Annex II

Details of analysis of 2005 country reports

At the 24^th Session of the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 5-9 September 2005, 21 country reports were presented by representatives of the Commission’s member countries. The topics covered by the reports were analyzed separately with details as follows:

Guidelines for Country Report

1. Introduction

Guidelines for Country Report:

General review of progress including technical, policy/legal, infrastructural and institutional development and challenges in national plant protection since 2003.

 Observations (from 21 country reports)

• Generally, the introduction highlighted progress and gave important background information
• Policy background and changes in the legal system were most often reported (subsidies, environment-friendly farming, clean production, food security, WTO/trade liberalization/ food import, SPS = trade tools, food safety
• Technical progress highlighted in IPM, PRA, biocontrol
• Reorganizations of PP and PQ in 7 countries; new biosecurity authorities in Australia and New Zealand, Food safety
• New laws were introduced in 5 countries
• New policies affecting the execution of plant protection were reported in 3 countries

Notes

• Dynamic situation; changes occurring in almost all member states
• Introduction provided a forum to report developments that did not fit into the other format

To Be Considered

• Highlight changes in organizational setup
• Highlight policy targets (such as pesticide reduction)

2. Outbreaks of Major Pests

Guidelines for Country Report:

Infested crops, causal organism, estimated loss; actions and areas covered by control measures; management of invasive species

2.1 General Reporting According to Guidelines

Observations (from 21 country reports)

• Wide range of responses: only 2 country reported all; other country responses varied widely
• 6 countries only reported on outbreaks of new species, not on recurrent pests
• List of infested crops: 13 countries, from 0 to 13 crops
• List of causal organisms: 13 countries, from 1 to 80 species
• Estimated losses: 5 countries, in %, tons or ha; no apparent crop loss assessments
• Control measures (kind & area): 1 country kind & area; 4 countries area only, 1 country: time?
• Management of invasive species: 9 countries, from 0 to 24 new organisms
• No outbreaks of migratory pests

Notes

• Current reporting does not give a coherent picture of the pest situation
• Current reporting does not allow for comparisons

To Be Considered

• Define “major outbreak” in terms of

– Estimated pest control expenditures (pesticides and other)
– Crop losses (?)

• Distinguish between migratory, invasive and recurrent pest outbreaks

2.2 Crops with Pest Outbreaks

Observations (from 21 country reports)

• 13 countries reported general pest outbreaks on crops; 6 did not name crops
  – >6 crops: 3 countries
  – 4-5 crops: 3 countries
  – 2-3 crops: 5 countries
  – 1 crop: 1 countries

Notes

• Rice is the most often mentioned crop (11 times)
• Fruits, vegetables, corn and coconut were mentioned in 4-6 countries
• Cotton, sugarcane, wheat, beans and potato were mentioned in 2 countries, each

To Be Considered

• Rank crops by
  – Pesticide use
  – Area treated by government

2.3 Causal Organism

Observations (from 21 country reports)

• 13 countries reported outbreaks of known pest
  – >10 pest outbreaks: 5 country
  – 5-10 pest outbreaks: 1 country
  – 3 pest outbreaks: 2 countries
  – 1 pest outbreak: 3 countries
  – No pest outbreaks: 2 countries
  – Rice BPH: 9 countries
  – Rice stem borer: 5 countries
  – Rice leaf beetle: 3 countries
  – Rice blast: 4 countries
  – Armyworm: 4 countries
  – Rodents: 5 countries
  – Isolated outbreaks only in 1 country: ~50

Notes

• No migratory pests except for Republic of Korea and China
• No information on reasons of outbreaks, e.g. climate or breakdown of natural ecological pest suppression, possibly from pesticide overuse

To Be Considered

• Restrict to outbreaks that are controlled by
  – Government action
  – Major pesticide use

2.4 New Invasive Species

Observations (from 21 country reports)

• The only species mentioned from more than one country was Brontispa
• Potential serious threat is also the coconut mite
• 9 countries reported outbreaks of new exotic pest
  – 24 new pests/pathogens: 1 country (New Zealand)
  – 4 new pests/pathogens: 2 countries (Australia, Sri Lanka)
  – 2-3 new pests/pathogens: 3 countries
  – 1 new pest/pathogen: 2 countries
  – Brontispa reported from 4 countries (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Philippines, Thailand)
  – No other pest/pathogen reported twice

Notes

• Some new detection were not of invasive species or species of economic importance
• The coconut mite, which is also known from India (but not reported), did not receive proper attention
• No information on eradication efforts

To Be Considered

• Exclude reporting of species without economical damage; inquire about PRA
• Rank species by economic damage potential