Chapter 9
The framework for integrated systems development needs to take into consideration several facets of programme development and delivery. Essentially these relate to problem definition, priority setting, definition of a research and development agenda, timeframe for the work and an operational strategy. Together these need to ensure that the work to be undertaken is pragmatic, relevant to the search for solutions, can contribute to progress and has the potential for sustainable development.
In a general sense, there needs to be an initial systems approach to assess the issues in specific agro-ecosystems, the nature and extent of the complex interactions between the environment, crops and animals, and the formulation of strategies and interventions that can provide solutions.
Concerning animals, there needs to be an understanding of the species found, breeds used, major constraints and an awareness of the problems of producers and consumers.
CRITERIA FOR PROJECT FORMULATION
Project formulation and development needs to consider several criteria and involve different commodities (e.g., crops, animals, forestry and fish culture) and disciplines (animal nutrition, agronomy, sociology and economics) as appropriate. The approach needs to be flexible, in order to select and modify the team composition based on the needs of the work. The team finally assembled will thus be able to cope with the needs of the work and, more importantly, contribute to the formulation of the research and development required, as well as ensure successful implementation and completion.
The criteria for such support takes cognisance of the following factors:
The above criteria are extremely important in the assessment of project support for research and development. Essentially, the project must be useful in improving the living standards of people, will use natural resources fully, is consistent with national development goals, and has regional applicability. The latter implies that the research findings are likely to be applicable in other countries in South-East Asia and elsewhere.
An important dimension concerning project development is detailed assessment of the socio-economic relevance of prevailing practices on small farms. With animals, for example, this approach implies detailed investigations of patterns of production, contribution to income and human nutrition, constraints, perceptions of farmers, marketing aspects and economic potential. This kind of work needs to consider year-round and seasonal differences.
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
The resource requirements need to include all aspects of what it takes to execute the work. Often the overall requirements are in two parts:
CONSERVATION OF ON-FARM GENETIC BIO-DIVERSITY
The animal genetic resources of Asia are characterized by their great diversity. A wide range of resources are found on the small farms of South-East Asia and their conservation is essential. Conservation implies detailed characterization using both published and unpublished information, as well as clear definition of the genetic attributes of individual animal species and breeds which are unique to the region. It is equally important to describe the environment to which the species or breed is adapted, in order to determine and predict the genetic performance specific to this location.
The conservation of on-farm genetic bio-diversity has received inadequate attention in the past and their is a need to improve and maintain the indigenous breeds. More importantly, these breeds are being threatened by indiscriminate crossbreeding with extensive importation of exotic breeds, not all of which are necessarily advantageous. The development of artificial insemination and other techniques that facilitate easy transfer of breeding material across regions has resulted in the replacement of indigenous breeds and the dilution and loss of identifiable animal genetic bio-diversity (Chapter 6). This is evident, for example, with several Chinese breeds of pigs, the Katjang goat breed in Indonesia and the Kedah-Kelantan cattle of Malaysia. Conservation is thus essential for reasons of economic potential, scientific use and also cultural interest.
There is a need therefore for more aggressive programmes that can conserve animal genetic resources. It is essential however, that such programmes are undertaken without hindering the activities of small farm systems, taking into account the meagre resources available and the main objectives of generating income and producing food for their livelihood.
INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
The institutional requirements for supporting the work are many:
The formulation and implementation of the project within the time-frame will be mainly carried out by the national institution. Funding can come from national sources and/or external donors. The management of the project becomes an institutional responsibility from implementation, management of data (research and financial) and analysis of results and impact.
In addition to the above, there are other aspects that institutions must address in the context of developing sustainable small farm systems:
POLICY SUPPORT
Appropriate policy must be in place to catalyze the project at all levels, from formulation, implementation and monitoring to the analysis of results and impact. Policy decisions are thus important to provide a framework for the systems approach and in support of resource development strategies.
IMPLEMENTATION
Once the project has been carefully formulated, wide inter-institutional discussion and consultation, appropriate linkages and support services must also be defined. Implementation is the next step and it is essential that the objectives of the project are set within a defined timeframe which involves regular monitoring. The final step is detailed analysis of the results, extent of adoption and evalution of the impact.
Some items that will warrant attention during the course of the project are:
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION
If appropriate technology is to be adopted, then the acceptance and benefits need to be evaluated in terms of technical (e.g., efficiency ratios, yield/unit input), economic (e.g., net income, cost-benefit ratios, gross margin, internal rate of return, factor share of total output, value-added income) and socio-cultural acceptability (e.g., rate and number of adopters, quality-of-life assessments). There are two key elements in this. Firstly, continuous monitoring of the progress of the project throughout its duration is required and should also be defined at the start of the project. Secondly, parameters to assess impact are necessary. These include the following :
The research and development objectives of the project thus need to include economic and social parameters, optimization of income, renewability and self-reliance. These aspects are consistent with the goals of sustainable agriculture and a sound environment in which the efficient use and management of the natural resources is implicit.
IMPACT ANALYSIS
It is essential that every stage of the development of integrated farming systems: project formulation, resource requirements, institutional support, implementation and evaluation, is finally assessed in terms of impact of the total effort. The measurement of impact is essential to assess the efficiency of the mode and approach to resource utilization, the negative and positive effects, lessons learnt and cost-effectiveness. The criteria fall into two categories: firstly, those which allude to the direct consequences on farm households and, secondly, indirect benefits of changes in the overall research systems where the work is conducted (Anderson, 1985).
There is a paucity of information on impact analysis at present and, in view of the importance attached to resource utilization, this aspect needs much more study in the future with a focus on the different types of integrated crop-animal systems and their contribution to sustainable development.