan, China and Korea, and a brief overview of other countries in the Middle East, Europe and North America. Projections for plywood production, exports, imports, consumption and prices are provided for the key countries to 2006, including a detailed discussion of the underlying assumptions.
• The outlook for global timber supply 1995-2030
Hagler, R.W. 1997. The outlook for global timber supply 1995-2030. Wood Resources International Ltd. Reston, USA.
• The potential role of forest plantations in meeting future demands for industrial wood products
Whiteman, A. and Brown, C. 1999. The potential role of forest plantations in meeting future demands for industrial wood products. International Forestry Review. Vol. 1(3) 143-152
• Non-wood fibre and global fibre supply
Unasylva 193. Pande, H. 1998. Non-wood fibre and global fibre supply. Unasylva 193, Vol 49.
This article considers the impact that non wood fibres could have on the total global fibre supply over the next two decades
• European Forests and Timber: Scenarios into the 21st Century- Consumption, Production, Trade, Recycling and Energy
UN. European Forests and Timer: Scenarios into the 21st Century- Consumption, Production, Trade, Recycling and Energy. New York
This study presents past trends and scenarios for the
outlook for the supply and demand of roundwood and forest products in Europe,
from 1965 to 2020. It reviews the policy context, the economic and demographic
backgrounds, the outlook for forest resources, external influences on the
forest, supply and demand for forest products, use of wood residues, waste paper
recycling, Europe's trade with other regions, wood energy and the outlook for
the transition economies. On the basis of this analysis and a materials balance
model, it presents two quantified base scenarios for the sector to 2020, as well
as alternative scenarios (some quantitative, some qualitative). It also presents
conclusions and implications.
• Macro trends in fibre supply
University of British Columbia. Bull, G. 1999. Macro trends in fibre supply. Vancouver
http://greatrestoration.rockefeller.edu
The paper specifically examines trends in Cameroon, Chile, Brazil, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, United States and Canada. These countries are not merely a random selection but have been chosen because they clearly display trends that are strongly representative of three key dynamics in wood and fibre supplies: natural forest area, plantation forest area and trees in areas outside of forests.
The paper also presents some of the economic features of supply such as selected trends in prices, in delivered wood costs and in changing sources of supply.
• Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and other Structural, Engineered Wood Products, 2001
Bis Shrapnel Forestry group. 2001. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and other Structural Engineered Wood Products. Sydney
The first edition of this study was published in 1998,
with second issue was released in May 2002. The second edition and was extend to
include other structural engineered products. The report combines market
research and economic forecasting to provide an overview of the prospects for
LVL and structural engineered products in the Pacific Rim.
The study includes an overview of the Pacific Rim and
separate chapters for North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Southeast
Asia, and Chile, as well as a brief overview of LVL in Europe. The market
analysis reviews prospects for quality, distribution channels, new products and
the level of promotion.
• The future for green market: indications of demand
Jaako P?yry Consulting-IUCN. Pihlajam?ki, P. 1999. The future for green market: indications of demand.. Garderen
Forest trends and Netherlands Committee for IUCN Netherlands Conference on shifting markets for sustainable managed forests.
The power point presentation is on the market outlook for forest products emphasising on the present and the future of green products as well as economics and other issues
• Market requirements for certified timber and certified timber products – the European perspective
ITTO, Bosdjik, K. 2002. Market requirements for certified timber and certified timber products – the European perspective. International Workshop on Comparability and Equivalence of Forest Certification Schemes. Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
• Wood: Future availability
Bowyer, J.L. 2001. Wood: Future availability. Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Technology. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
• World wood fibre study
RISI. World Wood Fibre Study. 2002.
As recent developments in both the demand and supply of global wood fibre continue to play out over the next 25 years, the possibility of a fibre supply shortfall will become substantially diminished. The World wood fibre study defines and quantifies the changing patterns of fibre usage and timber supply and provides insight into their impact on future timber and wood product markets.
• RISI’s Latin American Pulp and Paper Capsule
RISI. Latin American Pulp and Paper Capsule.
An invaluable planning tool for companies participating in the growing Latin American pulp and paper market, the Capsules provide current macroeconomic conditions, six years of history and a three year forecast for pulp, recovered paper, printing and writing paper, newsprint, packaging paper, containerboard and tissue papers. Concepts covered include production, consumption, net exports (imports), and capacities. Capsules are studied individually such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Other studies for other Latin American countries is also available and an overview for the whole Latin American region.
• Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Forest ecosystems
WRI. Matthews, E; Payne, R; Rohweder, M and Murray, S. 2000. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Forest ecosystems.
This study analyzes datasets at the global, national, and subnational levels, and draws on published and unpublished scientific studies. It develops selected indicators that describe the condition of the world's forests, where condition is defined as the current and future capacity of forests to provide the full range of goods and services that humans need and consume.
• Biomass Energy: Data, Analysis and Trends
IEA. 1998. Biomass Energy: Data, Analysis and Trends. Paris.
Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste, charcoal, and other derived fuels, referred to as biomass energy, currently account for about 14% of world energy consumption. Biomass is the main source of energy for many developing countries and most of it is non-commercial. Hence there is enormous difficulty in collecting reliable biomass energy data. Yet good data are essential for analysing tendencies and consumption patterns, for modelling future trends and for designing coherent strategies. Data on biomass energy use and production are also needed to evaluate whether its use enhances or damages the environment, and to measure its effect on global emissions of carbon dioxide.
• World Energy Outlook (2000)
IEA. 2000. World Energy Outlook (2000).
IEA publishes a global energy survey, including detailed long-term projections of energy demand, energy supply and CO2 emissions. The "WEO" looks from 20 to 30 years into the future, and its projections are based on the World Energy Model.
• World Energy Outlook: Insights 2001
IEA. 2001. World Energy Outlook: Insights 2001.
The "World Energy Outlook: Insights" series cover a single aspect of energy, like subsidies in 1999 and global supply in 2001.
• World Energy outlook: 2002
IEA. World Energy Outlook: 2002
http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org
This newest edition of World Energy Outlook presents projections till the year 2030 for supply and demand of oil, gas, coal, renewable energy sources, nuclear power and electricity. It covers the world and 18 major regions. It draws lessons for energy security, trade and investment. It also assesses energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and policies designed to reduce them.
Alternative Scenario is used to detail the assessment of the impact of new policies to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance energy security.
Abastecimiento y demanda de madera
• Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Forest ecosystems
Matthews, E; Payne, R; Rohweder, M and Murray, S. 2000. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Forest ecosystems. WRI.
This study analyzes datasets at the global, national, and sub-national levels, and draws on published and unpublished scientific studies. It develops selected indicators that describe the condition of the world's forests, where condition is defined as the current and future capacity of forests to provide the full range of goods and services that humans need and consume.
• Global trends in industrial raw material demand and implications for the world’s forests
Bowyer, J.L. 1997. Global trends in industrial raw material demand and implications for the world’s forests. Rocky Mountain Institute, Systems Group on Forests, Special Report to Mitsubishi, Inc. and the Rainforest Action Network.
• Housing a growing population in the 21st century: where will the raw materials come from?
Bowyer, J.L. 1997. Housing a growing population in the 21st century: where will the raw materials come from? Montana Business Quaterly 35 (4): 2-9
• Wood and other raw materials for the 21st century – where will they come from?
Bowyer, J.L. 1995. Wood and other raw materials for the 21st century – where will they come from? Forest Product Journal 45(2): 17-24
Cadenas de producción
• Global vision 2050 for Forestry: Long-term changes in the location and structure of forest industries
WB/WWF. Bazett, M. 2000. Global vision 2050 for Forestry: Long-term changes in the location and structure of forest industries. WB/WWF. Washington D.C.
World Bank/WWF Alliance, in concert with the council on Foreign Relations is exploring the hypothesis that more efficient use and increased productivity of forest resources could, by 2050, ensure that most of the world’s needs for industrial forests products could be derived from a comparatively small proportion of intensively managed global forests.
This paper examines the structural evolution of the global forest industry, with particular reference to the key factors likely to affect the long term spatial distribution.
Substitución del producto
• The role of renewable resources in the global raw material picture
Bowyer, J.L. 1997. The role of renewable resources in the global raw material picture. Proceedings: Fourth International Conference on Wood fibre – Plastic Composites, Forest Products Society, pp 259 – 267
• Agricultural residues – an exciting bio – based raw material for the global panels industry
Bowyer, J.L and Sotckmann, V. 2001. Agricultural residues – an exciting bio – based raw material for the global panels industry. Forest Products Quarterly 51 (1): 10-21
Agrícola
• Crisis del café impacta a las economías latinoamericanas
CEPAL. 2002. Crisis del café impacta a las economías latinoamericanas. México D.F.
Debido al desplome de los precios del café en el mercado internacional, el sector cafetalero de varios países de América Latina y el Caribe atraviesa por una crisis sin precedentes. Especialmente afectados han resultado países como Colombia y varias naciones de Centroamérica, en especial Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua. Uno de los impactos más graves, según el estudio de la CEPAL, se dio en las zonas de producción. La situación financiera de los cerca de 300.000 productores de café de la región se fue deteriorando y su acceso a nuevos préstamos estuvo severamente limitado en algunos países. Para reducir costos, los productores eliminaron incluso algunas prácticas culturales, bajaron salarios o pagaron con especies. Muchas fincas fueron abandonadas o desatendidas. Se estima que los jornales que se dejaron de contratar en 2001 equivalen 170.000 empleos/año y a la no percepción de 140 millones de dólares en salarios. El desempleo cafetero, aunado a los menores ingresos afectó un contingente aproximado de 1,6 millones de personas, que se sitúan entre los estratos de la población de mayor pobreza
• Agricultura, medio ambiente y pobreza rural en América Latina
BID. Reca, L y Echeverría, R. 1998. Agricultura, medio ambiente y pobreza rural en América Latina. Washington D.C.
• Agricultura y desarrollo rural en América Latina: tendencias, estrategias, hipótesis.
Ocampo, J.A. 1998. Agricultura y desarrollo rural en América Latina: tendencias, estrategias, hipótesis. CEPAL
Turismo
• Ecotourism: Principles, policies and practices for sustainability
UNEP. Epler, M. 2000. Ecotourism: Principles, policies and practices for sustainability. Nairobi.
The report describes the current state of ecotourism and illustrates ecotourism’s successes and difficulties.
• Forest ecotourism and industrial forestry
CABI publishing. Tribe, J. and Font, X. 2000. Forest ecotourism and industrial forestry. Oxford, UK
The demand for ecotourism and outdoor recreation is increasing, and if the predictions in this issue of Unasylva hold true these activities are likely to continue to grow in importance. Readers who want to delve further into this aspect of forestry will be interested in Forest tourism and recreation which considers the growing demand for ecotourism; the compatibility among tourism, forestry and conservation; the management of natural resources; and stakeholder and community involvement. Issues are presented through case studies from Canada, Costa Rica, Estonia, Nepal, New Zealand, Singapore and the United Kingdom. These studies demonstrate that effective management of tourism and recreation in forests can provide extra income to help offset the costs of sustainable timber production and encourage conservation of biodiversity. Topics covered include national parks, peri-urban forestry and wilderness management.
• WTO-UNEP concept paper-international year of ecotourism
WTO-UNEP. 2002. Concept paper-international year of ecotourism.
Ecotourism activities have been expanding rapidly over the past two decades and further growth is expected in the future.
The World Ecotourism Summit was held in Quebec, Canada this year 2002, 19-22 of May.
• El ecoturismo en el siglo 21: su creciente importancia en América Latin
Seminario en Chile sobre El ecoturismo y sus ponencias por Budowski, Gerardo.
El análisis de los pros y los contras del ecoturismo y las lecciones aprendidas serán el principal objeto del presente trabajo, incluyendo sugerencias sobre los rumbos más promisorios a seguir en este nuevo siglo.
• World Ecotourism Summit – Final Report
WTO-UNEP. 2002. World Ecotourism Summit: Final Report.
This report contains the summaries of the debates held and conclusions reached at the World Ecotourism Summit and its preparatory process, as well as the Quebec Declaration on Ecotourism.
The World Ecotourism Summit, was held in Quebec City, Canada from 19 to 22 May, 2002. This was the principal event to mark 2002 as the International Year of Ecotourism.
The Summit was an initiative of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It was hosted by Tourisme Québec and the Canadian Tourism Commission. These four organisations were the partners responsible for the Summit.
The purpose of the Summit was to bring together governments, international agencies, NGOs, tourism enterprises, representatives of local and indigenous communities, academic institutions and individuals with an interest in ecotourism, and enable them to learn from each other and identify some agreed principles and priorities for the future development and management of ecotourism.