III. Most salient findings

III.1 The rural woman in official statistics

III.1.1 The work of the rural woman in the Active Population Survey (APS)

III.1.2 The rural woman in the Agricultural Census of 1989

III.2 Main socio-cultural characteristics of farm women

III.2.1 Age

III.2.2 Level of education

III.2.3 Women and work on the family farm

III.2.4 Farm women and the future of the family holding and rural environment

III. Most salient findings

III.1 The rural woman in official statistics

Though official statistics are undeniably deficient in accurately portraying such a complex and indeterminate social phenomenon as the role of women in agriculture, they are critical to framing the quantitative dimensions of the target population group.

III.1.1 The work of the rural woman in the Active Population Survey (APS)

The work of the rural woman in the Active Population Survey (APS)²

² Though the APS is analytically useful to determine the structure of the labour market, the sample design and the conceptual definitions of the survey objective make it difficult to examine the work of women in agriculture whose views, particularly regarding the family farm situation, cannot be measured in terms of official statistics. More information on this matter can be found in: "Situación socioprofesional de la mujer en la agricultura - Tomo II - "La Mujer en las estadísticas oficiales" - MAPA - 1991: and in the article by C. García Sanz: "Revision de conceptos de la EPA" Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas - N° 61 - Madrid 1993.

Table 1 details the structure of the active Spanish agricultural population by gender in 1991.

TABLE 1: SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL BREAKDOWN OF THE ACTIVE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION BY GENDER

Professional status	Men		Women		Total
	(× 1000)	%	(× 1000)	%	(× 1000)	%
Employer	29.0	2.35	2.9	0.45	31.9	2.01
Farm operator without hired labour	464.7	42.2	142.4	32.5	607.1	39.39
Cooperative member	3.6	0.27	0.6	0.23	4.2	0.41
Unpaid family member	98.3	8.97	142.4	32.56	240.7	15.57
Wage earner	505.5	45.94	147.5	33.71	653	42.37
Other	3.8	0.27	0.4	0.59	4.2	0.25
TOTAL	1104.9	100.00	436.2	100.00	1541.1	100.00

Source: INK - Active Population Survey - 1991 (own compilation)

According to this survey, most women actively involved in agriculture are wage earners (usually casual labour), unpaid family members (working on the farm of a relative with whom they live) and farm operators without hired labour (a denomination that can give rise to confusion and is comparable to the "holder" of the Agricultural Census).

Table 2 indicates the distribution of the active population by gender, the geographical distribution of women employed in agriculture and their proportion in relation to the other production sectors (per Autonomous Community). Women represent 8% of the total active female population (though with notable deviations from the mean, from 35% in Galicia to 0.13% in Madrid) and 28% of the total active agricultural population (below the Community average of about 35%).

TABLE 2: ACTIVE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION BY AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY AND GENDER

AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES	Total active female population (× 1000)	WOMEN		Total active male population (× 1000)	MEN
		Agriculture (× 1000)	% of total production sector		Agriculture (× 1000)	% of total production sector
ANDALUSIA	806.9	105.2	13.04	1665.2	305.4	18.35
ARAGON	157.7	3.4	2.16	299.9	45.6	15.21
ASTURIAS	152.5	27.1	17.78	265.0	26.9	10.16
BALEARIC ISLANDS	103.5	2.0	1.94	177.3	7.8	4.40
CANARY ISLANDS	220.1	13.7	6.23	371.0	25.6	6.91
CANTABRIA	64.8	7.3	11.27	128.3	12.8	9.98
CASTILLA-LA MANCHA	181.2	9.8	5.41	425.8	83.7	19.66
CASTILLA-LEON	341.6	38.7	11.33	647.7	118.5	18.30
CATALONIA	950.8	15.6	1.65	1582.3	68.1	4.31
C. VALENCIANA	548.6	14.5	2.65	965.7	100.6	10.42
EXTREMADURA	132.1	13.7	10.38	265.2	69.6	26.25
GALICIA	462.2	162.4	35.14	691.6	148.2	21.43
MADRID	659.0	0.8	0.13	1203.4	16.9	1.41
MURCIA	138.6	14.5	10.47	248.6	36.9	14.85
NAVARRA	73.3	0.7	0.96	132.5	13.0	9.82
BASQUE COUNTRY	311.7	5.2	1.67	557.9	15.8	2.84
RIOJA (LA)	32.3	1.6	4.96	67.5	9.3	13.78
TOTAL	5 350.4	436.3	8.16	9722.7	1105.0	11.37

Source INK: Active Population Survey - 1991 (own compilation)

One important characteristic of farm women is their age. Approximately 45 % were over 50 years of age according to the survey, much older than the men.

III.1.2 The rural woman in the Agricultural Census of 1989

The rural woman in the Agricultural Census of 1989³

³ The last Agricultural Census covered holdings on the national territory as of 30 September 1989, whoever the individual or cooperative holder and whatever the end-use of the agricultural output.

Agricultural work covers all human activity that contributes to the economic results of the holding. In view of its importance for the topic under study, it should be noted that agricultural work on the farm does not include domestic chores or manufacture of by-products from the farm output undertaken by persons belonging to the respective production units.

These exclusions are clearly very important when it comes to evaluating the role of women in agriculture given that a large part of their activity deals precisely with these areas.

The Agricultural and Population Censuses provide useful information for the topic under study. The information needs to be critically reviewed and compared (as is done later) with sectoral studies using qualitative analytical techniques that alone can provide a more accurate indication of the woman's role in agriculture, and particularly on the family farm.

TABLE 3: CENSUS OF FARM POPULATION BY SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STATUS

SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STATUS	MEN	WOMEN	TOTAL
Family workforce:
- Holder	1.687.879	530.528	2.218.407
- Spouse	143.672	508.773	652.445
- Other family members	544.097	216.626	760.723
TOTAL FAMILY LABOUR	2.375.648	1.255.927	3.631.575
Wage labour:
- Full-time	40.004	2.477	42.481
	N° of workdays	N° of workdays
- Casual labour (*)	42.008.043	12.805.274	54.813.317

Source INK: Agricultural Census 1989 - (Own compilation)

(*) With regard to casual labour, the Agricultural Census only provides data on workdays effected and not on individuals.

TABLE 4: STRUCTURE OF FARM HOUSEHOLD LABOUR ACCORDING TO SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STATUS, GENDER AND AGE GROUP

Socio- professional status	Under 25 years (%)		From 25 to 39 years (%)		From 40 to 54 years (%)		From 55 to 65 years (%)		Over 65 years (%)		TOTAL
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
1. Holders	0.87	0.93	11.24	10.36	30.79	26.51	30.74	26.92	26.39	35.26	1.687.879	530.528
1.1 Holder heads of farm	0.88	0.89	11.4	9.9	31.4	26.2	31.2	27.7	24.9	35.1	1.601.077	426.090
2. Spouses	0.26	0.76	12.5	15.0	36.3	40.6	30.8	30.2	19.9	13.1	143.672	508.773
2.1 Spouses heads of farm	0.17	0.26	11.6	10.2	37.4	39.3	31.9	36.8	18.7	13.2	50.845	26.664
3. Other family members	30.1	33.2	37.5	32.6	19.4	18.2	7.7	8.5	5.2	7.2	544.097	216.626
3.1 Other family members heads of farm	5.9	3.7	32.5	30.3	37.4	43.5	16.0	16.0	8.0	6.2	84.897	19.305

* Head of farm: person responsible for the day-to-day farm management. This is generally the farm title-holder though it may be a family member or a contracted individual.

SOURCE: INK - Agricultural Census 1989 (Own compilation)

TABLE 5: HOLDER HEADS OF FARM BY GENDER AND AGE PER AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY

Autonomous communities	Under 25 years (%)		From 25 to 39 years (%)		From 40 to 54 years (%)		From 55 to 65 years (%)		Over 65 years (%)		× 1000		(%)of National Total
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
ANDALUSIA	1.3	1.9	14.5	15.2	35.5	31.4	30.1	26.0	18.3	25.2	309.6	68.5	19.3	16.07
ARAGON	1.07	0.7	12.4	7.9	30.2	21.8	32.0	26.6	24.1	42.9	82.9	10.1	5.18	2.38
ASTURIAS	0.69	0.47	8.6	7.6	26.4	22.8	31.0	29.4	33.1	39.6	41.0	20.6	2.57	4.48
BALEARIC ISLANDS	0.61	0.49	8.07	8.3	31.1	25.8	32.8	32.1	27.3	33.1	20.6	6.6	1.29	1.55
CANARY ISLANDS	0.75	0.81	10.0	8.7	31.4	27.8	30.2	30.2	27.5	32.3	49.0	18.6	3.07	4.37
CANTABRIA	0.9	0.7	13.1	9.9	28.2	24.0	31.8	32.9	25.8	32.4	20.6	5.8	1.29	1.37
CASTILLA LA MANCHA	0.8	0.9	11.8	11.6	30.6	27.1	31.6	24.2	25.6	36.0	162.2	34.0	10.1	7.99
CASTILLA Y LEON	1.1	0.6	12.4	7.8	28.2	22.8	32.1	30.5	26.0	38.0	179.0	41.9	11.19	9.84
CATALONIA	0.01	0.55	11.85	9.10	31.49	27.47	32.19	30.40	23.66	32.50	87.6	13.4	5.48	3.15
COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA	0.5	0.8	10.1	12.1	34.0	28.6	31.1	25.9	24.0	32.3	199.5	43.3	12.47	10.17
EXTREMADURA	0.9	1.4	12.9	12.0	33.1	26.9	30.9	25.0	22.0	34.4	90.3	18.2	5.65	4.28
GALICIA	0.3	0.4	6.5	6.3	26.6	23.3	31.0	28.5	35.4	41.3	196.5	109.8	12.28	25.78
MADRID	0.6	0.5	7.7	6.2	28.8	24.2	34.2	29.3	28.4	39.7	18.1	4.5	1.14	1.06
MURCIA	1.3	1.7	13.4	16.1	35.7	33.2	30.5	25.8	18.7	23.0	60.7	15.7	3.80	3.69
NAVARRA	0.7	0.4	12.4	6.8	29.0	18.6	30.2	25.0	27.4	49.0	31.3	4.1	1.96	0.97
BASQUE COUNTRY	0.8	0.5	11.3	8.7	28.4	23.9	30.9	29.2	28.4	37.5	29.4	8.0	1.84	1.88
RIOJA (LA)	0.8	0.9	12.8	11.1	33.5	26.2	31.6	26.9	21.1	34.6	22.0	2.1	1.38	0.50
NATIONAL TOTAL	0.88	0.89	11.4	9.9	31.4	26.2	31.2	27.7	24.9	35.1	1 601	426

Source: INK - Agricultural Census of 1989 (Own compilation)

Tables 3, 4 and 5 lead us to the following conclusions:

1. Without neglecting the importance of women's casual wage labour in agriculture (an aspect that warrants specific examination), the rural women's contribution is mainly that of a theoretically unremunerated household member (more so than the men's).

2. Women holders and particularly holder/heads of farm are mainly found among the older generations (63% of women holder/heads of farm were over 55 years of age) and in agricultural environments with a large proportion of small farms (Galicia has 26% of all the women holders). Very often farm ownership results from the death of the husband, for instance, and as one means of benefiting from protectionist agrarian policies.

Both the Agricultural Census and other studies reported below clearly indicate that the women's involvement in farm work increases in inverse proportion to size of holding. This situation has led commentators to talk of the "subordinate position of women in family agriculture"⁴.

⁴ Mazariegos, J. et al: "Mujer y ruralidad. El círculo guebrado" Instituto de la Mujer - Madrid - 1991, and "La implicación de la mujer en la agriculture familiar: apuntes sobre el proceso de desagrarización en España". Revista Política y Sociedad - N° 9 Madrid, 1991.

3. Though the number of women classified as spouses and holders were similar, the number of spouse "heads of farm" (i.e. responsible for daily farm management) was negligible - for the most part in the older age groups (13% above 65 and 50% above 55) and mainly in Galicia (70% of the total) on small uneconomic holdings.

III.2 Main socio-cultural characteristics of farm women

The survey findings were also examined in terms of the independent socio-economic variables of age and level of education. These are essential to assess accurately the importance of the women's role in family households and how they see the future for the farm and the rural community.

III.2.1 Age

1. The women most active on the smallholding were very often in the older age groups nationally 45% were over 55. This was somewhat below the figure from the Agricultural Census of 1989. The percentage increased considerably in those agricultural environments with the least viable holdings⁵.

⁵ The "old age" threshold of 55 years conforms to the criteria of Royal Decree 22/1991 of 18 January and Decree 1178/1989 of 29 September which establish a regime of assistance to encourage early retirement from agricultural activity for farm household members.

The highest proportions of older farm women were found in the Pyrenees (47%), the Cantabrian Cordillera (41 %) and the Atlantic Coast (39%) which are largely less-favoured regions.

2. In contrast, the agricultural environments with numbers of younger women above the national average (24.5%) were the Sistema Bético (42.8%) and the Andalusian Coast (40.7%)⁶.

⁶ Similarly, the cut-off point for the younger age group is 35 years in accordance with policy and administrative criteria and legal provisions to encourage the integration of the young in agriculture.

3. The older women tend for the most part to be widows (76%) and are largely titleholders. The married women, who usually function as unpaid family labour, are situated in the 35-55 year age group (47.3%) with those above 55 accounting for 37.6% of the total. Most of the young women are single with 84% below the age of 35.

4. The older women work on the "uneconomic" holdings (32% over 55) and a large percentage of retired women above 65 (26%) continue to work on the farm.

III.2.2 Level of education

This variable is particularly important to understand the differences in attitude and behaviour among the groups studied, and the generation gap that exists in Spanish rural society.

The highest levels of illiteracy are found among women wage labourers and the highest levels of education among women employed in agri-business (Table 6).

If we look exclusively at the 16-24 age group, the percentage of women with post-primary education rises considerably, as do differences in socio-cultural behaviour when compared to the rural women as a whole (Table 7).

The level of education in farm households varies considerably from one region to another. Though, nationally, 36.3% have primary schooling, the proportion rises to 69% in the Ebro Basin, but falls to 24% in the Southern Sub-meseta. The national level of illiteracy of 8.5% in fact varies regionally from 17.4% in Guadalquivir-Genil-Campiñas to only 2% in the Duero Meseta.

There are major differences among the various generation groups and notable differences in levels of formal education. While there are virtually no younger women without schooling, this changes among the 45-year-olds, rising to 14.6% in the 55-65 age group and 17.4% among the over-65s. Similarly, the percentage of younger women (under 35) in farm households with post-primary schooling (39%) is much higher than the overall average (10%).

TABLE 6: LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF WOMEN SURVEYED (%)

Level of education	Family Farms FF	Women wage labourers agriculture WWA	Women wage-earners agri-business WWAI
Cannot read	8	10	3
Can read	46	43	26
Primary school	36	39	58
Post primary school	10	8	13
TOTAL	100%	100%	100%

TABLE 7: SOCIO-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF THE WOMEN SURVEYED (%)

CULTURAL PRACTICES	OVERALL			16-24 AGE GROUP
	FF	WWA	WWAI	FF	WWA	WWAI
Watch TV daily	74	68	65	84	74	75
Do housework	91	85	70	58	54	41
Read periodicals weekly	9	3	9	16	5	13
Read books weekly	3	5	6	16	9	10
Weekly religious activity	51	20	26	33	13	10
Go to the cinema weekly	3	3	7	8	8	14
Go to bars or cafes weekly	12	26	38	48	52	52
Have been on holiday in the last year	11	9	25	25	14	29
Drive a motor vehicle	18	16	35	28	21	41
Have post-primary education	10	8	13	39	16	21

III.2.3 Women and work on the family farm

The confusion that exists, sometimes in the minds of the women themselves, between domestic and farm work inevitably blurs the distinction between productive and reproductive work, a situation which does not arise with the men's work⁷. Woman's work is discontinuous, irregular and extremely varied, which makes it difficult for the women themselves and of course for conventional statistics to make an objective evaluation.

⁷ Whatmore, S. ¿Ciclo vital or patriarcado?. (Changes in the gender division of labour in the farm household). REAS N° 161 - MAPA - 1989 - Canovés G. et al "Mujeres agricultoras, esposas agricultoras: Un trabajo invisible en las explotaciones familiares" - REAS N° 147 MAPA - 1990.

An examination of data from holdings affiliated to the National Agrarian Accounts Network⁸ and specific research⁹, assessing the type of work carried out by rural women and the time involved, provides a clearer picture and empirically confirms that the woman's work is essential linked to the maintenance and reproduction of the family farm, particularly the very small one.

⁸ García Bartolomé, J.M. "El trabajo de la mujer agricultora en las explotaciones familiares agrarias españolas" ND 161 - Revista de Estudios Agrosociales - MAPA - 1992 y en "La mujer agricultora ante el futuro del mundo rural" (unpublished thesis - 1991).

⁹ Mazariegos, J. et al "Situacíon socioprofesional de la mujer en la agricultura" (T:V: - Análisis Sociológico) - MAPA - 1993, García Ramón, et al, "Explotación agraria familiar y trabajo de la mujer: estudio comparativo de Andalucía, Cantabria y Galicia".

The research findings on the women's role on the family farm can be classified as follows:

1. Highly "feminized" agricultural environments (over 50% of the interviewees exclusively employed on the family farm): Northeast Peninsula, Atlantic Coast, Cantabrian Cordillera and the Balearic and Canary Islands.

These are farming systems in which the women are closely tied to the land, and in which there are strong links between home and farm, particularly in the Cantabrian region. The women are mostly involved in little-mechanized dairy production and horticulture in these areas. This group includes the Duero Meseta (mainly cereal production) and the Andalusian Coast (intensive horticulture).

2. Relatively "feminized" agricultural environments (30 to 50% exclusively involved on the family farm): the Central Cordillera, Pyrenees and Prepyrenees, Andalusian Coast, Catalonian and Eastern Interior and Coast, the Southern Sub-meseta and the Ebro Basin.

3. Agricultural environments with low "feminization" (under 30%): the Extremenduran Plains, the Sierra Morena Grasslands, the Sistemas Bético/Penibético and Guadalquivir-Genil-Campiñas (this area has a high level of wage labour).

Research on time spent on farm and household work indicates long working days, particularly on smallholdings and where the home is physically part of the farm. The women do most of the traditional chores, particularly house cleaning and care. Findings for the daily work of women in three regions (Galicia, Andalusia and Catalonia) are similar to those from the national MAFF survey.

Farm work - particularly tending livestock - takes up a very large proportion of the women's time in inland Galicia (a total of 13 hours in summer and 10 in winter).

TABLE 9: DOMESTIC AND FARM WORK OF RURAL WOMEN (Hours per day)

ANALYSED AREAS	DOMESTIC WORK (hours per day)	FARM WORK (hours per day)
		SUMMER	WINTER
GALICIAN INTERIOR	10.1	13.4	10.4
GALICIAN COAST	6.3	9.3	1.0
ANDALUSIAN COAST	16.4	1.2	1.5
ANDALUSIAN INTERIOR	13.8	3.4	0.2
CATALONIA INTERIOR	13.8	3.4	0.2
CATALONIAN COAST	7.7	4.0	4.0
TOTAL	10.0	6.3	3.4

Source: Explotación agraria familiar y trabajo de la mujer: estudio comparativo de Andalucía, Cataluña y Galicia (Women and the family farm: a comparative study of Andalusia, Catalonia and Galicia) - M^a Dolors García Ramón et al in "Mujeres y Sociedad" - Lola G. Luna (comp.) - Barcelona - 1991.

This sectoral research provides a more accurate insight into the role played by women on the family farm than do official statistics. In concrete terms, the agricultural activities in which the women are most heavily involved concern livestock (milking, tending, feeding and cleaning), particularly in the agricultural environments of the Atlantic Coast and the Cantabrian Cordillera (specifically the uneconomic holdings) and in intensive horticulture along the Mediterranean Coast. On a secondary level, the women also play an important role in harvesting in these areas and in the Balearic and Canary Islands. Similarly, they are active in the basic handling of agricultural produce throughout the Cantabrian Coast, in the Duero Meseta and on the Andalusian and Eastern-Catalan Coasts.

The rural woman, whether holder or spouse, is also an important source of (usually casual) agri-business labour in these environments. The national sociological survey found that the women's work in agro-industry mainly involved packaging, grading and product preparation - work that requires little skill and is generally arduous.

Case studies¹⁰ on women's work in the Valencian citrus sector depict more accurately the role of women in handling and packaging citrus products. The research highlights the difficult working conditions and the need for considerable flexibility and availability (up to 16-hour days).

¹⁰ Domingo Perez, C. "El trabajo de las mujeres en el sistema citrícola valenciano" - Cuadernos de Geografía (N° 53 - Valencia 1993).

In this way the "family member" category is acquiring a wage dimension, particularly among the younger women. This, in turn, is modifying farm household income structure in favour of off-farm revenue and is affecting social relations and perceptions within the rural family. This was also detected in other research work on the multiple activities of farms in the European Community¹¹.

¹¹ Bell, C. et al "Economic and Social Change in Rural Europe, Participation by Farm Women in the Labour Market, and Implications for Social Policy" - Arkleton Research Programme 1990.

III.2.4 Farm women and the future of the family holding and rural environment

At the time of the survey there was already a clear succession problem on farms in which women were actively involved. Approximately 16.6% of the farms were without a successor, rising to 33% and 32% respectively on the Atlantic Coast and in the Cantabrian Cordillera. In contrast, the highest proportions of farms with a definite successor were found in Guadalquivir-Genil-Campiñas, the Sistemas Bético/Penibético and on the Andalusian Coast.

Though the majority trend is migration from the land, particularly among the young women (only 27% of the women interviewed expressed satisfaction with their professional situation and only 5 % wanted their daughters to work on the farm), at the same time there was a high degree of satisfaction with the rural community. A total of 87% of the women interviewed wanted to remain in their village. This level was relatively uniform throughout, except in the Penibético region where it fell to 77 % (though there were differences among the age groups). Also, 45 % wanted their daughters to remain in the village (Tables 10, 11, 12 and 13).

TABLE 10: MOTHERS WANTING THEIR SONS/DAUGHTERS TO BE FARMERS (%)

AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS	SONS	DAUGHTERS
Ebro Basin	28.6	8.8
Atlantic Coast	9.4	5.2
Cantabrian Cordillera	6.2	2.1
Pyrenees, Catalan and Somontano Pre-pyrenees	29.2	4.4
Duero Meseta	10.9	3.0
Central Mountains	11.0	3.0
Southern Meseta	11.1	5.2
Sierra Morena Grasslands	9.0	2.6
Extremenduran Plains	11.8	4.1
Guadalquivir	18.1	7.5
Andalusian Coast	18.0	9.9
Sistemas Bético/Penibético	5.4	4.2
Eastern-Catalan Coast	14.9	7.0
Eastern Interior	14.7	4.5
Balearic Islands	24.2	8.8
Canary Islands	7.6	3.1
National Average	14.39	5.2

TABLE 11: MOTHERS WANTING THEIR SONS OR DAUGHTERS TO REMAIN IN THE VILLAGE (%)

AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS	SONS	DAUGHTERS
Ebro Basin	51.5	58.3
Atlantic Coast	34.6	41.0
Cantabrian Cantábrica	20 1	26.5
Pyrenees, Pre-pyrenees	38.6	54.0
Duero Meseta	10.2	19.8
Central Mountains	33.6	37.4
Southern Meseta	59 8	66.0
Sierra Morena Grasslands	40.6	47.6
Extremenduran Plains	55.3	63.4
Guadalquivir-Genil	46. 9	50. 6
Andalusian Coast	53.5	56.1
Sistemas Bético/Penibético	49.7	48.4
Eastern-Catalan Coast	73.0	75.2
Eastern-Catalan Interior	63.0	68.0
Balearic Islands	55.4	58.0
Canary Islands	44.7	47.4
National Average	45.6	51.1

TABLE 12: RESIDENCE PREFERENCES OF FARM WOMEN ACCORDING TO AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT (%)

AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS	RESIDENCE PREFERENCE
	The same village	Another village	In the city	Abroad
Ebro Basin	87.9	1.5	10.6
Atlantic Coast	90.7	1.6	7.3	0.5
Cantabrian Cordillera	81.9	3.1	14.0	1.0
Pyrenees, Catalan and Somontano Pre-pyrenees	90.3	0.8	8.7	0.3
Duero Meseta	81.5	1.0	17.0	0.5
Central Mountains	86.0	0.8	13.3
Southern Sub-meseta	89.5	3.2	6.7	0.5
Sierra Morena Grasslands	88.8	2.7	8.2	0.3
Extremenduran Plains	84.8	2.6	12.0	0.5
Guadalquivir-Genil-Campiñas	87.0	3.1	9.3	0.5
Andalusian Coast	87.5	5.6	6.9
Sistema Penibético	77.2	6.0	16.6	0.3
Eastern-Catalan Coast	93.0	2.6	4.2	0.3
Eastern-Catalan Interior	91.9	3.5	4.2	0.5
Balearic Islands	98.0	0.6	1.1	0.3
Canary Islands	84.0	7.3	7.5	1.3
National Average	87.4	2.9	9.3	0.4

TABLE 13 RESIDENCE PREFERENCES ACCORDING TO AGE GROUP (%)

AGE GROUP	LOCATION
	Same village	Another village	City	Abroad
< 35 years	74.3	4.5	20.2	0.9
36 to 55 years	90.6	2 8	6.3	0.3
> 55 years	94.0	1.6	4.3	0.1
National average	87.5	2.9	9.3	0.4