Annexes (continued)

ANNEX 17
(Section 4.2.3)
Regional level transition matrix and flux diagram
Wet and Very Moist Zone

(all regions)

Number of Sampling Units:	26	Land area studied (million ha):	45.54
Results expanded to the total land area surveyed (stratum 1,2,3; million hectares):			891.76

Area transition matrix for the standard period 1980–1990¹
Classes at year 1980		Classes at year 1990 (Million hectares)
		Closed Forest	Open Forest	Long Fallow	Fragmented Forest	Shrub	Short Fallow	Other Land Cover	Water	Plantations	TOTAL 1980
		Closed Forest	Open Forest	Long Fallow	Fragmented Forest	Shrub	Short Fallow	Other Land Cover	Water	Plantations	Million ha	%
Closed Forest		685.36	0.96	5.35	2.32	0.42	9.16	10.11	0.36	3.70	717.74	*80.5*
Open Forest		0.10	11.54	0.02	0.08	0.01	0.36	0.20	0.01	0.02	12.32	*1.4*
Long Fallow		0.37	0.06	21.63	0.06	0.13	1.31	0.47	0.01	ε	24.02	*2.7*
Fragm.Forest		0.07	0.03	0.33	7.78	0.19	1.22	1.44	0.05	0.14	11.24	*1.3*
Shrubs		ε		0.04	0.01	3.52	0.03	0.20	ε	0.01	3.81	*0.4*
Short Fallow		0.27	0.04	0.27	0.22	0.02	55.78	5.04	0.13	0.14	61.92	*6.9*
Other Land		0.13	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.64	0.62	47.32	0.09	0.05	48.93	*5.5*
Water		0.11	ε	0.01	0.03		0.02	0.13	(water)	0.01	0.29	ε
Plantation		ε	ε	ε			0.01	0.02		11.45	11.48	*1.3*
TOT 1990	M.ha	686.41	12.65	27.68	10.52	4.93	68.50	64.92	0.66	15.50	891.76
	%	*77.0*	*1.4*	*3.1*	*1.2*	*0.6*	*7.7*	*7.3*	*0.1*	*1.7*		*100*

Woody Biomass Flux Diagram²

¹ Results based on visible common area between recent and historical satellite images. Stable water (ocean, sea, lakes, rivers) has been excluded from the analysis of changes. The symbol “ε” indicates values below the displayed decimal point.
² Only class transitions accounting for more than 2 percent of the total change are shown in the diagram.

ANNEX 18
(Section 4.2.3)
Ecological level transition matrix and flux diagram
Moist Zone with short and long dry season

(all regions)

Number of Sampling Units:	60	Land area studied (million ha):	136.88
Results expanded to the total land area surveyed (stratum 1,2,3; million hectares):			1469.41

Area transition matrix for the standard period 1980–1990¹
Classes at year 1980		Classes at year 1990 (Million hectares)
		Closed Forest	Open Forest	Long Fallow	Fragmented Forest	Shrub	Short Fallow	Other Land Cover	Water	Plantations	TOTAL 1980
		Closed Forest	Open Forest	Long Fallow	Fragmented Forest	Shrub	Short Fallow	Other Land Cover	Water	Plantations	Million ha	%
Closed Forest		484.65	6.09	3.66	6.17	1.59	12.30	22.91	1.14	0.21	538.71	*36.7*
Open Forest		0.61	147.50	0.65	3.75	1.16	1.43	7.60	0.03	0.16	162.88	*11.1*
Long Fallow		0.73	0.14	21.37	1.03	0.62	1.00	1.62	0.04	0.01	26.55	*1.8*
Fragm.Forest		0.33	0.29	0.30	120.23	0.22	0.17	8.62	0.19	0.24	130.59	*8.9*
Shrubs		0.14	0.08	0.22	0.09	98.88	0.31	16.42	0.13	0.14	116.40	*7.9*
Short Fallow		0.23	0.16	0.12	0.15	0.14	58.48	1.88	0.06	0.04	61.26	*4.2*
Other Land		0.49	0.33	0.22	1.12	0.35	1.38	424.06	0.94	0.34	429.21	*29.2*
Water		0.02	0.02	ε	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.51	(water)	ε	0.62	ε
Plantation		0.04	0.02	ε	ε	ε	ε	0.07	ε	3.06	3.20	*0.2*
TOT 1990	M.ha	487.25	154.61	26.52	132.55	102.96	75.11	483.68	2.52	4.20	1469.41
	%	*33.2*	*10.5*	*1.8*	*9.0*	*7.0*	*5.1*	*32.9*	*0.2*	*0.3*		*100*

Woody Biomass Flux Diagram²

ANNEX 19
(Section 4.2.3)
Regional level transition matrix and flux diagram
Sub-Dry to Very Dry Zone

(all regions)

Number of Sampling Units:	29	Land area studied (million ha):	68.91
Results expanded to the total land area surveyed (stratum 1,2,3; million hectares):			706.84

Area transition matrix for the standard period 1980–1990¹
Classes at year 1980		Classes at year 1990 (Million hectares)
		Closed Forest	Open Forest	Long Fallow	Fragmented Forest	Shrub	Short Fallow	Other Land Cover	Water	Plantations	TOTAL 1980
		Closed Forest	Open Forest	Long Fallow	Fragmented Forest	Shrub	Short Fallow	Other Land Cover	Water	Plantations	Million ha	%
Closed Forest		105.90	1.93	0.26	0.68	0.53	0.12	1.77	0.28	0.05	111.51	*15.8*
Open Forest		0.15	124.27	0.64	1.36	0.29	0.62	2.37	0.02	0.03	129.74	*18.4*
Long Fallow		0.01	0.07	5.61		0.04	0.05	0.18	ε		5.96	*0.8*
Fragm.Forest		0.18	0.32	ε	31.32	0.04	0.02	1.35	ε	0.01	33.23	*4.7*
Shrubs		0.01	0.12	0.01	0.04	50.29	ε	2.56	0.05	0.01	53.10	*7.5*
Short Fallow		0.05	0.08	0.07	0.01	ε	5.53	0.38	ε		6.13	*0.9*
Other Land		0.10	0.36	0.01	0.21	0.95	0.03	362.84	0.56	0.05	365.12	*51.7*
Water		0.01	ε		0.01	ε		0.82	(water)	0.01	0.86	*0.1*
Plantation		ε			ε		ε	0.02		1.17	1.20	*0.2*
TOT 1990	M.ha	106.40	127.15	6.61	33.62	52.14	6.37	372.31	0.92	1.33	706.84
	%	*15.1*	*18.0*	*0.9*	*4.8*	*7.4*	*0.9*	*52.7*	*0.1*	*0.2*		*100*

Woody Biomass Flux Diagram²

ANNEX 20
Summary Table of Forest Cover Changes at Eco-Regional Level

Pan-tropical
Parameters	Wet and Very Moist		Moist		Sub-Dry to Very Dry		All Zones
	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%
Tropical land area	975156		1886322		2083640		4945118
Land area studied (sampling frame)¹	891756	91.4	1469412	77.9	706844	33.9	3068012	62.0
Estimated forest area (F3)² 1980	757794	85.0	771237	52.5	258176	36.5	1787207	58.3
Forest area changed 1980–1990	36555.9	4.8	77739.7	10.1	11896.4	4.6	126192.0	7.1
*Types of forest area changes*
Deforested to non-wooded	11650.8	31.9	36241.1	46.6	5071.1	42.6	52963.0	42.0
Deforested to other wooded	11836.9	32.4	18221.0	23.4	1658.4	13.9	31716.3	25.1
Total Deforested	23487.7	*64.3*	54462.1	*70.1*	6729.5	*56.6*	84679.3	*67.1*
Fragmented (partial deforestation)	2456.4	6.7	10950.0	14.1	2035.2	17.1	15441.6	12.2
Degraded	6332.9	17.3	10387.8	13.4	2826.6	23.8	19547.3	15.5
Ameliorated	521.6	1.4	1475.3	1.9	223.0	1.9	2219.9	1.8
Converted to Plantation	3757.3	10.3	464.4	0.6	82.1	0.7	4303.8	3.4

In view of the limited number of sampling units available for each ecological zone within each region the following results should be considered as preliminary and indicative of main trends.

Africa
Parameters	Wet and Very Moist		Moist		Sub-Dry to Very Dry		All Zones
	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%
Tropical land area	123189		827959		1376868		2328016
Land area studied (sampling frame)¹	112551	91.4	741004	89.5	370402	26.9	1223957	52.6
Estimated forest area (F3)² 1980	91020	80.9	363235	49.0	129301	34.9	583556	47.7
Forest area changed 1980–1990	3759.8	4.1	29049.2	8.0	5798.7	4.5	38607.7	6.6
*Types of forest area changes*
Deforested to non-wooded	52.4	1.4	8182.3	28.2	2548.4	43.9	10783.1	27.9
Deforested to other wooded	1984.0	52.8	8088.5	27.8	880.4	15.2	10952.9	28.4
Total Deforested	2036.4	*54.2*	16270.8	*56.0*	3428.8	*59.1*	21736.0	*56.3*
Fragmented (partial deforestation)	93.3	2.5	7067.3	24.3	1488.2	25.7	8648.9	22.4
Degraded	713.7	19.0	5025.4	17.3	790.0	13.6	6529.0	16.9
Ameliorated	28.0	0.7	504.5	1.7	91.7	1.6	624.2	1.6
Converted to Plantation	888.4	23.6	181.2	0.6	0.0	0.0	1069.6	2.8

Latin America
Parameters	Wet and Very Moist		Moist		Sub-Dry to Very Dry		All Zones
	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%
Tropical land area	527714		817640		343036		1688389
Land area studied (sampling frame)¹	521604	98.8	532485	65.1	179475	52.3	1233564	73.1
Estimated forest area (F3)² 1980	499667	95.8	307204	57.7	85652	47.7	892522	72.4
Forest area changed 1980–1990	15875.0	3.2	34214.6	11.1	2201.7	2.6	52291.3	5.9
*Types of forest area changes*
Deforested to non-wooded	7774.6	49.0	23257.6	68.0	508.7	23.1	31540.9	60.3
Deforested to other wooded	3735.6	23.5	6878.9	20.1	246.1	11.2	10860.6	20.8
Total Deforested	11510.3	*72.5*	30136.4	*88.1*	754.7	*34.3*	42401.4	*81.1*
Fragmented (partial deforestation)	1287.9	8.1	1926.1	5.6	247.7	11.3	3461.8	6.6
Degraded	2851.8	18.0	1874.6	5.5	1148.0	52.1	5874.4	11.2
Ameliorated	220.3	1.4	77.2	0.2	51.3	2.3	348.8	0.7
Converted to Plantation	4.7	0.0	200.3	0.6	0.0	0.0	205.0	0.4

Asia
Parameters	Wet and Very Moist		Moist		Sub-Dry to Very Dry		All Zones
	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%	'000 ha	%
Tropical land area	324253		240723		363736		928712
Land area studied (sampling frame)¹	257601	79.4	195923	81.4	156967	43.2	610491	65.7
Estimated forest area (F3)² 1980	167107	64.9	100798	51.4	43223	27.5	311129	51.0
Forest area changed 1980–1990	16921.0	10.1	14475.9	14.4	3896.1	9.0	35293.0	11.3
*Types of forest area changes*
Deforested to non-wooded	3823.8	22.6	4801.2	33.2	2014.0	51.7	10639.0	30.1
Deforested to other wooded	6117.2	36.2	3253.6	22.5	532.0	13.7	9902.9	28.1
Total Deforested	9941.0	*58.7*	8054.8	*55.6*	2546.0	*65.3*	20541.9	*58.2*
Fragmented (partial deforestation)	1075.1	6.4	1956.6	13.5	299.3	7.7	3330.9	9.4
Degraded	2767.4	16.4	3487.9	24.1	888.7	22.8	7143.9	20.2
Ameliorated	273.3	1.6	893.7	6.2	80.0	2.1	1247.0	3.5
Converted to Plantation	2864.2	16.9	83.0	0.6	82.1	2.1	3029.3	8.6

¹ All satellite images with more than one million hectares of land and more than ten percent of forest. See Section 4.2.3 for sampling intensities by ecological zone and geographic region.
² F3 forest definition = Closed forest, Open forest, Long fallow and Fragmented forest (see also Section 2.2.1).

FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAO FORESTRY PAPERS

1	Forest utilization contracts on public land, 1977 (E F S)
2	Planning forest roads and harvesting systems, 1977 (E F S)
3	World list of forestry schools, 1977 (E/F/S)
3 Rev.1	World list of forestry schools, 1981 (E/F/S)
3 Rev.2	World list of forestry schools, 1986 (E/F/S)
4/1	World pulp and paper demand, supply and trade 1 - Vol. 1, 1977 (E F S)
4/2	World pulp and paper demand, supply and trade - Vol. 2, 1977 (E F S)
5	The marketing of tropical wood in South America, 1976 (E S)
6	National parks planning, 1976 (E F S **)
7	Forestry for local community development, 1978 (Ar E F S)
8	Establishment techniques for forest plantations, 1978 (Ar C E * F S)
9	Wood chips - production, handling, transport, 1976 (C E S)
10/1	Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in the tropics - 1. Principles and methodology, 1978 (E S)
10/2	Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in the tropics - 2. Data collection and calculations, 1978 (E F S)
11	Savanna afforestation in Africa, 1977 (E F)
12	China: forestry support for agriculture, 1978 (E)
13	Forest products prices 1960–1977, 1979 (E/F/S)
14	Mountain forest roads and harvesting, 1979 (E)
14 Rev.1	Logging and transport in steep terrain, 1985 (E)
15	AGRIS forestry - world catalogue of information and documentation services, 1979 (E/F/S)
16	China: integrated wood processing industries, 1979 (E F S)
17	Economic analysis of forestry projects, 1979 (E F S)
17 Sup.1	Economic analysis of forestry projects: case studies, 1979 (E S)
17 Sup.2	Economic analysis of forestry projects: readings, 1980 (C E)
18	Forest products prices 1960–1978, 1980 (E/F/S)
19/1	Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing plantation wood species - Vol. 1, 1980 (E)
19/2	Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing plantation wood species - Vol. 2, 1980 (E)
20	Forest tree improvement, 1985 (C E F S)
20/2	A guide to forest seed handling, 1985 (E S)
21	Impact on soils of fast-growing species in lowland humid tropics, 1980 (E S)
22/1	Forest volume estimation and yield prediction - Vol. 1. Volume estimation, 1980 (C E F S)
22/2	Forest volume estimation and yield prediction - Vol. 2. Yield prediction, 1980 (C E F S)
23	Forest products prices 1961–1980, 1981 (E/F/S)
24	Cable logging systems, 1981 (C E)
25	Public forestry administrations in Latin America, 1981 (E)
26	Forestry and rural development, 1981 (E F S)
27	Manual of forest inventory, 1981 (E F)
28	Small and medium sawmills in developing countries, 1981 (E S)
29	World forest products, demand and supply 1990 and 2000, 1982 (E F S)
30	Tropical forest resources, 1982 (E F S)
31	Appropriate technology in forestry, 1982 (E)
32	Classification and definitions of forest products, 1982 (Ar/E/F/S)
33	Logging of mountain forests, 1982 (E F S)
34	Fruit-bearing forest trees, 1982 (E F S)
35	Forestry in China, 1982 (C E)
36	Basic technology in forest operations, 1982 (E F S)
37	Conservation and development of tropical forest resources, 1982 (E F S)
38	Forest products prices 1962–1981, 1982 (E/F/S)
39	Frame saw manual, 1982 (E)
40	Circular saw manual, 1983 (E)
41	Simple technologies for charcoal making, 1983 (E F S)
42	Fuelwood supplies in the developing countries, 1983 (Ar E F S)
43	Forest revenue systems in developing countries, 1983 (E F S)
44/1	Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 1. Examples from eastern Africa, 1983 (E F S)
44/2	Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 2. Examples from southeastern Asia, 1984 (E S)
44/3	Food and fruit-bearing forest species - 3. Examples from Latin America, 1986 (E S)
45	Establishing pulp and paper mills, 1983 (E)
46	Forest products prices 1963–1982, 1983 (E/F/S)
47	Technical forestry education - design and implementation, 1984 (E F S)
48	Land evaluation for forestry, 1984 (C E F S)
49	Wood extraction with oxen and agricultural tractors, 1986 (E F S)
50	Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa, 1984 (E F)
50/1	Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa - seven case-studies, 1985 (E)
51/1	Studies on the volume and yield of tropical forest stands - 1. Dry forest formations, 1989 (E F)
52/1	Cost estimating in sawmilling industries: guidelines, 1984 (E)
52/2	Field manual on cost estimation in sawmilling industries, 1985 (E)
53	Intensive multiple-use forest management in Kerala, 1984 (E F S)
54	Planificación del desarrollo forestal, 1984 (S)
55	Intensive multiple-use forest management in the tropics, 1985 (E F S)
56	Breeding poplars for disease resistance, 1985 (E)
57	Coconut wood - Processing and use, 1985 (E S)
58	Sawdoctoring manual, 1985 (E S)
59	The ecological effects of eucalyptus, 1985 (C E F S)
60	Monitoring and evaluation of participatory forestry projects, 1985 (E F S)
61	Forest products prices 1965–1984, 1985 (E/F/S)
62	World list of institutions engaged in forestry and forest products research, 1985 (E/F/S)
63	Industrial charcoal making, 1985 (E)
64	Tree growing by rural people, 1985 (Ar E F S)
65	Forest legislation in selected African countries, 1986 (E F)
66	Forestry extension organization, 1986 (C E S)
67	Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America, 1986 (E)
68	Appropriate forest industries, 1986 (E)
69	Management of forest industries, 1986 (E)
70	Wildland fire management terminology, 1986 (E/F/S)
71	World compendium of forestry and forest products research institutions, 1986 (E/F/S)
72	Wood gas as engine fuel, 1986 (E S)
73	Forest products: world outlook projections 1985–2000, 1986 (E/F/S)
74	Guidelines for forestry information processing, 1986 (E)
75	Monitoring and evaluation of social forestry in India - an operational guide, 1986 (E)
76	Wood preservation manual, 1986 (E)
77	Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances, 1986 (E)
78	Appropriate wood harvesting in plantation forests, 1987 (E)
79	Small-scale forest-based processing enterprises, 1987 (E F S)
80	Forestry extension methods, 1987 (E)
81	Guidelines for forest policy formulation, 1987 (C E)
82	Forest products prices 1967–1986, 1988 (E/F/S)
83	Trade in forest products: a study of the barriers faced by the developing countries, 1988 (E)
84	Forest products: World outlook projections - Product and country tables 1987–2000, 1988 (E/F/S)
85	Forestry extension curricula, 1988 (E/F/S)
86	Forestry policies in Europe, 1988 (E)
87	Small-scale harvesting operations of wood and non-wood forest products involving rural people, 1988 (E F S)
88	Management of tropical moist forests in Africa, 1989 (E F P)
89	Review of forest management systems of tropical Asia, 1989 (E)
90	Forestry and food security, 1989 (Ar E S)
91	Design manual on basic wood harvesting technology, 1989 (E F S) (Published only as FAO Training Series, No. 18)
92	Forestry policies in Europe - An analysis, 1989 (E)
93	Energy conservation in the mechanical forest industries, 1990 (E S)
94	Manual on sawmill operational maintenance, 1990 (E)
95	Forest products prices 1969–1988, 1990 (E/F/S)
96	Planning and managing forestry research: guidelines for managers, 1990 (E)
97	Non-wood forest products: the way ahead, 1991 (E S)
98	Timber plantations in the humid tropics of Africa, 1993 (E F)
99	Cost control in forest harvesting and road construction, 1992 (E)
100	Introduction to ergonomics in forestry in developing countries, 1992 (E F I)
101	Management and conservation of closed forests in tropical America, 1993 (E F P S)
102	Research management in forestry, 1992 (E F S)
103	Mixed and pure forest plantations in the tropics and subtropics, 1992 (E F S)
104	Forest products prices 1971–1990, 1992 (E/F/S)
105	Compendium of pulp and paper training and research institutions, 1992 (E)
106	Economic assessment of forestry project impacts, 1992 (E/F)
107	Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management - Principles and concepts, 1993 (E/F/S)
108	A decade of wood energy activities within the Nairobi Programme of Action, 1993 (E)
109	Directory of forestry research organizations, 1993 (E)
110	Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on Forestry Research, 1993 (E/F/S)
111	Forestry policies in the Near East region - Analysis and synthesis, 1993 (E)
112	Forest resources assessment 1990 - Tropical countries, 1993 (E)
113	Ex situ storage of seeds, pollen and in vitro cultures of perennial woody plant species, 1993 (E)
114	Assessing forestry project impacts: issues and strategies, 1993 (E F S)
115	Forestry policies of selected countries in Asia and the Pacific, 1993 (E)
116	Les panneaux à base de bois, 1993 (F)
117	Mangrove forest management guidelines, 1994 (E)
118	Biotechnology in forest tree improvement, 1994 (E)
119	Les produits bois reconstitués, liants et environnement, 1994 (F)
120	Decline and dieback of trees and forests - A global overview, 1994 (E)
121	Ecology and rural education - Manual for rural teachers, 1995 (E S)
122	Readings in sustainable forest management, 1994 (E S)
123	Forestry education - New trends and prospects, 1994 (E F S)
124	Forest resources assessment 1990 - Global synthesis, 1995 (E F S)
125	Forest products prices 1973–1992, 1995 (E F S)
126	Climate change, forests and forest management - An overview, 1995 (E)
127	Valuing forests: context, issues and guidelines, 1995 (E)
128	Forest resources assessment 1990 - Tropical forest plantation resources, 1995 (E)
129	Environmental impact assessment and environmental auditing in the pulp and paper industry, 1996 (E)
130	Forest resources assessment 1990 - Survey of tropical forest cover and study of change processes, 1996 (E)

Availability: February 1996

Ar - Arabic
C - Chinese
E - English
I - Italian
F - French
P - Portuguese
S - Spanish

Multil - Multilingual
* Out of print
** In preparation

The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents or directly from Distribution and Sales Section, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Annexes (continued)

ANNEX 17(Section 4.2.3)Regional level transition matrix and flux diagram Wet and Very Moist Zone

ANNEX 18(Section 4.2.3)Ecological level transition matrix and flux diagram Moist Zone with short and long dry season

ANNEX 19(Section 4.2.3)Regional level transition matrix and flux diagram Sub-Dry to Very Dry Zone

ANNEX 20 Summary Table of Forest Cover Changes at Eco-Regional Level

ANNEX 17
(Section 4.2.3)
Regional level transition matrix and flux diagram
Wet and Very Moist Zone

ANNEX 18
(Section 4.2.3)
Ecological level transition matrix and flux diagram
Moist Zone with short and long dry season

ANNEX 19
(Section 4.2.3)
Regional level transition matrix and flux diagram
Sub-Dry to Very Dry Zone

ANNEX 20
Summary Table of Forest Cover Changes at Eco-Regional Level