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Annexes

Annexes

Annex 1: Questionnaires for field surveys

Annex 2: Examples of specific questionnaires

Annex 3: Rapid Rural Appraisal

Annex 4: Example of a socio-economic area profile

Annex 5: Structure of a basic socio-economic report

Annex 6: Basic socio-economic indicators in Balochistan

Annex 7: Local socio-economic indicators

Annex 8: Essential socio-economic glossary (Pashtu-English and English-Pashto)

Annex 9: Essential socio-economic bibliographic references on Balochistan

ANNEX 1: Questionnaires for field surveys

In each site covered by the project, before the initiation of development activities, of questionnaires is filled in by IRLDP field researchers (in Urdu). The objective is to obtain basic quantitative data on the main social and economic parameters. Some of the questionnaires include specific case studies on individual households. The list of questionnaires is the following:

1. Basic socio-demographic data (for each household and family) including data on age of heads of households, number and age of wives and children, level of education

2. Factors of production, including data on size of landholdings, and of family flocks for each unit of production.

3. Specific socio-demographic data on women (origin, education, present age, age at marriage, total number of children, number of children alive, possession and use of assets, etc.)

4. Production activities (by age and sex, and according to seasons)

5. Production activities (case studies on individual households)

6. Production inputs (according to the seasons)

7. Production inputs (case studies on individual households)

8. Production revenues (according to the seasons)

9. Production revenues (case studies on individual households)

10. Crop production (activities, cycles, harvest period for each crop)

11. Calendar of agricultural and livestock activities

12. Local prices for basic commodities (according to the seasons)

13. Marketing of agricultural and livestock products (case studies)

14. Marketing of agricultural and livestock products (case studies on individual households)

15. Purchase of animals (case studies on individual households)

16. Sales of animals ((case studies on individual households)

17. Animal diseases (according to the seasons)

18. Animal diseases (case studies on individual households)

19. Labor cost and other costs

20. Labor allocations (according to the crops and seasons, case studies on individual households)

21. Use of animals products

22. Wool and meat production (case studies on individual households)

23. Production of meat (case studies on individual households)

The Annex 2 gives the example of the questionnaires # 1 and 3

ANNEX 2: Example of questionnaires

QUESTIONNAIRE N. 1

QUESTIONNAIRE N. 3

ANNEX 3: Rapid rural appraisal

To assess the socio-economic situation of the different areas in the most rapid and efficient way, the SEU has used some tools of a methodology which puts particular emphasis on circa observation and semi-structured interviews of individuals and groups of individuals.

This methodology, called Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), has been developed by social scientists and social services providers as a means of understanding the social and economic life of human communities. RRA provides guidelines for conducting rapid assessments of producers' practices and behaviors. As an off-shoot of this method, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques implicate local populations more directly in the identification of their problems and needs. The method emphasizes the need to observe, listen to and understand the points of view, patterns of organization, and actions of the community, and to take into account the specific needs of categories of people (especially women).

Some tools of this approach can be applied at various points of the programme cycle (planning, implementation and evaluation).

* as a planing toot prior to program development, RRA is an effective means of collecting important baseline data on everyday activities, identifying major problems and issues, and judging the feasibility of a particular development activity or approach. RRA allows the people's own perceptions of problems to surface and enter into program design, thus fostering from the start community participation;

* as a means of monitoring program implementation, RRA allows project personnel to gain insight into problems encountered and, eventually, to modify project activities accordingly;

* as an instrument for evaluation, RRA can help assessment of whether the activities undertaken have effectively responded to the problems of the community.

The main RRA techniques utilized by the IRLDP/SEU have been:

+ observations: simple, consistent observations of actions and behaviors in different settings (in the home, in the field) to reveal extensive information about community patterns and interactions.

+ format interviews: a list of specific questions was prepared in advance and group promters and community motivators were asked to record responses in writing; this technique provided basic quantitative data (see also annex 1 and 2);

+ informal interviews: questions arose out of observation of a particular setting and are adapted to different individuals interviewed;

+ conversations: casual conversations were important means of gathering information from certain individuals or in certain circumstances;

+ focus-group discussions: this involves the selection of select members of the community (e.g., elders, local opinion leaders, women, mothers, shepherds) for discussions about specific interests: farming, animal husbandry, women's activities, child care, etc. Themes are raised for general discussion (perceptions, aspirations, identification of needs, etc.);

+ participative mapping: production of maps using local perceptions of the area (habitations, fields, grazing areas, springs, water points for animals, graveyards, etc.);

+ collection of local technical terms in domains concerning social life, economic activities, environment and natural resources, etc. (see annex 8: essential socio-economic glossary in Pashtu);

+ wealth-ranking: visualizing local criteria of ranking people and local perception of the internal stratification of the community),

+ participatory identification of priorities and needs in order to identify the initiatives to be undertaken and the conditions of their implementation,

+ participatory evaluation of the various activities in order to assess the reaction of individuals to project activities and understand the impact of the project on the life of local populations,

+ restitution mechanisms: process through which the main findings of the appraisal were communicated to the community, particularly to the Community Steering Committees and the Village Councils; it set the scene for a sustainable relationship between the community and the project in implementing activities

ANNEX 4: Structure of a basic socio-economic report

[This annex proposes a general outline to assist in structuring a report on issues concerning the social and economic life of populations. Each chapter may include from 5 to 15 pages according to the needs. Complementary information should be put in appropriate annexes. This form of report is necessary in areas where a project intends to start development activities. For a more general profile of surrounding or related areas see annex 5: Area Profile].

1. SOCIAL FEATURES

Annexes:

2. LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Annexes:

3. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Annexes:

4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Annexes:

LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

ANNEX 5.: Example of a socio-economic area profile

[This annex gives on example of a short socio-economic profile which should be prepared for each area directly or indirectly linked to the area/site covered by the project. A series of profiles would help to place targetted ' communities in a wider social and economic context]

AREA:

Dasht Goran, Rej, Ronjedo and Dash Budu villages

DISTRICT:

Kalat

LOCATION:

Between 10 and 25 km. south of the town of Kalat

SOCIAL GROUPINGS:

Brahui Sarawan, with communities belonging to the Zari, Menngal and Alizei tribes

POPULATION:

Rough estimation of a settled population of between 400 to 700 households (=3500 and 6000 persons), plus about 100 households of seasonal inhabitants (nomads) belonging to the Channar clan of the Zari tribe.

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS:

The following production systems may be distinguished

 

(i) fixed agriculturalists;

 

(ii) fixed agro-pastoralists;

 

(iii) transhumant agro-pastoralists (with fixed house in summer);

 

(iv) pastoralists.

 

Agriculturalists and agro-pastoralists cultivate orchards and khuskaba. It is reported that orchards had a very low production over the last 5 years.

 

Agro-pastoralists and pastoralists move to Kacchi lowlands in winter, using four main roads.

LIVESTOCK:

Permanent animal population estimated at about 6,000 sheep and goats

 

Average family flock size: between 5 and 10 animals (settled); about 100 animals (nomads)

AGRICULTURE:

Orchards and rainfed agriculture

WATER:

Spring, karez and open-air wells

LAND TENURE:

Agricultural lands: (i) botari, ownership; and (ii) bazghari, tenancy.

 

Some landless people have to pay a crop share (called batai) to the sardar controlling the land (about 1/7 of the harvest).

 

Pastoral lands: communal use of 'jama' (or land belonging to the community.

TRADITIONAL:

Sardar of the Zari tribe

LEADERSHIP:

Sardar of the Menngal tribe

DEVELOPMENT:

No specific development initiatives in the area

 

The main road (Kalat-Khuzdar) is currently under construction

REMARKS:

* A relatively high number of pastoralists tend animals belonging to absentee owners, (i) under a traditional contract which lasts 4 years and allow them I out of every 4 new born animals), continuing seasonal migrations, or (ii) as salaried shephers, remaining in the area, and receiving 200 Rs. per year, I lamb out of 10 and a bag of wheat (for about 200 animals representing 4 to 5 individual flocks).

 

* In winter, a relatively high number of settled agro-pastoralists migrate to Turbat and Karachi in search of labor. However, the number of these people has dramatically declined since the development of the orchards (15 to 20 years ago).

ANNEX 6: Basic socio-economic indicators in Balochistan

POPULATION (1995 estimates):

  
 

Total population:

6,738,000 (= 5.2% of total population in Pakistan

 

Categories:

Rural: 82%; Urban: 18%

 

Gender:

Male: 52.1%; Female 47.8%

 

Young population (above 20 yrs):

52%

 

Total fertility rate (1990-95):

6.47 (Pakistan: 6.00)

 

Life expectancy:

59.50 (Pakistan: 60.75)

 

Infant mortality rate:

93.50 (Pakistan: 80.00)

 

Child mortality rate:

138 (Pakistan: 130)

 

Maternal mortality rate:

500-1,000 (Pakistan: 500)

AGRICULTURE (1992):

  
 

Total area of Balochistan:

347,193 km2

 

Reported area:

186,100 km2

 

Cultivated area:

4.6% (of total area), 8.7% (of reported area)

 

Cropped area:

2% (of total), 3.7% (of reported)

 

Cultivable waste:

13.6% (of total), 25.4% (of reported)

 

Forest:

3.1% (of total), 5.8% (of reported)

Not available for cultivation:

32.1% (of total), 91.2% (of reported)

LIVESTOCK (1991-92):

  
 

Number of sheep:

12,889,449

 

Number of goats:

9,388,720

 

Number of veterinary hospitals:

53

 

Number of veterinary dispensaries:

567

CLIMATE (1983 to 1992):

  
 

Mean of maxi temperature:

Quetta: 24.8; Zhob: 26.2 (from 1983 to 1989 only)

 

Mean of mini temperature:

Quetta: 8.3; Zhob: 11.9 (from 1983 to 1989 only)

 

Rainfall (1992):

Quetta: 409.6 mm; Zhob: 357.7 mm

HEALTH (1991-1992):

  
 

Number of hospitals:

60

 

Number of beds:

3,110

 

Number of dispensaries

644

 

Number of rural health centres:

44

 

Number of basic health units:

17

 

Number of doctors:

680 (female: 12%)

 

Num of doctors per population:

1 per 5,412

 

Number of nurses:

191 (female: 82.7%)

 

Num. of nurses per population:

1 per 26,042

 

Number of lady visitors:

654

EDUCATION (1991):

  
 

Number of primary schools:

4,222 (males: 86.8%; females: 13.1%)

 

Number of middle schools:

582 (males: 88.1 %; females: 11.8%)

 

Number of high schools:

288 (males: 80.5%; females: 19.4%)

 

Number of mosque schools:

2,470 (males: 100%)

 

Primary school enrollment:

50% overall

   

(% of popul. aged 5-9)

27% girls; 71% boys

 

Number of teachers (prim. schools):

14,493 (males: 86%); females: 13.9%)

 

Number of teachers (middle schools):

5135 (males: 86.9%; females: 13%)

 

Number of teachers (high schools):

1,870 (males: 77%; females: 22.9%)

 

Adult literacy rate (1991, estim.):

20.4% (overall Balochistan); (35% overall Pakistan)

 

Female literacy rate:

6.2% (Balochistan); (Pakistan: 21%); 2.4% (rural women in Balochistan)

ANNEX 7: Local socio-economic indicators

This annex presents the main quantitative socio-economic indicators which may be collected in the highlands at the level of a village. Covering a wide range of subjects (population, human development , land, water, labor, livestock, market, and production), these indicators should aim essentially at identifying social and economic change, providing explanations, monitoring specific interventions, and modifying approaches. They also give background material for evaluating general socio-economic processes and trends at regional, provincial and national levels, and improve basic statistics. More particularly, indicators aim at:

The list of indicators given below reflects the main goals and concerns of a project like the ILRDP. This initial list could be completed by more specific indicators according to the needs.

LIST OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS

1. POPULATION

2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

3. LAND

4. WATER

5. LABOR

6. LIVESTOCK

7. PRODUCTION

8. Market

1 Literacy: ability both to read and to write

2 Enrollment rate: number of children enrolled in primary schools (first level education) per 100 children of primary school age.

3 Children whose weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height are below 80% (use of experts may be required for this indicator)

4 Water pipe facilities: water laid on from community-wide system (installations within 100 mt. from family compounds) or from individual installations.

5 Institutional credit: all credit (usually expressed in money values) supplied by institutional agencies (agricultural banks, credit institutions, cooperatives, projects, housing finance institutions, building societies).

ANNEX 8: Essential socio-economic glossary Pashto-English and English-Pashto

I. PASHTO-ENGLISH (1)

Abi:

irrigated land (see: oba)

Adal-badal:

barter; exchange (see: badal)

Ak:

rights

Aka:

uncle (= father's brother)

Ambar:

manure; fertilizer (see: s_ra)

Ambar-khana:

store; granary (=manure room)

Angur

grape

Anna:

grand-mother (see: niya)

Ashar:

collective labor, group work

Aziiz:

kin, descent group; clan (see also: zai, khek, kom)

 

aziiz-galwi:

kinship

Badal:

exchange; barter; reciprocity, vengeance; retaliation, revenge

Badar:

landowner

Bagh:

garden

Baha:

payment

 

khuni baha

(=murder payment)

Bahureï:

open-air well (tubewell)

Baïtak:

guesthouse

Balusan:

Baluch (people)

Band:

bar; dam; enbankment (see: lat)

Bandubast:

settlement (of land); distribution of land (see: vesh)

Baran:

rain

 

barani:

rainfed agriculture (called also 'khuskawa')

Barkar:

flock of young kids (for goats) (see: wula, for sheep)

Bataï:

division of shares (tenancy)

Bazgar:

tenant (see: dekan)

 

bazaar ak:

tenancy rights; usufructuary rights

Bazgari:

tenancy

Begaar:

forced labour (imposed by chief, council, etc.)

Begherat:

man/woman who has lost his/her honor (see: ghaïrat)

Beravi:

Brahui

Bogareï:

land given to a tenant by a landowner

Boena:

co-wife

Boeza:

goat

Chiné:

spring; stream

 

chiné oba:

water spring

Daba:

stagnant water

Darzi:

tailor

Dasht:

plain; valley

Dekan:

tenant (see: bazaar)

Dol:

drum

 

dol-zan:

musician (=drum beat)

Doobeï:

summer

Drakht bagh:

orchard (=tree garden)

Drakht:

tree, fruit tree

Duk:

anthrax

Dukan:

shop

Dukandar:

shop-keeper

Ekar:

acre

Faïda:

benefit; profit; advantage

Fakir:

beggar; mendicant

Farlang:

unit of measurement of distance (one farlang=200 m.)

Fasila:

distance

Fasli:

cultivation

 

do fasli:

rotation of two crops

Garam:

hot

 

garam

mosum: hot, warm weather

 

garam yilaka:

warm areas; winter quarters (for nomadic pastoralists)

Garma:

sweet melon (see: sarda, khatakai)

Gelaï:

small flock of sheep

Goneï:

sack (for agricultural products) (= 100 to 120 kg.)

Gwasha:

meat

Ghaïrat:

honor (see: nang; tura; izzat); charity

Ghaïratmand:

man of honor; honorable

Ghal:

thief; robber; bandit

Gham:

grief, sadness, mourning

Gh_nam:

wheat (see: mulki and sarkari varieties)

Gharib:

poor

 

gharibi:

poverty

Ghoba:

cow-herd

Gh_m:

funeral

Ghwa:

cow

Ghwayeï:

bullock

Haj:

pilgrimage to Mecca

Halak:

boy (from 7 to 15 years)

Hamsaya:

client; neighbour

Hawd:

reservoir; cistern

Hokumat:

state/government-owned land

Ijara:

rent (for land)

Indwana:

watermelon

Injileï:

girl (from 7 to 15 years)

Jakei:

hail

Jang:

war

Jawar:

sorghum

Jerga:

council; elder council

Jig:

tall

jiga drakhta:

palm (=tall tree)

Jow:

barley

Juwari:

maize

Kaar:

work; labour

 

mazduur kaar:

wage labour

Kaarindar:

worker

Kahkti:

scarcity; absence; lack; famine

Kaleï:

village (pl.: kili); neighborhoods

Kamat:

price

Kambala:

carpet (traditional)

Kandak:

flock (of sheep) (see: taway, flock of goats)

Kanun:

law; civil law

Karana:

 
 

karana mzakka:

cultivated land

Karez:

underground spring

 

karez viala:

karez channel

Karz:

debt

 

karzdar:

who is in debt

Kashida kari:

handicrafts (=crafts work)

Kat:

fertilizer

Ker:

enclosure, corral (for animals)

Keteï:

fields

Kili:

villages (pi. of kaleï)

Kishdeï:

tent; pastoral camp

kishdeï masher:

camp leader

kishdeï-nu wale yilaka:

camp territory

Kisht:

cultivation

Kishtgar:

tenant who provides seeds for cultivation

Kochean:

pastoralists (see: pawondean, musafir)

Kolal:

potter

Kom:

confederacy; cluster or related tribes

Koor:

house (separate cooking unit)

 

koor naï:

household members; domestic group

 

koor khalq:

household members

 

koor wale:

nuclear family

Korot:

cheese

Kozda:

betrothal

K_raya:

rent (for house)

Kret:

crate (for fruits and vegetables, between 12 and 20 kg.)

Kuchi:

butter

Kushneï:

small

 

kushneï sar:

small peak

 

kushneï injileï:

girl (below 7 years)

 

kushneï halak:

boy (below 7 years)

Kuweï:

well

Khalq:

people

Khan:

wealthy landowning person; senior in a village (see: malik, village chief)

Khana:

room; house

Khandan:

family

Khatakaï:

sweet melon (see: garma, sarda)

Khel:

tribe

Þ khel yilaka:

tribal territory

Kherat:

social ceremonies (for weddings, deaths, circumcisions)

Khp_l:

own

 

khp_l wuli:

close relative (for intermarriages)

Khuni:

murder

khuni baha:

murder payment; blood money

Khur:

sister

Khurma:

dates

Khushk:

to dry

khusk saali:

drought (=dry year)

khushkwar:

spring harvest

khuskawa:

dry agriculture (see: barani)

Lat.:

enbankment (see: band)

Lau:

harvest

Lauzaghai:

herding contract

Lavian:

hired agricultural worker (for the harvest of wheat) (see: mazduur)

Lewa:

wolf

Loe:

big, high

 

loe sar:

big, high peak

Lora:

torrent

Loshal:

to milk

Lur:

daughter

Maal:

livestock; animal capital

 

maaldar:

livestock keeper

Maalik:

landlord (see: bazgaar, or tenant)

Mahal:

place

Maïna:

wife

Malang:

indigent; destitute

MaldaÞ:

cattle

Malik:

tribe chief; village chief (see: khan; nawab, sardar)

Malkiat:

privately-owned land

Malikana:

ownership; property

 

malikana ak:

ownership rights

Mama:

uncle (mother's brother)

 

mama zoyi:

cousin (mother's brother's son)

 

mama-ganaï:

matrilineage

Man:

traditional weight measure (=37.32 kg., or 40 seer)

 

nim man (=half-man): = 18.6 kg. or 20 seer

Mandaw:

hut (to keep goats and sheep in winter)

Manguleï:

non-cultivated fodder

Markit:

market

Mashar:

chief; household chief; elder (pl. mashraan)

Mayan:

fish

 

mayanu shikar:

fishing (=fish searchong)

Mazduur:

hired agricultural worker (see: lavian) mazduur kaar: wage labour

Mazigar:

share of water (at karez) (3 furs) in the evening (see: shabanaroz, nimakaye)

Melma:

guest

 

melman khana:

guest-house (see: baïtak)

 

melma-palana:

hospitality (see: melmastiya, shaïgara)

 

melmastiya:

hospitality (see: shaïgara, melmapalana)

Meja:

sheep

Mil:

unit of distance (=mile)

Minda:

castrate (animals)

Miranaa:

respect; estime

Miras:

tribal land

Miraw:

water (karez) supervisor in charge of distributing water shares (=miri-ab)

Mokam:

solidarity

Moor:

riche; wealthy

Mor:

mother

Morgha:

grass

Mosum:

wheater

 

garam mosum:

hot wheater

 

yakh mosum:

cold wheather

Moza:

administrative unit

Mulki (ghanam):

local variety of wheat (see: sarkari)

Muneï:

autumn

Musafir:

traveller; nomad (see: kochean, pawondean)

Mzakka:

land

Nabud:

fallow

Nang:

hono (see: tura, ghaïrat, izzat); protection

Nasab:

lineage to whom somebody belongs by alliance (through marriage)

Nawab:

chief (at the level of a confederacy)

Nawako:

bride

Neiz:

flood; flood agriculture (see: aïlob)

Nik_:

grand-father

Nima:

half

 

nima-kaye:

share of water (12 furs) (at karez) (see: shabnaroz, mazigar)

Niya:

grand-mother (mother's mother) (see: anna)

Niyaz:

alms

Oba:

water (see: abi)

 

pakhé oba:

perennial water

 

obo malik:

manager of water point (see: miraw)

Païsa:

coin

Pakhé:

permanent

 

pakhé oba:

perennial water

Pam_nda:

distributed land

Pargoor:

protected grazing areas

Parda:

veil, curtain, seclusion, hiding

PaÞi:

leaf; foliage

Pashtun:

Pashtun, Pathan

Pashtunwaali:

social code; Pashtun customary law

Patata:

potato

Patwari:

officer in charge of land registration, cadastre

Pawondean:

pastoralists; nomads (see:kochean, musafir)

Peaz:

onion

Pedawar:

production

PeÞla:

girl (over 15 yrs)

Piaye:

to graze

Plar:

father, head of nuclear family

 

plar-u-nik_:

ancestor (father's grand-fathers)

Pomba:

cotton

Pop:

loan

 

poÞawar:

who received a loan

Psarleï:

spring (season)

Paw:

traditional weight measure (=0.23 kg., or 1/4 of seer)

 

nim paw (=half paw): 0.11 kg.

Pun:

ticks

Rawaaj:

custom, traditions

Regana:

sandy

 

regana mzakka:

sandy soil

Reïk:

sand

Rogha:

peace

Rood:

river

Saïlab:

flood (agriculture); flooded land

Sakhawat:

generosity

Sakhi:

generous

Sar:

peak (of mountain)

SaÞa ghanam:

winter wheat

Saraï:

man

Sarda:

sweet melon (see:garma, khatakaï)

Sardar:

chief (at the level of tribal groupings (see: nawab, malik)

Sarkari:

government

sarkari ghanam:

variety of wheat introduced by the Agric. dept.)

Sarsaya:

alms (for ramadaan)

Sauzbar:

autumn harvest

Seeb:

apple

Seer:

unit of weight (=0.933 kg.) (Þman)

 

nam seer (=half seer): 0.46 kg.

S_ra:

manure, animal manure see ambar)

Spin jire

(=white beard):elder; old man

Spishti:

lucerne

Shabanaroz:

share of water (24 furs) (at karez) (= day and night) (see: nimakaye, mazigar)

Shaïgara:

hospitality (see: melmastiya, melmapalana)

Shakannak:

communal flock

Shalumbe:

sour milk

Shamilat:

non attributed lands, land under communal tenure

Shela:

small torrent

Sheza:

woman (see: zan)

Shikar:

hunting

Shikari:

hunter

Shpana:

shepherd

Shpun:

herder

Shudeï:

milk

Talak:

divorce

Tarbur:

cousin (father's brother's son); rival

Tauda ghanam:

summer wheat

Taway:

flock of goats (see: kandak, for sheep)

Tehsil:

administrative unit

Tofa:

gift

Tror:

aunt (mother's/father's sister)

Tubwel:

tubewell (see: bahureï)

Tukhum:

seed

Tchetank:

traditional weight measures (=0.05 kg. or 1/16 of 1 seer)

Ush:

camel (male)

Usha:

camel (female)

Ustakar:

blacksmith (pi. ustakaran)

Vesh:

distribution of land (see: bandubast)

Viala:

channel

Viala:

water channel

Vina:

blood

Vror:

brother

Waada:

marriage

Wada:

wedding

Walwar:

brideprice

Wareï:

shearing

LaÞeï:

wool

Warkhare:

parasitism

Washa:

fodder

Wawra:

snow

Wula:

flock of young lambs (sheep (see: barkar)

Yakh mowsum:

cold weather

Yakh:

winter

Yilaka:

territory

Zai:

lineage

Zamindar:

agriculturalist

 

zamindari:

agriculturale

Zan:

woman

Zan:

to beat (see: dol-zan)

Zindeï:

irrigated agriculture(see: abi)

Zoyi:

son

Zuwan:

youth; young people

Zwan:

boy (over 15 years)

1 NOTE for the transcription:

r:

'r' with the tongue near the teeth;

Þ:

'r' with the tongue further back (palatale 'r')

_:

silent 'e' as the English '_' in 'but'

ee:

long 'e'

II. ENGLISH-PASHTO

Administration:

  
 

administrative units:

see: tehsil, moza

Advantage:

faïda

Agriculturalist:

zamindar

Agriculture:

zamindari

 

dry agric.:

khuskawa, barani

 

flood agric.:

saïlab, neiz

 

irrig. agric.:

abi, zindeï

 

agric. worker:

mazduur; lavian (for harvest of wheat)

Alms:

sarsaya (for ramazan); niyaz

Ancestor:

plar-u-nika

Anthrax:

duk

Apple:

seeb

Aunt (=mother's/father's sister):

tror

Autumn:

muneï

Baluch (people):

balusan

Bandit:

ghal

Barley:

jow

Barter:

adab-badal

Beggar:

fakir

Benefit:

faïda

Betrothal:

kozda

Blacksmith:

ustakar (pl. ustakaran)

Blood:

vine

 

blood money:

khuni baha (=murder payment)

Boy

  
 

below 7 years:

kushneï halak

 

from 7 to 15 years:

halak

 

over 15 years:

zwan

Brahui:

beravi

Bride:

nawako

Brideprice:

walwar

Brother:

vror

Bullock:

ghwayeï

Butter:

kuchi

Camel:

  
 

male:

ush

 

female:

usha

Camp (pastoral):

kishdeï

 

camp leader:

kishdeï masher

 

camp territory:

kishdeï-nu wale yilaka

Carpet:

kambala (traditional)

Castrate:

minda (animals)

Cattle: maldaÞ

  

Channel:

viala

 

karez channel:

karez wiala

Charity:

ghaïrat

Cheese:

korot

Chief:

  
 

village chief:

masher

 

confederacy ch.nawab

  
 

tribal chief:

sardar

 

lineage chief:

malik; khan

 

household chief:

mashar

Cistern:

hawd

Code:

  
 

Pashtun social code:

pashtunwaali

Coin:

païsa

Client:

hamsaya

Cold

  
 

cold wheather:

yakh mowsum

Confederacy:

kom

Corral:

ker (for animals)

Cotton:

pomba

Council:

jerga

Cousin

  
 

father's brother's son:

tarbur

 

mother's brother's son:

mama zoyi

Cow:

ghwa

Co-wife:

b_na

Crate:

kret (for agricultural products)

Cultivate:

  
 

cultivated land:

karana mzakka

 

cultivation:

kisht

Custom:

rawaaj

Dam:

band

Dates:

khurma

Daughter

lur

Debt:

karz

 

who is in debt:

karzdar

Destitute:

malang

Distance:

fasila

 

unit of dist. (=mile):

mil

Distribution

  
 

d. of land:

bandubast; vesh

Division

  
 

d. of shares (tenancy):

bataï

Divorce:

talak

Drought:

khusk saali (=dry year)

Elder:

masher (pl. mashraan); spin jire (=white beard)

Enbankment:

band; let

Enclosure:

ker (fror animals)

Estime:

miranaa

Exchange:

badal

Fallow:

nabud

Family:

khandan

Famine:

kahkti

Fertilizer:

kat

Fields:

keteï

Fish:

mayan

Fishing:

mayanu shikar (=fish hunting)

Flock:

kandak (sheep); taway (goats)

 

communal flock:

shakannak

 

small flock of sheep:

ghelaï

 

flock of young lambs:

wula (sheep); barker (goats)

Flood:

neiz

 

flood agriculture:

saïlab, neiz

Fodder:

washa

 

non-cultivated: manguleï

  

Foliage:

pâÞi

Funeral:

gh_m

Garden:

bagh

Girl

 
 

below 7 years:

kushneï injileï

 

from 7 to 15 yrs. injileï

  
 

over 15 yrs.:

peÞla

Gift:

tofa

Generosity:

sakhawat

 

generous:

sakhi

Grief:

gham

Goat:

b_za

Government:

sarkari

 

government-owned land:

hokumat

Granary:

ambar khana

Grand-father:

nik_

Grand-mother:

niya; anna

Grape:

angur

Grass:

morgha

Graze:

piaye

 

grazing lands:

shamilat; sara mzakka

 

protected graz. lands:

pargoor

Group work:

ashar

Guest:

melma

 

guesthouse:

melman khana (=guest room); baïtak

Hail:

jakei

Half:

nima

Handicrafts:

kashida kari (=crafts work)

Harvest:

lau

 

autumn harvest:

sauzbar

 

spring harvest:

khushkbar

Herd:

meal

cow-herd:

ghoba

Herder:

shpun

Herding: herding contract:

lauzaghai

Honor:

nang; tura (=sword); ghaïrat (pers.); izzat

 

man of honor, honorable:

ghaïratmand

 

who has lost his honor:

begherat

Hospitality:

melma-stiya; shaïgara; melma-palana

Hot

  
 

hot weather:

garam mosum

House:

koor; khana

Household:

koor wale

 

household members:

koor-naï; koor khalq

Hunter:

shikari

Hunting:

shikar

Hut

 
 

for keeping animals in winter:

mandaw

Indigent:

malang

Irrigation:

  
 

irrigated agriculture:

abi, zindeï

Kin:

aziiz

Kinship:

aziizgalwi

Labour:

kaar

 

wage labour:

mazduur kaar

 

collective labour:

ashar

 

forced labour:

begar

Lack:

kahkti (=scarcity)

Land:

mzakka

 

irrigated land:

abi mzakka

 

distributed land:

pam_nda

 

non-distrib. land:

shamilat

 

cultivated land:

karana mzakka

 

grazing land:

sara mzakka

 

state/government land:

hokumat

 

privately-owned land:

malkiat

 

land owner:

badar; khan

 

l. given to a tenant:

bogareï

 

tribal land:

mires

Law:

kanun

 

modern law:

sarkari kanun

 

customary law:

pushtunwali (=way of living of the Pashtun)

Leaf:

pâÞi

Lineage:

zaï

 

lineage by marriage:

nasab

 

matrilineage:

mama ganaï

Livestock:

maal

livestock keeper:

maaldar

Loan:

poÞ

 

who received a loan:

poÞrawar

Lucerne:

spishti

Maize:

juwari

Man:

saraï

Manure:

ambar; s_ra

Marriage:

waada

Market:

markit

Matrilineage:

mama-gani

Meat:

ghwasha

Measures:

  
 

traditional measure:

see: man, seer, paw, tchetank, goneï, kret, farlang

Melon:

  

 

watermelon:

indwana

 

sweet melon:

garma; sarda; khatakaï

Mendicant:

fakir

Milk:

shudeï

 

sour milk:

shalumbe

 

to milk:

loshal

Mother:

mor

 

grand-mother:

niya; anna

 

matrilineage:

mama-gani

Mourning:

gham

Murder:

khuni

 

murder payment:

khuni baha (blood money)

Musicians (tradit.):

dol-zan (=drum beat)

Nomads:

pawondean; kochean, musafir

Onion:

peaz

Orchard:

drakht bagh (=tree garden)

Palm:

jiga drakhta (=tall tree)

Parasitism:

warkhare

Pashtun:

Pashtun

 

pashtun language:

pashto

 

pashtun way of living:

pashtunwali

Pastoralists:

kochean; pawondean ( =nomads)

Patrilineage:

zaï'

Peace:

rogha

Peak (mountain):

sar

 

big peak:

loe sar

 

little peak:

kuchnai sar

People:

khalq

Place:

mahal

Plain:

dasht

Poor:

gharib

 

very poor:

malang

Potato:

patata

Potter:

kolal

Poverty:

gharibi

Price:

kamat

Production:

pedawar

Profit:

faïda

Protection:

nang

 

protected grazing areas:

pargoor

Quarters:

  
 

summer quarters:

yakh yilaka

 

winter quarters:

germ yilaka

Rain:

baran

Reciprocity:

badal

Relatives

 
 

close relatives:

khp_l wuli (for preferred marriage)

Rent

  
 

for land:

ijara

 

for house:

k_raya

Reservoir:

hawd

Respect:

miranaa

Revenge:

badal

Rich:

moor

Rights:

ak

 

ownership rights:

malikana ak

 

usufructuary rights:

bazgaar ak

River:

rood

Robber:

ghal

Room:

khana

Sack:

goneï

Sadness:

gham

Sand:

reïk

 

sandy soils:

regana mzakka

Seclusion:

parda

Seed:

turkhum

Settlement:

bandubast

Shares (of karez water):

shabanaroz (24 hrs.);

 

nimakaye (12 hrs.);

 

mazigar (3 hrs.)

Shearing:

wareï

Sheep:

meja

Shepherd:

shpana

Shop:

dukan

shop-keeper:

dukandar

Sister:

khur

Snow:

wawra

Son:

zoyi

Solidarity:

mokam

Sorghum:

jawar

Spring (season):

psarieï

Spring (water):

chine

Stream:

chine

Summer:

doobeï

 

summer quarters:

yakh yilaka

Surface

  
 

unit of surface (=acre):

ekar

Tailor:

darzi

Tall:

kg

Tenant:

bazgaar; dekan

 

t. who provide seeds:

kishtgar

Tent:

kishdaï

Territory:

yilaka

Thief:

ghal

Torrent:

lore; (small torrent= shela)

Traditions:

rawaaj

Tree:

drakhta

Tribe:

khel

 

tribal terr:

khel yilaka, miras

Tubewell:

tubwel; bahureï

Valley:

dasht

Vengeance:

badal

Village:

kale') (pi. kili)

Uncle: (=father's brother):

aka

mother's brother:

mama

War:

jang

Water:

oba

 

water spring:

chine oba

 

water channel:

viala

 

stagnant water:

dab

 

w. supervisor (karez):

mirau

 

perennial water:

pakhe oba

Wealthy:

moor

Wedding:

wade

Weight

 
 

unit of weight (=0.933kg.):

seer

Well:

kuweï

Wheat:

ghanam

 

winter wheat:

saÞa ghanam

 

summer wheat:

tauda ghanam

Wheather:

mosum

 

cold weather:

yakh mosum

 

warm wheather:

garam mosum

Wife:

maïna

 

co-wife:

b_na

Winter:

yakh

 

winter quarters:

garam yilaka (=warm areas)

Wolf:

lewa

Woman:

sheza; zan

Wool:

waÞeï

Work:

kaar

 

wage work:

mazduur kaar

Worker:

kaarindar

Youth:

zuwan

ANNEX 9 Essential socio-economic bibliographic references on Balochistan

AHMED A. (1980) 'Pukhtun Economy and Society. Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society' (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul)

AHMED A.S. (1986) 'Pakistan Society. Islam, Ethnicity and Leadership in South Asia' (Karachi, Oxford University Press)

AHMED A. ed. (1990) 'Pakistan. The Social Sciences' Perspective' (Oxford University Press, Karachi)

ARIF S. (1987) ' Past production and future potential of fruit production in Baluchistan' in Pakistan Economic and Social Review pp. 89-108

AZHAR B.A. (1993) 'Rural Poverty in Pakistan: its incidence, causes, and alleviation' in Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Economy

BALLAND D. and KIEFFER C. (1979) 'Nomadisme et sécheresse en Afghanistan: l'exemple des nomades Pastun du Dast-e Nawor' in EQUIPE ECOLOGIE ET ANTHROPOLOGIE DES SOCIETES PASTORALES 'Pastoral Production and Society' (Paris-Cambridge, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press) pp. 75-90

BARTH F. (1959) 'Segmentary opposition and the theory of Games: A Study of Pathan Organization' in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 89:5-21

BARTH F. (1965) 'Political Leadership among Swat Pathans' (London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology, N. 19, New York, Humanities Press)

BONFIGLIOLI A. (1994) 'Socio-economic study of the Asghara-Wazulun Valley and the Kacch Mulazai area. Synthesis Report' (IRLDP, Working Paper n. 4) (Quetta, IRLDP)

BONFIGLIOLI A. (1195) 'Nomadic Pastoralists in the Highlands of Balochistan' (IRLDP, Working Paper n. 7) Quetta, IRLDP

BUZDAR N. (1992) 'The Role of Institutions in the Management of Commonly-owned Rangelands in Balochistan' in DOVE M. CARPENTER C. eds. 'Sociology of Natural Resources in Pakistan and Adjoining Countries' (Vanguard, Lahore, pp. 218-238 )

BYERLEE D. and HUSAIN T. (1992) eds. 'Farming Systems of Pakistan' (Karachi, Vanguard)

CAROE O.(1992) 'The Pathans' (Oxford University Press, Karachi)

CARPENTER C. (1992) ' The Impact of Afforestation on Women: The Development of Marginal Lands and Female Fodder Collectors in Pakistan' in DOVE M.- CARPENTER C. eds. 'Sociology of Natural Resources in Pakistan and Adjoining Countries' (Vanguard, Lahore, pp. 330-346

CENTLIVRES P. (19913) 'A State of the Art Review of Research on Internally Displaced, Refugees and Returnees from and in Afghanistan' (Report prepared for London)

COSSINS N. (1988) 'Islands in the Desert. Prospects for Rangelands Rehabilitation and Sustainable Livestock Production in Balochistan'

DEL CASTILLO C. (1987) 'Community Profiles: A Set of Cultural Sketches of Five Regions in Baluchistan' (Research Report n. 11) (Quetta, Arid Zone Research Institute)

DUPREE L. (1973) 'Afghanistan' (Princeton, Princeton University Press)

EDWARDS D.B. (1990) 'Frontiers, Boundaries and Frames: The Marginal Identity of Afghan Refugees' in AKBAR AHMED ed. 'Pakistan. The Social Sciences' Perspective' (Oxford University Press, Karachi)

ELPHINSTONE M. (1815) 'An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul' (2 vol.) (reprint in 1992 in Karachi, by Indus Publication)

FAO (1983) 'Report of the Balochistan Assistance Jo Rangeland and Livestock Development Survey' (TCP/PAK/0107), FAO Pakistan

GANKOVSKY Y. (1992) 'The Social Structure of the Brahui and the Baloch' in Ahmed A. ed. 'Pakistan: The Social Sciences Perspectives'

GAZETTEER OF BALOCHISTAN (1906) 'Loralai', 'Sibi', Zhob' (Reprint in 1989 in Quetta by Gosha-e-Adab)

GRIMA, B. (1993) 'The Performance of Emotion among Paxtun Women' (Oxford University Press, Karachi)

HALCROW, in association with EUROCONSULT ULG and NESPAK (1994) 'Balochistan Minor Irrigation and Agriculture Development Project' Poverty Study' (Quetta, BMIADP)

HART D.H. (1985) 'Guardian of the Khaibar Pass. The Social Organisation and History of the Afridis of Pakistan' (Vanguard, Lahore)

JAHANGIR A.M. (1994) 'Case-study on Participatory Planning of the Inter-regional Project for Participatory Upland and Conservation and Development (GCP/INT/542/ITA)' (Quetta, FAO)

IAN MACDONALD and Ass. (1988) 'Diagnostic Study of Farming Systems in Baluchistan' (Quetta, BAERB)

LINDHOLM, C. (1982) 'Generosity and Jealousy. The Swat Pukhtun of Northern Pakistan' (Columbia University Press, New York)

IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA (1905, 1991) 'Provincial Series, BALUCHISTAN' (Lahore, Sang-E-Meel Publications

MERREY D. (1992) 'Irrigation and Honor: Cultural Impediments to the Improvement of Local Level Water Management in Punjab, Pakistan' in DOVE M. and CARPENTER C. eds. 'Sociology of Natural Resources in Pakistan and Adjoining Countries' (Vanguard, Lahore) pp. 126-160

NAGY I. et al. (1987) 'Range-Livestock: Production Constraint Diagnosis and Potential Research Opportunities in Baluchistan. A Farming Systems Perspective' (Research Report, Quetta, AZRI)

NOMAN O. (1992) 'Pakistan. Political and Economic History since 1947' (Paul Kegan, London)

PASTNER S. L. (1971) Camp and Territory among the Nomads of Northern Makran District, Balochistan: The Role of Sedentary Communities in Pastoral Social Organization. Unpublished Ph D. Dissertation, Brandeis University

PASTNER S. (1975) 'Co-operation in crisis among Baloch Nomads' in ASIAN AFFAIRS n.6, vol. 62 pp. 165-176

PEHRSON R. (1977) 'The Social Organization of the Marri Baloch' (Karachi, Indus Publications)

PLANHOL de, X. (1993) 'Les Nations du Prophéte. Manuel géographique de politique musulmane' (Fayard, Paris)

QUDDUS S.A. (1987) 'The Pathans' (Lahore, Feroz sons)

QUDDUS S.A. (1990) 'The Tribal Baluchistan' (Lahore, Ferozsons)

RAYERTY H.G. (1901) 'A Dictionary of the Pukhto, Pushto or Language of the Afghans' (new print in 1982, Peshawar, Saeed Jan Qureeshi)

REES D.J. - NAGY I. - RAZA S. - MAHMOOD K. - CHOWDRY B. - KEATINGE J. (1987) 'The Dryland Arable Farming System of Upland Baluchistan: A Case Study" Research Report n.5 (AZRI, Quetta)

ROBINSON (1934) 'Nomads of Afghanistan' (reprinted 1978, Nisa Traders, Quetta/Lahore)

SABIR F. & NAGY J. (1989) 'Women's household agricultural production systems survey results' (Research report n. 10 (AZRI, Quetta)'

SHAH M.A. (1992) 'Sardari, Jirga & Local Government Systems in Balochistan' (Quetta, Qaim Parinters)

SHERANI S.R., BUZDAR H. arid NAWAZ K. (1990) 'Organisational Innovations and the Impact on Resource Utilisation in the Pak-German Self-help Project Area, Baluchistan' (Discussion Paper, Mountain Population and Employment) (Kathmandu, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development)

SIDDIQI A.H. (1991) 'Baluchistan (Pakistan). Its Society, Resources and Development' (Lanham, University Press of America)

SPAIN J. (1972) 'The Way of Pathans' (Karachi, Oxford University Press)

SPOONER B. (1975) 'Nomadism in Balochistan' in L. S . Leshnik and G. D. Sonthiemer eds. 'Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia' (Wiesbaden, Harrossowitz) pp. 171-182

SPOONER B. (1988) 'Baluchistan' in ENCYCLOPAEDIA IRANICA vol. 3 fasc. 6 pp. 598-632

SPOONER B. (1988) 'Balochistan: Geography, History and Ethnography' in Encyclopedia lranica Vol. 3 Fasc. 6 pp. 598-634

SPOONER B. - GLICKMAN L. (1982) 'Balochistan, Pakistan: A Socio-Economic Literature Review Analysis' (IDA, Binghamton)

SPOONER B. - JONES A. (1982) 'Balochistan. An Introduction' (IDA, Binghamton)

SWIDLER N. (1969) 'The Political Structure of a Tribal Federation: The Brahui of Balochistan' (Ph.D. unpubl. dissertation, Columbia University, New York; Ann Arbor, University Microfilms)

SWIDLER N. (1977) 'Brahui Political Organization and the National State' in Ainslie T. Embree ed. 'Pakistan's Western Borderlands: The Transformation of a Political Order' (Durhan, N.C., Carolina Academic Press) pp. 109-125

SWIDLER W. (1968) 'Technology and Social Structure in Balochistan West Pakistan' (Ph.D. unpublish. dissertation, Columbia University, New York; Ann Arbor, University Microfilms)

SWIDLER W. (1977) 'Economic change in Balochistan: Processes of integration in the larger economy of Pakistan' in AINSLIE T. EMBREE ed. 'Pakistan's Western Borderlands: The Transformation of a Political Order' (Durhan, N.C., Carolina Academic Press) pp. 85-108

TAPPER R. (1979) 'The Organization of nomadic communities in pastoral societies of the Middle East' in EQUIPE ECOLOGIE ET ANTHROPOLOGY DES SOCIETES PASTORALES ed. 'Pastoral Production and Society' (Cambridge and Paris, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme) pp. 43-66

TITUS P. (1991) 'Tribalism, Ethnicity and the State in Pakistani Balochistan. The Economics and Politics of Detribalization in an Urban Setting' (Unpubl. Ph. D. Thesis, Riverside, University of California)

UNICEF (1980) 'Socio-economic Surveys of Rural Areas of Baluchistan' (report prepared by the Investment Advisory Centre of Pakistan)

UNICEF (1995) 'An Analysis of the Situation of Women and Children in Balochistan' (Unpubl. report, UNICEF, Quetta)

VAN OILS. H. and BAIG S. (1992) 'Environmental Profile. Balochistan Pakistan (LARUC-ITS, The Netherlands, and EU-SSP, Lahore)

WARDROP-ACRES, COWATER INTERNATIONAL AND NESPAK (1989) 'Balochistan: Strategic Provincial Investment Plan and Project Preparation for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Health' Quetta

WIRSING R.G. (1987) 'The Baluch and Pathans' (Report n.48 of the Minority Rights Group, London, Minority Rights Group).

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