Table III
Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons in African inland and coastal water sediments (ng/g dry weight)
| Location/water type | Dieldrin | αHCH | HCB | γHCH (Lindane) | Heptachlor | Aldrin | Endosulfan | Reference | |
| INLAND WATERS | |||||||||
| North Africa - Egypt | |||||||||
| Lake Mariut | 89.1 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | |||||||
| Lake Mariut | 65.5 | 327.0 | Saad, 1981 | ||||||
| Nozha Hydrodrome | 119.5 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | |||||||
| Nozha Hydrodrome | 423.5 | Saad, 1981 | |||||||
| East Africa | |||||||||
| Lake Nakuru, Kenya | <1.0 | Greichus et al., 1978b | |||||||
| Lake Nyumba ya Mungu, Tanzania | 4 (3–6) | 1 (ND-4) | 131 (ND-251) (Tanzadrin) | Paasivirta et al., 1988 | |||||
| Lakes, Uganda | 10 (2–39) | Sserunjoji, 1974, 1976 | |||||||
| West and Central Africa | |||||||||
| River Ogunpa, Ibadan, Nigeria | 0.9 (ND-1.8) | 0.7 (ND-2) | 0.5 (ND-1.2) | ND | ND | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
| River Ona, lbadan, Nigeria | 0.3 (ND-0.5) | 0.5 (ND-0.9) | ND | ND | ND | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
| River Oniyere, Nigeria | 2.0 (ND-6) | 0.1 (ND-0.4) | 0.9 (ND-2.0) | ND | ND | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
| Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria | 4560 (190–8460) | 18.6 (ND-116) | 0.4 (ND-3.3) | 1.1 (0.11–4.9) | 64 (ND-1845) | 56 (ND-347) | 30 (7–1155) | Ojo, 1991 | |
| Ebrié Lagoon, Côte d'lvoire | 2.3 (0.5–19) | Marchand and Martin, 1985 | |||||||
| Ebrié Lagoon, Côte d'Ivoire | 17.8 (ND-125.8) | 3.2 (0.01.13.4) | 3.0 (0.07–19.8) | 0.9 (ND-6.8) | 15.7 (0.07–62.1) | Kaba, in press | |||
| Southern Africa | |||||||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 5.0 (ND-16)* | 16 (2–42)* | 1.0 (ND-12)* | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 4 | Greichus et al., 1978a | |||||||
| Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | 2 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
| Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | <1 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
| COASTAL WATERS | |||||||||
| North Africa - Egypt | |||||||||
| Abu-Kir Bay | 0.09 | 0.05 | Tayel, 1981 | ||||||
| Location/water type | ρ,ρ'-DDE | ρ,ρ'-DDD | ρ,ρ'-DDT | Total DDT | PCB | Reference | |
| INLAND WATERS | |||||||
| North Africa - Egypt | |||||||
| Lake Manzalah | 563 | 58.2 | 202 | 877 | 71.2 | Saad et al., 1985 | |
| Lake Mariut | 8.5 | 6.6 | 14.7 | 29.8 | 17.8 | Saad et al., 1985 | |
| Lake Mariut | 768 | 86.3 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | ||||
| Lake Mariut | 1672.8 | 270.5 | Saad, 1981 | ||||
| Nozha Hydrodrome | 12.4 | 16.8 | 24.9 | 54.1 | 21.4 | Saad et al., 1985 | |
| Nozha Hydrodrome | 840.5 | 91 | Abu-Elamayem et al., 1979 | ||||
| Nozha Hydrodrome | 456.0 | Saad, 1981 | |||||
| East Africa | |||||||
| Lake Nakuru, Kenya | 10 | 10 | <10 | <20 | Greichus et al., 1978a | ||
| Lake Nyumba ya Mungu, Tanzania | 1 (ND-1) | 1 (ND-3) | 3 (2–7) | Passivirta et al., 1988 | |||
| West and Central Africa | |||||||
| River Ogunpa, Ibadan, Nigeria | 13 (ND-32) | ND | 0.1 (ND-5.3) | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
| River Ona, Ibadan, Nigeria | 7 (ND-14) | ND | 1 (ND-2) | ND | Sunday, 1990 | ||
| River Oniyere, Nigeria | 9 (ND-50) | ND | ND | 4 (ND-14) | Sunday, 1990 | ||
| Lekki Lagoon, Nigeria | 263 (11–555) | ND | 88 (ND-438) | Ojo, 1991 | |||
| Ebrié Lagoon, Côte d'lvoire | 7.4 (0.1–149) | 28.1 (0.2–803) | 15.7 (0.2–354) | 17.1 (1.1–997) | 46.7 (2–213) | Marchand and Martin, 1985 | |
| Ebrié Lagoon, Côte d'lvoire | 46.2 (2.5–242.8) | 355.5 (8.5–1014) | Kaba, in press | ||||
| Southern Africa | |||||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 76 (32–146)* | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
| Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe | (40–740) | Matthiessen, 1983 | |||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 15 | 40 | 2 | 57 | 120 | Greichus et al., 1978a | |
| Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | 10 | 18 | 13 | 45 | 320 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
| Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | 5 | 2 | 6 | 13 | 70 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
| COASTAL WATERS | |||||||
| North Africa - Egypt | |||||||
| Abu-Kir Bay | 1.73 | Tayel, 1981 | |||||
Table IV
Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbon residue in fish from African inland water (ng/g fresh weight)
| Country/Location | Dieldrin | αHCH | HCB | γHCH (Lindane) | Heptachlor | Aldrin | Endosulfan | Reference | |
| North Africa | |||||||||
| Lake Mariut, Egypt | 34.98 | Saad et al., 1982 | |||||||
| Lake Mariut, Egypt | 2.03 | 80.06 | Saad, 1981 | ||||||
| East Africa - Kenya | |||||||||
| Lake Nakuru | 7* | Greichus, 1978b | |||||||
| Lake Nakuru | 1.5–2.4 | Koeman et al., 1972 | |||||||
| Tana River (Masinga Dam) | 14 (9–21) | 91.4 (4–295) | Mugachia et al., 1992a | ||||||
| Tana River (Hola lrrigation Scheme) | 20 (ND-110) | Munga, 1985 | |||||||
| Lake Victoria | 10 | Koeman and Pennings, 1970 | |||||||
| Lake Victoria | (7–70) | (1–40) | (1–7) | 20 | Mitema and Gitau, 1990 | ||||
| Lake Victoria | 0.83(0.11–3.08)* | Calamari et al., 1992 | |||||||
| East Africa - Uganda | |||||||||
| Lakes | 5 (2–27) | Sserunjoji, 1974, 1976 | |||||||
| East Africa - Tanzania | |||||||||
| Lake Nyumba ya Mungu | 3* | 1* | Paasivirta et al., 1988 | ||||||
| West and Central Africa - Nigeria | |||||||||
| Southwest (Ogum and Oyo States) | 12.7 (9–130) | 25.6 (7–106) | 50 (1–300) | 173 (3–904) | Amakwe, 1984 | ||||
| Southeast (Cross River and Akwa lbom States) | 1.8 (0.2–7.4) | 4.4 (0.6–13) | 0.3 (ND-1.0) | 5.5 (ND-14.9) | 14 (ND-89.6) | Fayomi, 1987 | |||
| Ibadan | 68 (ND-173) | 0.15 (0.04–0.24) | 248 (0.2–598) | 0.5 (0.1–1.3) | 1.4 (0.1–3.8) | ND | Osibanjo and Jensen, 1980 | ||
| Oyo, Lagos and Cross River States | 1.8 (0.2–5.0) | Amakwe, 1984; Fayomi, 1987 | |||||||
| Southern Africa | |||||||||
| Khwai River, Botswana | (0.3–9) | (10–146) | ND | 30 (ND-190) | Matthiessen et al., 1982 | ||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 1.3 (ND-24) | 64.1 (ND-240) | ND | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 10–40* | Greichus et al., 1978a | |||||||
| Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | 80* | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
| Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | 27* | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
*) Original data on dry weight basis, converted to fresh weight values by dividing by 3
| Country/Location | ρ,ρ'-DDE | ρ,ρ'-DDD | ρ,ρ'-DDT | Total DDT | PCB | Reference | |
| North Africa | |||||||
| Gezira Research Farm, Sudan | 670 (20–3600) | 780 (50–4200) | 1470 (180–8200) | 2950 (270–16000) | El-Zorgani, 1976 | ||
| Lake Nubia, Sudan | 48 (1–153) | 8 (5–14) | 58 (6–184) | Elzorgani et al., 1979 | |||
| Lake Mariut, Egypt | 38.96 | 17.36 | 60.76 | Saad et al., 1982 | |||
| Lake Mariut, Egypt | 10.1 | 31.8 | 84.5 | Saad, 1981 | |||
| East Africa - Kenya | |||||||
| Lake Nakuru | 7* | 3* | <3* | <13* | <150* | Greichus, 1978b | |
| Lake Nakuru | 1.3–2 | <7 | <2 | <11 | Koeman et al., 1972 | ||
| Lake Nakuru | 25* | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Lake Naivasha | 46 | Brown, 1971 | |||||
| Lake Naivasha | 2–5* | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Lake Baringo | 14–48* | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Tana River (Masinga Dam) | 121.4 (15–220) | 171.9 (52–1125) | 90.4 (85–1185) | Mugachia et al., 1992a | |||
| Tana River (Hola Irrigation Scheme) | 247 (ND-1300) | 8 (ND-40) | 3 (ND-10) | 258 (ND-1350) | Munga, 1985 | ||
| Athi River | 36 | Mugachia et al., 1992b | |||||
| Lake Victoria | 10 | 25 | Koeman and Pennings, 1970 | ||||
| Lake Victoria | (3–360) | (10–20) | 20 | (90–460) | Mitema and Gitau, 1990 | ||
| Lake Victoria | 4.4 (0.43–10.9)* | 7.8 (2.67–16.03)* | 3.0 (0.17–7.4)* | 15.2 (9–29)* | 90.4 (20–332)* | Calamari et al., 1992 | |
| Lake Victoria | 3.0 | Foxall, 1981 | |||||
| East Africa - Tanzania | |||||||
| Lake Nyumba ya Mungu | 5* | 2* | 8* | Paasivirta et al., 1988 | |||
| Lake Tanganyika | 48 (5–125)* | 165 (50–330)* | Deelstra et al., 1976 | ||||
| West and Central Africa - Nigeria | |||||||
| Southwest (Ogum and Oyo States) | 3.4 (2–30) | 7.8 (2–60) | 2.9 (3–18) | 20.6 (3–161) | 28.7 (8–130) | Amakwe, 1984 | |
| Southeast (Cross River and Akwa Ibom States) | 1.8 (ND-4.2) | 0.7 (ND-8) | 2.5 | 3.8 (0.7–14) | Fayomi, 1987 | ||
| Ibadan | 3 (0.2–6.6) | 7 (ND-23) | 15 (0.5–36) | Osibanjo and Jensen, 1980 | |||
| Southern Africa | |||||||
| Khwai River, Botswana | (19–128) | Matthiessen et al., 1982 | |||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 66.6 | Mhlanga and Madziva, 1990 | |||||
| Lake Mcllwaine, Zimbabwe | 27–80* | 33–60* | <3–47* | 60–150* | 400–770* | Greichus et al., 1978a | |
| Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe | 170 | Matthiessen, 1983 | |||||
| Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | 77* | 100* | 67* | 244* | 920* | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
| Voëlvlei Dam, RSA | 160* | 20* | 190* | 370* | 600* | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
*) Original data on dry weight basis, converted to fresh weight values by dividing by 3
Table V
Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbon residue in fish from coastal and marine African waters (ng/g fresh weight)
| Country/Location/Species | Dieldrin | HCB | γHCH (Lindane) | Heptachlor | Aldrin | Endosulfan | Reference | |
| West and Central Africa | ||||||||
| Finfish | ||||||||
| Nigeria | 0.92 (0.04–9.48) | 0.83 (ND-5.30) | 1.29 (ND-21.40) | 2.85 (ND-54.60) | 0.16 (ND-4.95) | Osibanjo and Bamgbose, 1990 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 12.4 (2–55) | Portmann et al., 1989 | ||||||
| Benin | 0.29 | <0.016 | 0.10 | 0.02 | <0.006 | Soclo and Kaba, 1992 | ||
| Côte d'Ivoire | 0.46* | 0.41 (<0.03–0.8)* | 0.1 (<0.6–0.23)* | 0.18 (0.03–0.7)* | Kaba, 1992 | |||
| Gambia | 0.58 | 0.029 | 0.15 | Jallow, 1988 | ||||
| Cameroon | 1.60 (ND-7.31) | 2.4 (ND-13.3) | Mbome and Mbi, 1991. | |||||
| Shellfish | ||||||||
| Nigeria: shrimp, crab, oyster, snail | 0.22 (ND-0.80) | 0.80 (ND-1.69) | 1.35 (ND-4.16) | 0.52 (ND-1.94) | 2.41 (ND-21.0) | Osibanjo and Bamgbose, 1990 | ||
| Côte d'Ivoire: shrimp | 0.31 (<0.03–0.73)* | 0.37 (0.17–0.9)* | 0.65 (0.17–1.3)* | Kaba, 1992 | ||||
| Gambia: shrimp | 3.07 | 0.74 | 1.08 | Jallow, 1988 | ||||
| Gambia: oyster | 1.74 | 0.18 | Jallow, 1988 | |||||
| Cameroon: shrimp | 0.98 (0.28–1.76) | ND | Mbome and Mbi, 1991 | |||||
| Cameroon: oyster | 1.44 (ND-5.3) | 1.71 (ND-12.0) | Mbome and Mbi, 1991 | |||||
| Country/Location/Species | ρ,ρ'-DDE | ρ,ρ'-DDD | ρ,ρ'-DDT | Total DDT | PCB | Reference | |
| West and Central Africa | |||||||
| Finfish | |||||||
| Nigeria | 3.72 (0.13–14.70) | 0.12 (ND-1.05) | 4.37 (0.15–18.60) | 40.9 (11.0–225) | Osibanjo and Bamgbose, 1990 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 15 (2–36) | 11 (2–30) | 46 (7–116) | 90 (3–825) | Portmann et al., 1989 | ||
| Benin | 0.23 | 1.79 | 1.86 | 3.88 | Soclo and Kaba, 1992 | ||
| Côte d'Ivoire | 1.92 (0.13–4.3)* | Kaba, 1992 | |||||
| Cameroon | 89.5 (ND-393) | 196 (ND-983) | Mbi and Mbome, 1991 | ||||
| Shellfish | |||||||
| Nigeria: shrimp, crab, oyster, snail | 37.0 (4.73–152) | 94.5 (37–287) | Osibanjo and Bamgbose, 1990 | ||||
| Côte d'Ivoire: shrimp | 1.0 (0.17–1.9)* | Kaba, 1992 | |||||
| Cameroon: shrimp | 244 (76–540) | 342 (ND-705) | Mbi and Mbome, 1991 | ||||
| Cameroon: oyster | 113 (ND-181) | 209 (ND-716) | Mbi and Mbome, 1991 | ||||
*) Original data on dry weigt basis, converted to fresh weigt values by dividing by 3
Table VI
Mean concentration of chlorinated hydrogen residue in aquatic plants (ng/g dry weight)
| Country/Location/Species | Dieldrin | αHCH | HCB | γHCH (Lindane) | Heptachlor | Aldrin | Endosulfan | Reference | |
| INLAND WATERS | |||||||||
| East Africa | |||||||||
| Lakes, Uganda | |||||||||
| Higher plants | 90 (15–900)* | Sserunjoji, 1974, 1976 | |||||||
| L. Nyumba ya Mungu, Tanzania | Tanzadrin | ||||||||
| Pistia stratiotes | 27 | 4.5 | 25 | Paasivirta et al., 1988 | |||||
| Southern Africa | |||||||||
| Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | |||||||||
| Algae | 50 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
| Water hyacinth | 20 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |||||||
| COASTAL WATERS | |||||||||
| Ologe Lagoon, Badagry, Nigeria | |||||||||
| Water Hyacinth | 43 | 0.45 | 48.6 | 52 | ND | 17 | Ogunseitan, 1987 | ||
| Country/Location/Species | ρ,ρ'-DDE | ρ,ρ'-DDD | ρ,ρ'-DDT | Total DDT | PCB | Reference | |
| INLAND WATERS | |||||||
| East Africa | |||||||
| Lake Naivasha, Kenya | |||||||
| Algae | 7 | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Higher plants | 30 | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Ferns (Salvinia auriculata) | 107 | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Total vegetation | 31 | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Lake Nakuru, Kenya | |||||||
| Oscillatoria platensis | trace | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| Lake Baringo, Kenya | |||||||
| Higher plants (plant parts with algae and Spirogyra) | ND-trace | Lincer et al., 1981 | |||||
| L. Nyumba ya Mungu, Tanzania | |||||||
| Pistia stratiotes | 15 | ND | 18 | Paasivirta et al., 1988 | |||
| Southern Africa | |||||||
| Hartbeespoort Dam, RSA | |||||||
| Algae | 60 | 200 | 280 | 540 | 2500 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
| Water hyacinth | 20 | 80 | 130 | 230 | 1300 | Greichus et al., 1977 | |
| COASTAL WATERS | |||||||
| Ologe Lagoon, Badagry, Nigeria | |||||||
| Water Hyacinth | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2700 | Ogunseitan, 1987 | |
*) Original data on fresh weight basis, converted to dry weight values by multiplying by 3
