Annexes

Annex A. Various parameters on physio-geographic context.

Table A1: Soil parameters in the selected upazila

Soil Unit	Land type	Surface drainage	Soil series	Drainage class	Area	Texture
Soil Unit	Land type	Surface drainage	Soil series	Drainage class	Area	Top	Sub	Sub stratum
NACHOLE
1	High	Very early	Nizhuri	Imperfectly drained	307	Loam	Loam	Clay
1	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	1737	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	976	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Dudnai	Imperfectly drained	488	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
2	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	6832	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	976	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	628	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	4080	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	1255	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	Medium high	Early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	314	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
4	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	650	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
4	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	162	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
5	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	3332	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
5	High	Very early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	1111	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
6	Medium high	Early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	414	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
6	Medium high	Early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	620	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
7	High	Very early	Sara	Medium well drained	205	Loam	Loam	Loam
8	High	Very early	Sara	Medium well drained	221	Loam	Loam	Loam
8	High	Very early	Gopalpur	Imperfectly drained	147	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
9	Medium high	Normal	Ghior	Poorly drained	422	Clay	Clay	Clay
10	Medium low	Late	Ghior	Poorly drained	870	Clay	Clay	Clay
11	Low	Late	Ghior	Poorly drained	384	Clay	Clay	Clay
GOMASTAPUR
1	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	89	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
1	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	503	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	1236	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	4009	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Lauta	Imperfectly drained	618	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	309	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	991	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Dudnai	Imperfectly drained	991	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
3	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	2230	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	496	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
4	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	455	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
4	Medium high	Early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	51	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
5	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	48	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
5	High	Very early	Adatala	Imperfectly drained	34	Loam	Loam	Clay loam
5	High	Very early	Guldaha	Imperfectly drained	55	Loam	Clay loam	Clay loam
6	High	Very early	Ayda	Imperfectly drained	122	Loam	Loam	Loam
6	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	1340	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
6	High	Very early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	730	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
6	Medium high	Early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	244	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
7	Medium high	Early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	191	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
7	Medium low	Normal	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	21	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
8	High	Very early	Sara,Shallow	Imperfectly drained	252	Loam	Loam	Loam
8	High	Very early	Sara,Deep	Imperfectly drained	469	Loam	Loam	Loam
8	Medium high	Early	Sara	Imperfectly drained	45	Loam	Loam	Loam
8	Medium high	Early	Gopalpur	Imperfectly drained	135	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
9	High	Very early	Sara	Imperfectly drained	1008	Loam	Loam	Loam
9	High	Very early	Gopalpur	Imperfectly drained	641	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
10	High	Very early	Sara	Imperfectly drained	482	Loam	Loam	Loam
10	High	Very early	Gopalpur	Imperfectly drained	401	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
10	High	Very early	Gomostapur	Imperfectly drained	482	Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam
10	Medium high	Early	Gopalpur	Imperfectly drained	83	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
10	Medium high	Early	Gomostapur	Imperfectly drained	158	Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam
11	Medium high	Early	Gopalpur	Imperfectly drained	352	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
11	Medium high	Early	Gomostapur	Imperfectly drained	520	Clay loam	Clay	Clay loam
12	Medium high	Early	Ghior	Poorly drained	1336	Clay	Clay	Clay
12	Medium high	Early	Batra	Poorly drained	448	Clay	Clay	Clay
12	Medium low	Normal	Ghior	Poorly drained	224	Clay	Clay	Clay
12	Medium low	Normal	Batra	Poorly drained	223	Clay	Clay	Clay
13	Medium low	Late	Ghior	Poorly drained	401	Clay	Clay	Clay
13	Medium low	Late	Batra	Poorly drained	497	Clay	Clay	Clay
13	Low	Late	Ghior	Poorly drained	112	Clay	Clay	Clay
13	Low	Late	Batra	Poorly drained	112	Clay	Clay	Clay
14	Low	Late	Ghior	Poorly drained	230	Clay	Clay	Clay
14	Low	Late	Batra	Poorly drained	397	Clay	Clay	Clay
15	Medium low	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	328	Clay	Clay	Clay
15	Low	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	1861	Clay	Clay	Clay
16	Low	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	416	Clay	Clay	Clay
16	Very low	Very late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	1455	Clay	Clay	Clay
PORSHA
1	High	Very early	Nizhuri	Imperfectly drained	1020	Loam	Loam	Clay
1	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	4088	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	825	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Dudnai	Imperfectly drained	275	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
2	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	3575	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	553	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	1030	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Dudnai	Imperfectly drained	516	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
3	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	3090	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	515	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
4	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	187	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
5	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	1474	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
5	High	Very early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	1206	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
6	Medium high	Early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	43	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
7	Medium high	Early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	307	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
7	Medium high	Normal	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	94	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
7	Medium low	Early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	71	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
8	Medium high	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	78	Clay	Clay	Clay
9	Medium low	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	618	Clay	Clay	Clay
9	Low	Very late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	3089	Clay	Clay	Clay
SAPAHAR
1	High	Very early	Nizhuri	Imperfectly drained	1746	Loam	Loam	Clay
1	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	6986	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	823	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam
2	High	Very early	Dudnai	Imperfectly drained	549	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
2	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	3316	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
2	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	549	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Atahar	Imperfectly drained	336	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam
3	High	Very early	Dudnai	Imperfectly drained	168	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
3	High	Very early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	925	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
3	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	252	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay
4	High	Very early	Nachol	Imperfectly drained	1364	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay
4	High	Very early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	795	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
4	Medium high	Early	Pauli	Imperfectly drained	114	Clay loam	Clay	Clay
5	Medium high	Early	Amnura	Imperfectly drained	74	Loam	Clay loam	Clay
6	Medium low	Normal	Gangachara	Poorly drained	283	Loam	Loam	Sandy loam
6	Medium low	Normal	Malanchi	Poorly drained	212	Loam	Clay loam	Loam
6	Medium low	Normal	Jaonia	Poorly drained	212	Clay	Clay	Clay
7	Medium low	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	610	Clay	Clay	Clay
7	Low	Late	Jaonia	Poorly drained	2286	Clay	Clay	Clay

Figure A.2: Lithology of Boreholes in selected upazila.

Figure A1: Climiatic Parameter at Nachole Thana

Figure A2: Climiatic Parameter at Gomastapur Thana

Figure A3: Climiatic Parameter at Porsha Thana

Figure A4: Climiatic Parameter at Sapahar Thana

Figure A5: Climiatic topography and normal inudation of the study areas

Annex B. PRA matrices (for upazila and community level sessions.)

A. Identification of major climatic hazards in the pilot study area.

First

Sl. No	Present hazard	Ranking

Second

Sl. No	Past (30 years) hazards	Ranking	Most severe year(s)	Impacts

B. Identification of the major livelihood activities and their compositions.

Third

Vulnerable livelihood group	Major activities
Vulnerable livelihood group	Present	Propor tion	Past
Small/Marginal farmer





Wage labours
Petty business
Ethnic minority
Large businessman

Note: The major livelihood groups are already identified during the reconnaissance field visit to the study area. Further updating will be done during the workshop discussions.

C. Identification of the major adaptive practices/responses against drought.

Fourth

Major livelihood activities	Major affecting climatic hazard	How the climatic hazards are affecting?	Adaptive responses
Major livelihood activities	Major affecting climatic hazard	How the climatic hazards are affecting?	Present adaptive responses	Past adaptive responses
e.g. T-Aman cultivation

Fifth

Present Adaptive responses	Why practiced?	Sources	Capacity needed

D. Identification of the temporal dimensions of climatic hazards and their impacts.

Sixth: General

General timing of the drought in the area

Critical month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Seventh: By livelihood groups

Effect of various types of drought

Critical month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Livelihood groups
1

Livelihood groups
2

Livelihood groups
3

Livelihood groups
4

Eighth: By various types of drought

Effect of various types of drought

Critical month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Agricultura l and
Metrologic al

T
Aman

When?

Impact on what?

B
Aus

When?

Impact on what?

Boro

When?

Impact on what?

Hydrologic al

When?

Impact on what?

Other type of drought
(locally identified types)

When?

Impact on what?

Note: Identification of the critical/vulnerable months will be done through local Bengali months (e.g. Baishak, Jaista etc.).

E. Open discussion

Ninth

Issues to be discussed	Discussion points
Institutional settings
Existing capacities of institutions/communities
Non-institutional support
Needs for adaptation
Opportunities
Renewable energy/ bio-energy
Suggestions
Any other relevant issues

Annex C. Key informant interview/RRA Checklist for community (Non-institutional)

On climatic risks/hazards:

Major climatic risks/hazards in the area
Major non-climatic risks/hazards in the area
Perception(s) towards major climatic hazards
Perception(s) towards major non-climatic hazards

On Drought:

Local definition(s) of drought
Local typologies of drought
Causes of drought
General timing of drought
Impact of drought on the major crops/agriculture
Impact of drought on the major non-agricultural factors
Effected stage(s) of crops/agriculture by drought (e.g. flowering stage)
Usual length/duration of the drought spell(s) (no. of days)
Longest length/duration of the drought spell(s) (no. of days)
Shortest length/duration of the drought spell(s) (no. of days)

Past (30 years)/ retrospective issues:

Major hazards in the past
Past timing of drought
Past duration of drought
Past effects of drought on agricultural cycle
Past effects of drought on non-agricultural factors
Year of most severe drought in the area in the past
Impact(s) of the most severe drought on agriculture
Past adaptation responses/practices against drought (all types)
Past adaptation responses/practices against hazards/risks other than drought
Past cropping pattern

Present adaptive practices/responses:

Major adaptive practices/responses against drought
Reason(s) for adopting these adaptation practices/options
Most preferred adaptive practices/ responses
Most feasible adaptive practices/ responses
Availability of adaptation options against drought
Adaptive measures to arrange shortfall of water.
Major bottlenecks of taking up needed adaptation options against drought
Available types of support of adaptive options
Sources of support of adaptive options
Institutional responses towards adaptive options
Institutional capacities

On Change and Variability:

Change(s) in drought timing
Change(s) in season
Change(s) in length of drought
Change(s) in rainfall pattern
Changes in length/duration of drought
Change(s) in temperature
Changes in cropping pattern

Other livelihoods issues:

Impact on livestock
Impact on fisheries
Impact on wage labour

Name of key informant: ; Sex ; Age:
Livelihood group/Occupation: ;
Village: ; Union: .
Upazila: . District: .
CEGIS	professional	.	Date:

Annex D. Key informant interview/RRA Checklist for community (Institutional)

On climatic risks/hazards in general:

Major climatic risks/hazards in the area (past/present)
Major non-climatic risks/hazards in the area
Definition(s) of drought
Typologies of drought
Causes of drought
General timing of drought
Year of most severe drought in the area in the past
Impact of drought on the major crops/agriculture
Impact of drought on the major non-agricultural factors
Effected stage(s) of crops/agriculture by drought (e.g. flowering stage)
Usual length/duration of the drought spell(s) (no. of days)
Longest length/duration of the drought spell(s) (no. of days)
Prominent Climatic Changes over the time
Impact on livestock/fisheries/wage labour

Present adaptive practices/responses:

Major adaptive practices/responses against drought
Most feasible adaptive practices/ responses
Availability of adaptation options against drought
Major bottlenecks of taking up needed adaptation options against drought
Cropping pattern (present/past)

Institutional support and capacity

Sources of support of adaptive options for drought
Name of institutions providing support (govt./NGOs/others) to adapt drought
Support provided to adapt drought
Capacities of institutions providing support
Institutional structure working in the area
Availability of drought management plan
Linkages with national agencies
Budget and resource endowment
Status of surface/ground water
Types of irrigation distribution system (e.g. drain/canals etc.) availability
Alternative crops or drought tolerant varieties/crops
Opportunities and possibilities and suggestions to develop adaptive responses

Name of key informant: ; Sex ; Age:
Livelihood group/Occupation: ;
Village: ; Union: .
Upazila: . District: .
CEGIS	professional	.	Date:

Annex E. Reflections of participation in various rounds of study activities

1. Reconnaissance field visit:

2. Community level sessions and interviews

3. Upazila level workshops

4. District level workshops

Annex F. SWORT Analysis of Irrigated areas.

	Strengths	Weaknesses	Opportunities	Risks	Threats
Geo-physical
	Terrace High water Retention capacity of soil	Excessive rainfall Undulation of land Lack of Natural Canals	Irrigation from river and DTW Rain water Harvesting Excavation of Ponds, and canals	Drought Flood Storm / Hailstorm/ Tornado	Excessive rainfall High temperature
Livelihoods
Farmers	Agricultural land Livestock Manpower	Lack of capital / Loan Lack of knowledge on modern Technology Unavailability of Modern agri-Equipment (seed, fertilizer, pesticide, power tiller) Low price of agri-Product	Training of farmers by DAE / NGO Supply seeds and Fertilizer Credit programme Crop diversification Mango farming Livestock farming (Duck) Robi crop	Drought Flood Pest infestation Animal disease Shortage of Electricity	No agri-Production Crop Loss of T-Aman, Boro Increase price of Agriequipment /Lake of Agriequipment
Wage labour	Physical skill	Low scope of work Low paid labor High Temperature Fog and Cold	Divert to alternative work (van/rickshaw pulling) Livestock farming Homestead farming	Drought Flood Human Disease Excessive rainfall Fog and cold	Lack of savings
Petty businessmen	Capital Small Shop	Lack of capital	Savings through Cooperatives Micro credit Livestock farming	Drought Flood Excessive rainfall Communication Problem	Low income Decreasing number of customer
Large businessmen	Capital	Dependency on Local market	Savings Loan Seasonal business	Drought Flood Communication Problem High price of Imported goods	Low income Decreasing number of customer
Institutional
GO	DAE BMDA and other GoB departments	Insufficient Manpower Lack of technical and logistic support Unskilled Employees Lack of fund	Training of govt. Professionals Increase technical Support Increase activities of DAE, BMDA
NGO	CARITAS, TMSS, PROSHIKA, ASRAY, GRAMEEN BANK, BRAC, RIC, TRINOMUL	Insufficient Manpower	Micro-credit programme Training programme to Vulnerable group

Source: CEGIS Fieldwork 2005.

Annex G. SWORT Analysis of non-irrigated areas.

	Strengths	Weaknesses	Opportunities	Risks	Threats
Geo-physical
	Terrace High water Retention capacity of soil	Low rainfall Undulation of land Lack of Natural Canals Lack of Irrigation Water source	Excavation of Ponds, and canals Irrigation from River Rain water Harvesting	Drought Flood Storm / Hailstorm	Timing of rainfall Long non rainy days Excessive rainfall High temperature
Livelihoods
Farmers	Agricultural land Livestock Manpower	Lack of capital / Loan Lack of knowledge on modern Technology Lack of Irrigation Facility Unavailability of Modern agri-Equipment (seed, Fertilizer, Pesticide, Power tiller)	Training of farmers by DAE / NGO Supply seeds and Fertilizer Credit programme Crop diversification Mango farming Livestock farming (Duck)	Drought Pest infestation Animal disease	Crop failure
Wage labour	Physical skill	Low scope of work Low paid labor Lack of savings	Divert to alternative Job (van/rickshaw Pulling) Livestock farming Homestead farming	Drought Human Disease Excessive rainfall	No agricultural Activity
Petty businessmen	Capital Small Shop	Lack of capital	Savings through Cooperatives Micro credit Livestock farming	Drought Excessive rainfall Communication Problem	Low income Decreasing number of customer
Large businessmen	Capital	Dependency on Local market Weaknesses	Savings Loan Opportunities Seasonal business	Drought Communication Risks Problem High price of Imported goods	Low income Decreasing number Threats of customer
Institutional
GO	DAE BMDA And other GoB departments	Insufficient Manpower Lack of technical and logistic support Unskilled Employees Lack of fund	Training of govt. Professionals Increase technical Support Increase activities of DAE, BMDA
NGO	CARITAS, TMSS, PROSHIKA, ASRAY, GRAMEEN BANK, BRAC, RIC, ASOD, TRINOMUL	Insufficient Manpower	Micro-credit programme Training programme to Vulnerable group

Source: CEGIS Fieldwork 2005.

Annex H. Glossary of terms

Adaptation	Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation (IPCC: 2001).
Adaptive capacity	The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences (IPCC: 2001).
Anthropogenic	Resulting from or produced by human beings (IPCC: 2001).
Aman	Rice grown in Kharif-2 season.
Artisanal fishers	Small scale fishers.
Aus	Rice grown in Kharif-1 season.
beel	A natural depressed body of water, the bottom of which remains wet throughout the year.
Boro	Rice grown during the winder season.
Coping capacity	The manner in which people and organizations use existing resources to achieve various beneficial ends during unusual, abnormal, and adverse conditions of a disaster phenomenon or process (UN-ISDR 2002).
Climate change	Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines "climate change" as: "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods." The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between "climate change" attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and "climate variability" attributable to natural causes (IPCC: 2001).
Disaster	A serious disruption of the functions of a society, causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources (UNDP: 1994). Agricultural disasters are those that are related to agriculture and agricultural practices. Such as drought, flood, pest infestation and so forth.
Drought	The phenomenon that exists when precipitation has been significantly below normal recorded levels, causing serious hydrological imbalances that adversely affect land resource production systems.
Evaporation	The process by which a liquid becomes a gas.
Evapotranspiration	The combined process of evaporation from the Earth's surface and transpiration from vegetation.
Hazard	A rare or extreme event in the natural or human-made environment that adversely affects human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster.
Highland (F0 type land)	Land above flood level.
*khal*	Canal.
Kharif season	Cropping season between March to October, Often divided into Khariff-1 (March 7ndash; June) and Kharif-2 (July – October).
khora	Drought.
Livelihoods	A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation: and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term (Chambers and Conway, 1992).
Livelihood Assets	A key component in the SL framework, they are the assets on which livelihoods are built, and can be divided into five core categories (or types of capital). These are: human capital, natural capital, financial capital, social capital, and physical capital (SL guidance sheets DFID: 2001).
Lowland (F3 type)	Flooded between 180 cm to 300 cm depth.
Maladaptation	Any changes in natural or human systems that inadvertently increase vulnerability to climatic stimuli; an adaptation that does not succeed in reducing vulnerability but increases it instead (IPCC: 2001).
Medium highland (F1 type)	Flooded upto 90cm depth.
Medium Lowland (F2 type)	Flooded between 90 cm to 180 cm depth.
Opportunity	An opportunity is a situation or circumstance to decrease the gap between the market potential of any technology or practice and the economic potential, socio-economic potential, or technological potential (IPCC: 2001).
Preparedness	Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of disaster, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary removal of people and property from a threatened location (UN-ISDR 2002).
Rabi season	Cropping season between November and February. Rabi crops are pulses, oil seeds, spices, etc.
Risk	The probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss (of lives, people injured, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable/capable conditions. Conventionally risk is expressed by the equation Risk = Hazards × Vulnerability/Capacity (UN-ISDR 2002).
Sustainable Livelihoods	A livelihood is sustainable when it is capable of continuously maintaining or enhancing the current standard of living without undermining the natural resource base. For this to happen it should be able to overcome and recover from stresses and shocks (e.g. natural disasters or economic upsets) (SL guidance sheets DFID: 2001).
Sustainable Livelihoods Framework	Sustainable livelihoods (SL) framework is its version of a visualisation tool that has been developed to help understand livelihoods. It is intended to help users think through the different aspects of livelihoods, and particularly those factors that cause problems or create opportunities (SL guidance sheets DFID: 2001).
Small farmer	Farmers either owning/ operating less than 0.5–2.49 acres of cultivating land or identified locally as small-scale farmer by the community members (BBS: 1996).
T-Aman	Transplanted variety rice crop grown in Kharif-2 season.
Union	Lowest administrative unit comprising a few villages.
Upazila	Administrative unit comprising a number of unions (earlier called thana). Upazila is equivalent to sub-district.
Very Lowland (F4 type)	Flooded more than 300 cm depth.
Vulnerability	A set of conditions and processes resulting from physical, social, economical, and environmental factors, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards (UN-ISDR 2002).
Vulnerability Context	A key component in the SL framework, the Vulnerability Context refers to the shocks, trends and seasonality that affect people's livelihoods - often, but not always, negatively. The key feature of all the factors within the Vulnerability Context is that they are not controllable by local people in the immediate or medium-term. Vulnerability or livelihood insecurity resulting from these factors is a constant reality for many poor people (SL guidance sheets DFID: 2001).
Wage labourers	Individual or household that sell labour on a daily basis for money or kind (e.g. crop) as their means of livelihoods.