i Story recounted by K. Iles PIHAM Training - from Workshop Report, Module 5, January 1997.
ii This case study does not talk about the details of the PIHAM approach to Herd Health and Production Programme. Rather, it speaks of the participatory, and subsequent gender-responsive approaches that arose from the introduction of PIHAM to the overall livestock project and the Women's Programme. For those interested in gaing fuller knowledge of the PIHAM approach, please refer to Holden, S.J., Bazeley, K.J., Ashley, S.D., and Bazeley, P.B.S. Animal Health and Production Improvement Module (AHPIM): an Approach to Designing and Implementing Herd Health and Production Programmes in Developing Countries. FAO, Rome, January 1 995.
iiiPersonal communication, Mr. T. Barker, CTA AFG/96/007 26 August, 1997.
iv The name of the programme was originally AHPIM, but due to the pronunciation, the word, "aphim" sounded too much like "apheen" or opium. The initiators who originally took the training under the project staff suggested the change in name to a more suitable "piham" PIHAM. "Piham", in Persian means "continuous". This was very meaningfull in the context of the veterinary services programme, because if the veterinary staff do not have continuous contact with the fanners, they are not able to collect information according to the need of the farmer.
v Htun, U Nay. Foreword. Afghanistan PEA CE Initiative (1997-1999), UNDP, 1997.
vi UNDP. Programme Setting: Afghanistan PEACE Initiative (1997-1999), Islamabad, 1997.
vii UNDP. Human Development Report, 1996,New York 1996.
viii Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy. FAO, Rome January 1997.
ix ibid.
x Livestock Development for Food Security, Afghanistan PEACE Initiative (1997- 999), Chapter 6, UNDP, Islamabad, 1997.
xi Progress Report: Women in Development (WID) Fund for Afghanistan. UNOCHA, November 1995.
xii The question of cultural and religious interpretation/determination is the subject of discussion for many social sciences - from anthropology to sociology to feminist studies. Suffice it to say here, "culture" is not static; rather it is dynamic and everchanging. Likewise, religion - whether it be Roman Catholicism, Buddhism, or Islam can be and often is interpreted in different ways, by different groups of people (and indeed, individuals) in different regions of the world, and even different parts of one country. The statement in favour of "cultural determinism or religious interpretation" is subject to valid criticism and depends on "who" is interpreting, and "who" is observing.
xiii Letter to Heads of UN Agencies active in Afghanistan, July, 1997.
xiv Personal communication, D. Ward, Technical Officer AGAH, FAO, 25 August, 1997.
xv Farmer's comment on PIHAM noted in Iles, Karen. Workshop Report for Module Five of PIHAM, FAO, Rome, January 1997.
xvi Project Document, AFG/93/004. FAO, Rome.
xvii Noted in Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy. FAO, Rome January, 1997.
xviii The Dutch Committee for Afghanistan surveyed 700 farmers in selected villages in 1992 using EPI-INFO (Epidemiological Programme of the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta/WHO, Geneva).
xix Noted in Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy. FAO, Rome January, 1997.
xx Promotion of Farmers' Participation through the Implementation of Animal Health and Production Improvement Modules (AHPIM) in Afghanistan. FAO Project Document (TCP/AFG/4553), 1995.
xxi Iles, K. Terminal Statement for the Pilot Phase of PIHAM: Animal Health and Production Improvement Module (AHPIM: LOCAL). Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Islamabad, January, 1997.
xxii Holden S.J., Bazeley K.J., Ashley, S.D. and Bazely, P.B.S. 1995. See endnote iii.
xxiii T. Barker, Personal communication, 26 August, 1997.
xxiv From discussions with Women's Programme staff, July 1997.
xxv K. Iles, Progress Report on Planning Workshop for the Women's Programme, FAO Islamabad, March 1997.
xxvi Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy. FAO, Rome January 1997.
xxvii Due to 20 years of conflict, it has been difficult, both on the part of past governments, and others (UN included) to collect reliable and continuous information and statistics.
xxviii Source: FAO land Use Statistics 1972.
xxix Source: 1976 data. First Seven Year Economic and Social Development Plan (1976-83), Ministry of Planning, Kabul 1355 (March 1976).
1966 Data. FAO Integrated Crop Programme estimates.
xxx Livestock Production Report. Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy. FAO, Rome January 1997.
xxxi Chapter 1, Programme Setting. Afghanistan PEACE Initiative (1997-99). UNDP, Islamabad, 1997.
