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TABLE 1 AGE NUMBER, WEIGHT ENERGY INTAKES AND REQUIREMENTS METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATIONS IN REVIEWED ARTICLES
REP. No	AGE y	SUBJ. No.	WEIGHT kg	ENERGY MJ/d.	REQUIREMENT		METHODOLOGY	COUNTRY & REGION		OCCUPATION & CHARACTERISTICS
REP. No	AGE y	SUBJ. No.	WEIGHT kg	ENERGY MJ/d.	by age MJ/d.	by weight MJ/d.	METHODOLOGY	COUNTRY & REGION		OCCUPATION & CHARACTERISTICS
P R E S C H O O L C H I L R E N - Combined sexes
13	6m	448	7.9	3.2	-	3.7	3 d. - measured food intake records: longitudinal study	U.S.A.,California Berkeley		multi-racial sample from Health Department Birth certificates
	1 y	382	10.0	3.9	4.4	4.2
	2 y	312	12.6	5.0	5.3	5.3
	3 y	270	14.6	5.5	6.1	6.1
	4 y	242	16.5	5.9	6.9	6.9
	6 y	180	21.0	6.8	7.9	7.5
15	3.9–5.8 y	40	-	6.9	7.8	-	3 d. record in household units	U.S.A.,Ransas		middle and upper middle class
4	8 m	44	-	3.8	-	-	5d. weighed inventory	U.K.,Newcastle		upper and lower socio-economic classes-represented
	20 m	61	-	5.0	5.0	-
	3 y	83	-	5.8	6.1	-
	5 y	26	-	6.8	7.4	-
43	6–18 m	23	9.8	3.8	4.2	4.1	7d. weighed inventory	U.K.,London		‘lean’and‘overweight’ children
	12–24 m	21	11.2	4.1	4.9	4.9
	18–30 m	18	12.6	4.5	5.3	5.3
30	4–5 y	17	19.2	5.5	7.2	7.9	5–7 d. duplicates hombed	U.K., London		normal and overweight parents
9	5 y	108	19.5	6.8	7.7	7.4	7 d. weighed inventory	France, Dijon		from different districts of the city
60	>1 y	12	-	5.0	3.4	-	1 d. ‘recall+weighing’	Costa Rica, area of San Ramon		rural and urban
	1 y	36	-	4.6	4.9	-
	2 y	31	-	4.4	5.7	-
	3 y	31	-	4.5	6.5	-
	4–5 y	41	-	5.0	7.4	-
29	1 y	58	9.5	4.0	4.9	4.1	3 d. precise weighing by ‘nutritionists’ who stayed all day with family	Iran, Teher		low-income district
	2 y	88	11.4	4.3	5.7	4.8
	3 y	73	12.8	5.1	6.5	5.4
	4 y	67	14.6	5.1	7.1	5.9
P R E S C H O O L C H I L D R E N - Males
27	3–6 m	66	7.1	3.5	-	3.4	3 d. - Recording by mother under partial supervision	U.S.A., 12 North Central States		stratified multistage cluster of households
	6–9 m	35	8.9	4.0	-	4.1
	9–12 m	79	10.2	4.6	4.5	4.5
	1–2 y	297	11.4	5.7	4.9	4.9
	2–3 y	298	13.8	6.5	5.7	5.8
	3–4 y	308	15.7	6.8	6.5	6.5
	4–5 y	344	17.9	7.2	7.2	7.4
	5–6 y	360	19.8	7.9	7.8	7.5
50	3 y	35	-	6.0	6.5	-	7 d. weighed inventory by mother, No supervision during week of survey Semi-longitudinal	U.S.A., Boston		twin pairs and their age-matched siblings
	4 y	47	-	6.0	7.2	-
	5 y	64	-	6.6	7.8	-
40	3–6 m	39	7.2	2.9	-	3.5	5 d. weighed inventory with frequent supervision	U.K., Glasgow		random sample stratified to cover the different social groups in the community
	6–9 m	22	8.8	3.4	-	4.0
	9–12 m	28	10.1	4.4	-	4.4
	12–18 m	36	10.8	4.5	4.5	4.6
	18–24 m	37	12.3	5.0	5.1	5.2
16	12–23 m	149	-	5.1	4.9	-	7 d. weighed inventory with supervision	U.K., Country - wide		random selection
	24–35 m	206	-	5.7	5.7	-
	36–47 m	276	-	6.4	6.5	-
57	2–3.9 y		16.6	6.0	6.1	6.9	7-100 days precise weighing	Germany, Dortmund		different social classes
57	4–5.9 y	2	19.3	6.9	7.5	7.6	7-100 days precise weighing	Germany, Dortmund		different social classes
24	1–2.9 y	10	11.1	5.0	5.3	4.7	5 d. weighed inventory with frequent supervision	New Guinea	- Kaul - Lufa	coastal area highland area
	3–4.9 y	18	13.0	6.1	6.8	5.4
	5–6.9 y	16	16.3	6.0	8.1	6.0
	1–2.9 y	12	10.4	3.9	5.3	4.4
	3–4.9 y	21	14.4	6.5	6.8	5.9
	5–6.9 y	25	17.9	6.7	8.1	7.6
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - Males
50	6	78	-	7.2	8.4	-	7 d. weighing	U.S.A.,Hoston		see no. 50
	7	83	-	7.8	9.0	-
	8	101	-	8.3	9.5	-
	9	96	-	8.3	10.0	-
	10	85	-	8.3	10.5	-
	11	77	-	8.5	10.9	-
	12	67	-	8.8	11.3	-
16	10–11	163	-	9.1	10.7	-	7 d. weighing	U.K., Sheffield Hristol		children not qualifying for free school-meals
12	8–11	159	-	9.6	10.3	-	7 d. weighing	U.K., Kent		various social classes
57	6–7.9	-	22.5	7.5	8.7	8.0	7-100 days precise weighing	Germany Dortmund		see no. 57
	8–9.9	-	28.0	8.1	9.8	9.1
	10–11.9	-	32.2	9.2	10.7	9.8
50	13	58	-	8.9	1.7	-	7 d. weighing	U.S.A., Boston		see no. 50
	14	42	-	9.0	12.1	-
	15	26	-	9.9	12.6	-
	16	17	-	9.9	12.8	-
	17	10	-	9.8	13.0	-
18	14.5	102	51.1	11.7	12.1	12.0	7 d. weighed inventory supervised	U.K., Glasgow	1964	various socio-economic backgrounds
18	14.5	198	50.8	10.9	12.1	11.9	7 d. weighed inventory supervised	U.K., Glasgow	1971	various socio-economic backgrounds
16	14.5	92	-	11.2	12.1	-	7 d. weighed	U.K., Newcastle		see above
16	14–15	390	-	10.3	12.4	-	7 d. weighed supervised 7 d. weighed	U.K., Birmingham Australia,		random sample
41	16–20	5	71.0	12.2	13.0	14.5	supervised	Melbourne		students and trainees
57	12–14.9	2	39.1	10.8	11.9	9.7	precise weighing	Germany, Dortmund		see no. 57
49	14–16	18	52.3	10.5	12.6	11.6	7 d. weighed with supervision	U.K., Coventry		Asian boys with and without biochemical evidence of rickets
24	7.8	16	20.0	5.7	9.3	6.8	5 d. weighing with supervision	New Guinea	- Kaul	see no. 24
	9–10	18	22.4	6.4	10.3	7.1
	11–12	16	25.0	6.4	11.1	7.2
	7–8	10	20.7	6.7	9.3	7.1			- Lufa
	9–10	8	24.8	7.1	10.3	7.8
	11-12	17	29.0	7.3	11.1	8.4
2	12–14	16	31.3	8.8	11.7	8.1	7 d. weighed ‘by warden’	Singapore		Indian students
24	13–14	10	29.0	7.3	11.9	7.1	5 d. weighed	New Guinea	- Kaul	see no. 24
	15–18	11	42.7	7.7	12.9	9.1			- Lufa
	13–14	8	31.0	7.1	11.9	7.6
	15–17	15	44.2	8.6	12.9	9.5
A D U L T S - Males
								Light Activity
47	36	38	75.6	12.7		13.2	7 d. weighed, supervised	Italy, Trieste		different sedentary jobs in shipyard
3	20–39	13	75.9	10.2		13.2	7 d. weighed, supervised	U.K., Cambridge village		ramdom sample of village
3	40–59	12	75.9	9.9		12.2	7 d. weighed, supervised	U.K., Cambridge village		ramdom sample of village
32	28	10	53.9	9.8		9.4	7 d. weighed	Philippines, Manila		clerk-typists
								Moderate Activity
47	39	37	77.9	13.3		15.1	7 d. weighed	Italy, Trieste		shipyard workers, see no. 47
34	26	10	56.3	10.9		10.9	7 d. weighed	Philippines, Marikina		shoemakers
35	32	10	54.8	11.0		10.6	7 d. weighed	Philippines		jeepney drivers
36	25	25	54.8	9.8		10.6	7 d. record unsupervised	Philippines		textile-mill workers
31	?	33	(56.0)	9.9		10.8	7 d. weighed	Philippines		fishermen
31	?	32	54.0	10.6		10.4	7 d. weighed	Philippines		sugar cane workers
23	43	24	74.3	15.5		13.6	7 d. precise weighed	Italy, Canino (Central Italy)		farmers
25	40–59	20		14.6		13.1	7 d. weighed	Italy, Crevalcore (Northern Italy)		longitudinal study at farmers 5 y. intervals on CHD risk factors
	45–64	20	(75.0)	10.9		13.1	3 d. weighed	Italy, Crevalcore (Northern Italy)
	40–59	20		12.8		13.1	7 d. weighed	Italy, Montegiorgi (Central Italy)
	45–64	20		11.7		13.1	3 d.weighed	Italy, Montegiorgi (Central Italy)
23	42	29	81.4	13.8		15.1	7 d. weighed	Finland		farmers
								Moderate activity
23	44	21	83.9	13.9		15.4	7 d. weighed	U.S., Beltsville		farmers
33	28	9	51.5	10.3		10.0	7 d. weighed	Philippines		rice farmers
8	45	11	56.5	9.0		10.4	6 d. weighed	Upper Volta		farmers: end of harvest
48	18–29	19	57.4	8.9		11.1	5–6 d. weighed supervised	New Guinea	- Kaul	farmers, see no. 24
	30 +	32	55.1	7.7		10.4			- Kaul
	18–29	28	58.3	10.4		11.3			- Lufa
	30 +	15	56.0	10.9		10.5			- Lufa
								Heavy activity
47	37	75	76.1	13.9		17.1	7 d. weighed	Italy, Trieste		shipyard workers. see no. 47
19	19	159	63.3	36.1		14.3	7 d. weighed	U.K.		army recruits, initial training
60	30	18	60.1	14.9		13.5	l d. record + weighing	Guatemala		agricultrual labourers
								Elderly
3	60–79	7	(76.0)	9.9		10.6	7 d. weighed	U.K. Cambridge village		see no. 3
38	62–74	158	67.8	10.4		9.4	dietary history plus some 2 d. weighing	U.K. Edinburgh		random sample
38	75–90	54	69.2	9.1		8.4	dietary history plus some 2 d. weighing	U.K. Edinburgh		random sample
25	50–69	20	(75.0)	12.3		11.6	3 d. weighed	Italy	- Crevalcore	farmers see no. 25
25	50–69	20	(75.0)	10.4		11.6	3 d. weighed	Italy	- Montegiorgi	farmers see no. 25
45	60–69	10	58.9	12.0		8.2	2 d. weighed by ‘dietitians’	Nigeria		urban + rural low income
	70–79	9	54.1	11.0		6.6
	80–89	4	52.3	12.2		6.4
P R E S C H O O L C H I L D R E N - Females
27	3–6 m	61	6.6	3.2	-	3.2	see ‘males’ no.27	U.S.A., 12 North Central States
	6–9 m	50	8.3	4.2	-	3.8
	9–12 m	59	9.2	4.2	-	4.0
	1–2 y	200	10.8	5.5	4.9	4.8
	2–3 y	253	13.0	6.0	5.6	5.4
	3–4 y	302	15.0	6.5	6.4	6.2
	4–5 y	347	17.4	6.8	7.0	7.0
	5–6 y	268	19.1	7.2	7.5	7.2
50	3 y	17	-	5.0	6.4	-	see ‘males’ no. 50	U.S.A.,Boston
	4 y	39	-	5.6	7.0	-
	5 y	50	-	6.0	7.5	-
	6 y	76	-	6.6	7.9	-
40	3–6 m	31	6.6	2.7	-	3.2	5 d. weighed inventory see ‘males’ no. 40	U.K., Glasgow
	6–9 m	21	8.1	3.1	-	3.7
	9–12 m	20	9.0	3.6	-	4.0
	12–18 m	40	10.2	4.5	4.5	4.5
	18–24 m	30	1.8	4.7	5.1	5.1
16	12–23 m	154	-	4.7	4.9	-	7 d. weighed see ‘males’ no. 16	U.K., Countrywide
	24–35 m	201	-	5.4	5.6	-
	36–47 m	262	-	5.8	6.4	-
57	2–3.9 y		14.8	5.5	6.0	6.2	precise weighing see ‘males’ no. 57	Germany, Dortmund
57	4–5.9 y		20.1	6.4	7.3	7.8	precise weighing see ‘males’ no. 57	Germany, Dortmund
24	1–2.9 y	13	9.5	4.4	5.3	4.1	5 d. weighing see ‘males’ no. 24	New Guinea	- Kaul
	3–4.9 y	22	12.7	5.2	6.7	5.2
	5–6.9 y	18	15.6	5.8	7.7	5.4
	1–2.9 y	3	10.9	4.6	5.3	4.7			- Lufa
	3–4.9 y	21	13.3	4.6	5.3	4.7
	5–6.9 y	22	16.8	6.0	7.7	5.9
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - Females
50	6	76	-	6.6	7.9	-	7 day weighing see ‘males’no. 50	U.S.A., Boston
	7	93	-	7.1	8.4	-
	8	107	-	7.4	8.8	-
	9	108	-	7.8	9.2	-
	10	97	-	7.7	9.6	-
	11	89	-	7.8	9.8	-
	12	73	-	7.7	10.0	-
16	10-11	158	-	0.8	9.7	-	7 d. weighing see ‘males’ no.16	U.K., Sheffield
57	6–7.9		24.0	7.0	8.2	8.3	see ‘males’ no.57	Germany, Dortmund
	8–9.9		27.2	7.9	9.0	8.4
	10–11.9		31.2	8.0	9.7	8.5
50	13	56	-	8.0	10.3	-	7 d. weighing see ‘males’no. 50	U.S.A., Boston
	14	40	-	7.7	10.5	-
	15	24	-	7.7	10.5	-
	16	15	-	7.2	10.1	-
	17	6	-	8.1	9.8	-
18	14.5	90	51.8	9.5	10.5	10.8	7 d. weighing see ‘males’ no. 18	U.K., Glasgow	1964
18	14.5	221	50.7	8.5	10.5	10.6	7 d. weighing see ‘males’ no. 18	U.K., Glasgow	1971
36	14.5	85	-	8.6	10.5	-	7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 16	U.K., Newcastle
36	14–15	401	-	8.0	10.5	-	7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 16	U.K., Birmingham
41	18–19.9	4	56.0	9.3	9.4	9.6	7 d. weighed see ‘males’ no.41	Australia. Melbourne
47	12–14.9		42.6	10.0	10.3	9.3	precise weighing see ‘males’ no. 57	Germany, Dortmund
24	7–8	19	18.5	5.5	8.6	6.1	5 d. weighing see‘males’no.24	New Guinea	- Kaul
	9–10	22	24.0	6.4	9.4	7.0
	11–12	15	25.6	6.4	9.9	6.3
	7–8	9	21.5	6.4	8.6	7.0			- Lufa
	9–10	14	23.8	6.8	9.4	7.0
	11–12	18	28.3	7.6	9.9	7.0
24	13–14	15	35.3	6.9	10.5	7.6	5 d. weighed see ‘males’ no. 24	New Guinea	- Kaul
	15–17	21	45.0	5.7	10.1	8.5			- Kaul
	13–14	10	36.8	8.2	10.5	7.9			- Lufa
	15–17	9	44.1	8.9	10.1	8.3			- Lufa
17	13–15	6	41.6	8.0	10.5	8.7	3 d. weighing + chemical analyse	India, Coimbatore	students	athletes non athletes
	16–18	6	43.9	9.4	9.8	7.9
	13–15	6	40.9	7.7	10.5	8.5
	16–18	6	46.4	7.8	9.8	8.4
A D U L T S - Females non-pregnant, non-lactating
								Light activity
3	20–39	9		9.2		9.7	7 d. weighed	U.K., Cambridge village		see ‘males’ no.3
3	40–59	14	63.5	8.3		9.2	7 d. weighed	U.K., Cambridge village		see ‘males’ no.3
34	34	10	54.0	7.5		8.2	7 d. weighed	Philippines, Manila	housewives	see ‘males’no. 34
32	25	10	46.9	9.0		7.1	7 d weighed	Philippines, Manila	typists	see ‘males’ no. 32
								Moderate activity
17	19–22	6	46.4	9.5		7.8	3 d. weighed+analysis	India, Coimbatore	students	athletes
17	19–22	6	47.1	8.1		7.9	3 d. weighed+analysis	India, Coimbatore	students	non-athletes
54	23	6	49.0	7.9		8.2	24h recall on 4 separate days	Guatemala, village	peasants
8	31	14	49.9	6.3		8.4	6 d. weighed	upper Volta	peasants	farmers - end of harvest
48	18–29	29	49.0	6.0		8.2	5–6 d. weighed see ‘males’ no.48	New Guinea	- Kaul	coastal area subsistence farmers highland area
	30 +	31	44.4	6.0		7.2			- Kaul
	18–29	28	51.3	9.0		8.6			- Lufa
	30 +	6	45.8	8.3		7.5			- Lufa
36	33	14	48.7	6.3		8.2	7 d. record unsupervised	philippines		textile-mill workers see‘males’ no. 36
								Pregnancy
6	26	13	63.7	8.6		10.7	7 d. household measures and servings	U.S.A., Berkeley	stage of pregnancy	20–28 weeks
		12	70.4	7.5		10.7				29–36 weeks
		14	77.0	8.4		10.7				37–40 weeks
55	-	179	-	8.2		-	7 d. weighed supervised	U.K., Leeds	self-selected, of various social classes	8–12 weeks
28	18	20	58.0	6.4		9.3	2 d. weighed (Energy results so peculiar not commented on)	Ethiopia. Addis Abeba	‘non-privileged’ ‘privileged’	3rd trimester
28	23	10	58.8	12.4		9.3	2 d. weighed (Energy results so peculiar not commented on)	Ethiopia. Addis Abeba	‘non-privileged’ ‘privileged’	3rd trimester
48	27	9	51.7	5.9		9.1	5–6 d. weighed supervised see‘males’no. 48	- Kaul	subsistence farmers	probably mostly 1st and 2nd trimester
	27	9	51.7	5.9		9.1		New Guinea
	25	7	53.5	8.4		9.5		New Guinea
	25	7	53.5	8.4		9.5		- Lufa
								Lactation
0	27	12	62.0	7.5		11.7	3d. household measures and servings	U.S.A., Berkeley		8–12 weeks
51	31	27	57.0	9.7		11.0	7 d. ‘measured portions’	Australia, Perth	fully or partially breast-feeding	1–15 months
1	-	100	53.7	9.9		10.5	24 h recall for 3 day+3 validation	Nigeria	75 rurals and 25 urbans of poor socio-economic status	3 weeks to 6 months
54	28	18	49.2	8.1		10.5	24h recall for 4 days	Guatemala-village	farmers see no.54	6 months or more
48	-	32	47.6	6.1		10.3	5–6d. weighed supervised see‘males’no 48	- Kaul		up to 2y
	-	32	47.6	6.1		10.3		New Guinea
	-	20	48.3	9.1		10.4		- Lufa
								Elderly
3	60–79	8	(64.0)	6.4		7.7	7 d. weighed see ‘males’ no. 3	U.K., Cambridge
38	62–74	190	62.9	7.4		7.7	7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 38	U.K., Edinburgh
38	75–90	73	57.7	6.9		6.2	7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 38	U.K., Edinburgh
45	60–79	19	(56.0)	10.5		6.8	7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 45	Nigeria
45	81 +	12	(51.0)	6.6		5.4	7 d. weighed see ‘males’no. 45	Nigeria

TABLE 2 AGE ND MBFR, WEIGHT, ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND REQUIREMENTS, METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL, CHARACTERISTICS OR POPULATIONS IN REVIEWED ARTICLES
REF No	AGE y	SU BJ. No.	WEIGHT kg	ENERGY MJ/d.	REQUIREMENT		METHODOLOGY	COUNTRY & REGION	OCCUPATION & CHARACTERISTICS
REF No	AGE y	SU BJ. No.	WEIGHT kg	ENERGY MJ/d.	by age MJ/d.	by weight MJ/d.	METHODOLOGY	COUNTRY & REGION	OCCUPATION & CHARACTERISTICS
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN - Combined sexes
54	1.5–3.0	5	-	0.41/kg	-	-	modified diary + published values of energy costs	Uganda, Kampala	Europeans, children of professionals
30	4–5	12	19.1	6.3	7.1	7.8	4–7 d. integrated heart rate + calibration line (‘at least 2 points’) by air flow diapherometry	Great Britain, London (?)	normal parents overweight parents
30	4–5	8	19.5	4.9	7.1	7.9		Great Britain, London (?)	normal parents overweight parents
53	1.5–3.0	20	-	0.33/kg	-	-	see no. 53	Uganda, Kampala	African children
SCHOOL CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS - Males
22	9.1	12	35.2	8.1	9.8	11.5	7 d. diary by observer calibrated KM⁴⁴ +Douglas bag Sleep =BMR (Fleisch)²⁶	Italy, Salerno	school boys	rurals
20	9.4	11	32.2	9.1	10.0	10.3	48 h heart rate count with intermittent readings. Calibration by‘open circuit’ technique. Sleep=BMR (Talbot)⁵⁸	Canada, Alberta	school boys	Iree-living
41	16.7	3	65.7	10.7	12.8	13.9	7 d. diary by subjects; little supervision. IMP Sleep = BMR (Robertson & Reid)⁵²	Australia, Melbourne	school boys
2	13	16	31.3	7.6	11.7	8.1	7 d. supervision by warden; KM	Singapore	boy's hostel residents	Dravidian Indians
A D U L T S - Males
								Light activity
47	36	38	75.6	11.9		13.2	7 d. diary by observer + supervision Calibrated KM + Douglas bag Sleep = BMR (Fleisch)	Italy, Trieste	shipyard workers	different sedentary jobs
32	28	10	53.9	9.2		9.4	7.d diary Calibrated KM Sleep = BMR (measured twice)	Philippines, Manila	Clerk-typists
								Moderate activity
47	39	36	77.9	13.1		15.0	7 d. diary see no. 47	Italy, Trieste	shipyard workers	moderately heavy jobs
46	21.7	6	64.0	11.8		12.4	14 d. diary of activity with supervision Calibrated KM + Douglas bag	U.K., Glasgow	students, overfeeding experiment	normal
			64.0	11.8		12.4				overfeeding
			70.0	11.4		13.6	42 d. diary			overfeeding
41	20	2	80.1	10.9		15.5	7 d. diary by subject + supervision; IMP	Australia, Victoria,	1 trainee and 1 engineer
34	26	10	56.3	11.3		10.9	7 d. diary by observer ? Calibrated KM Sleep = BMR (Fleisch)	Philippines, Marikina	shoemakers
35	32	10	54.8	10.4		10.6	7 d. diary, by observer? Calibrated KM Sleep = BMR (Fleisch)	Philippines, Rizal	jeepney drivers
36	25	26	54.8	10.4		10.6	7 d. diary, by observer + KM	Philippines	textile-mill workers
31	20–50	33	56.0	10.0		10.8	7 d. diary, by observer + KM	Philippines	fishermen
33	28	9	51.5	13.8		10.8	7 d. diary, by10.0 Sleep = BMR (Fleisch)	observer + KM Laguna	Philippines, rice farmers
31	20–50	32	54.0	12.7		10.4	7 d. diary, by observer + KM	Philippines	sugar cane workers
20	-	32	-	12.8		-	1 d. diary, by observer + 2-5d. interviews. Some energy measures by KM. Mostly, values from literature or unpublished	- Yemenite	Mostly farm workers	Summer Winter Summer Winter
	-	27	-	12.6		-		- Yemenite
	-	27	-	12.6		-		Israel,
	-	48	-	12.8		-		Negev
	-	51	-	13.0		-		- Kurdish
10	39	10	56.0	13.7		12.6	1 d. diary, by observer, with supervision Calibrated KM	Iran, plain of Varanin	Agricultural workers	Spring Summer Autumn Winter
	38	14	56.0	14.4		12.6
	35	10	59.0	15.2		13.3
	38	12	59.0	11.0		11.4
11	36	23	58.5	10.1		11.3	2 d. diary by observer KM Sleep = 85% of RMR	Upper Volta, Mossi plateau	farmers	dry season wet season
11	36	16	58.5	14.5		13.2	2 d. diary by observer KM Sleep = 85% of RMR	Upper Volta, Mossi plateau	farmers	dry season wet season
8	45	11	56.5	8.9		10.4	6 d. diary by observer + KM Group mean costs	Upper Volta, Mossi plateau	farmers	dry season, end of harvest
60	29.7	18	60.1	15.5		13.5	3 d. diary by observer + KM Schoelander & amperometry Sleep = BMR	Guatemala	agricultural labourers (considered ‘very active’)
48	18–29	17	57.7	11.0		11.1	5–7 d. diary by observer with supervision, Calibrated KM and Douglas bag. Sleep = BMR (Fleisch) (Kaul = 90% BMR)	- Kaul	subsistence	coastal area
	30–48	25	55.3	9.0		10.4		- Kaul		highland area
	18–29	25	58.8	10.7		11.4		New Guinea
	18–29	25	58.8	10.7		11.4		- Lufa
	30–49	15	56.0	10.8		10.5		- Lufa
42	30	15	53.9	12.1		10.0	Random visits through 1 y(3.500 for time allocation)	Peru, Upper Amazonian tributaries	Machiguenga Indians huntergatherer, horticulturalist	dry season
42	25	8	51.8	13.9		11.7	Indirect calorimetry (no description given)	Peru, Upper Amazonian tributaries	Machiguenga Indians huntergatherer, horticulturalist	wet season
								very active occupations
19	19.2	35	63.3	15.8		14.3	24 h diary by observer and subject; IMP worn for 24 h; BMR by Benedict-Roth repeated over 3 weeks	Great Britain, 6 centres	army recruits infantry	initial training
14	20.5	15	70.2	15.6		15.8	24 d. diary, on group or on individuals, by observer,	Malaya	British army jungle training	low energy diet (7.8 MJ)
14	21.8	14	71.2	15.9		16.0	KM only during acclimatization period (pre-experimental)	Malaya	British army jungle training	control diet (15.0 MJ)
47	37	75	76.1	13.9		17.1	7 d. diary by observer see no.	Italy, Trieste	shipyard workers	heavy occupation
39	-	-	64.2	15.4		14.5	15 d. diary, repeated thrice over 3 months, by subjects; no supervision, no energy cost measurement	India	Indian army training
SCHOOL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - Females
56	9.5	10	31.6	7.2	9.2	9.6	48 h heart rate see ‘males’ no. 56	Canada, Alberta	school girls	free living
A D U L T S - Females non pregnant non-lactating
								Light activity
34	34	0	54.0	8.5		8.2	7 d. diary +KM see ‘see males’ no. 34	Philippines, Marikina	housewives
32	24.7	10	46.9	7.9		7.1	7 d. diary + KM see ‘males’ no. 32	Philippines, manila	clerck-typists
								Moderate activity
41	19	4	56.3	8.8		9.6	see ‘males’ no. 41	Australia, Victoria	students trainee
36	33	14	48.7	8.5		8.2	7 d. diary + KM see ‘males’ no.36	Philippines	texile-mill workers
42	25	20	44.5	8.3		7.4	random visits for activity profile	Peru	Machiguenga Indians	wet season
42	27	8	44.3		8.2	7.4	‘indirect calorimetry’ see ‘males’ no. 42		Indians	dry season
48	18–29	23	49.8	8.1		8.3	5–7 d. diary + KM and Douglas bag see ‘males’ no. 48	- Kaul	farmers	coast
	30–48	17	45.9	7.1		7.5		- Kaul
	30–48	17	45.9	7.1		7.5		New Guinea
	18–29	31	51.1	9.5		8.6		- Lufa		highlands
	30–49	7	46.3	9.0		7.5		- Lufa		highlands
8	30.6	14	49.9	8.1		8.4	6 d. diary + KM see ‘males’ no.	Upper Volta, Mossi plateau		dry season, end of harvest;‘some’ lactating women
7	30.6	1	50.6	8.9		8.5	2 d. diary + KM Sleep = 85 % RMR	Upper Volta, Mossi plateau	farmers	rainy season dry season
7	30.6	1	50.6	11.1		10.0	2 d. diary + KM Sleep = 85 % RMR	Upper Volta, Mossi plateau	farmers	rainy season dry season
20	-	21	-	9.6		-	1 d. diary & 2–5 interviews + KM and published values of energy costs see ‘males’ no. 20	- Yemenite	farmers	summer winter
	-	24	-	10.0		-		- Yemenite
	-	24	-	10.0		-		Israel
	-	23	-	9.4		-		- Kurdish		summer winter
	-	28	-	10.0		-		- Kurdish		summer winter
54	23	6	49.0	8.2		8.2	48 h Heart rate read hourly. Individual regressions with 6 points Sleep = BMR (lowest of 2 measures)	Guatemala, village	farmers
								Pregnancy
5	16	12	66.5	9.3		12.5	1 d. diary in 5-min blocks, Douglas bag		black students black, except one (in metabolic ward)	4–9 month pregnant 8 month pregnant
5	17	15	63.2	9.3		12.5	1 d. diary in 5-min blocks, Douglas bag		black students black, except one (in metabolic ward)	4–9 month pregnant 8 month pregnant
6	26	13	63.7	8.8		10.7	3 d. diary in 5-min block;some measures of energy costs	U.S.A., Berkeley	stage of pregnancy	24 week pregnant
	26	12	7.4	9.6		10.7				32 week pregnant
	26	14	77.0	9.9		10.7				38 week pregnant
48	-	7	51.0	7.8		9.1	see ‘males’ no. 48	- Kaul	probably mostly 1 st and 2 nd trimester
	-	7	51.0	7.8		9.1		New Guinea
	-	7	53.5	9.5		9.5		- Lufa
								Lactation
6	26	12	62.4	7.7		11.8	3 d. diaries see no. 6	U.S.A., Berkeley		10 week post partum
54	28	18	49.2	8.4		10.5	48 h Heart rate see no. 54	Guatemala, village	peasants	breast feeding 10 months post partum

Table 3 : Body weight, energy intake, requirement and expenditure of men in developed and in developing countries
WEIGHT kg	E N E R G Y
WEIGHT kg	Intake MJ/d.	Requirement MJ/d.	Expenditure MJ/d.
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
76	12.7	13.2	11.9
76	10.2	13.2	-
76	9.9	12.2	-
78	13.3	15.0	13.1
74	15.5	13.6	-
75	14.6	13.1	-
75	12.8	13.1	-
81	13.8	15.0	-
84	13.9	15.4	-
76	13.9	17.1	13.9
63	16.1	14.3	15.8
71	-	15.9	15.7
64	-	12.4	11.8
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
54	9.8	9.4	9.2
56	10.9	10.9	11.3
55	11.0	10.6	10.4
56	9.9	10.8	10.0
55	9.8	10.6	10.4
52	10.3	10.0	13.8
57	9.0	10.4	8.9
59	-	11.3	10.1
59	-	13.2	14.5
56	-	12.6	13.7
56	-	12.6	14.4
59	-	13.3	15.2
59	-	11.4	11.0
57	8.9	11.1	11.0
55	7.7	10.4	9.0
58	10.4	11.3	10.7
56	10.9	10.5	10.8
54	10.6	10.4	11.7
60	14.9	13.5	15.5
52	-	10.0	12.1
52	-	11.7	13.9

Table 4 : Body weight, energy intake, requirement and expenditure of women in and in developing countries
WEIGHT kg	ENERGY
WEIGHT kg	Intake MJ/d.	Requirement MJ/d.	Expenditure MJ/d.
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
64	9.2	9.7	-
64	8.3	9.2	-
56	9.3	9.4	8.8
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
54	7.5	8.2	8.5
47	9.0	7.1	7.9
47	8.1	7.2	-
46	9.5	7.8	-
49	7.9	8.2	8.2
50	6.3	8.4	8.1
50	-	8.5	8.9
51		10.0	11.1
49	6.0	8.2	8.1
44	6.0	7.2	-
46	-	7.5	7.1
51	9.0	8.6	9.5
46	8.3	7.5	9.0
49	6.3	8.2	8.5
49	-	7.4	8.2
44		7.4	8.2

Fig. 1: Energy requirement by age (21) and relationship between mean daily energy intake and age, for male children from developed and developing countries

r = 0.922 p<0.001 log Y = 0. 6130 + 0.2957 log X

Fig. 2: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of male children from developed countries.

Fig 3: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of male children from developing countries.

Fig. 4: Energy requirement (21) and daily energy intake on weight basis for male children from developed and developing countries.

Fig. 5: Energy intake and expenditure, expressed as percent of energy requirement (21) of adult men in developed and developing countries. Arrows link the data of intake and expenditure obtained on the same group of subjects.

Fig. 6: Energy requirement by age (21) and relationship between mean daily energy intake and age, for female children from developed and developing countries.

r = 0.932 P < 0.001 log Y = 0.6047 + 0.2597 log X

Fig. 7: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of female children from developed countries.

Fig. 8: Energy requirement by age (21) and mean daily energy intake of female children from developing countries.

Fig. 9: Energy requirement (21) and daily energy intake on weight basis for female children from developed and developing countries.

Fig. 10: Energy intake and expenditure, expressed as percent of energy requirement (21) of adult women in developed and developing countries. Arrows link the data of intake and expenditure obtained on the same group of subjects.