International trade in non-wood forest products: An overview

by Mohammad Iqbal

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, November 1993

FO: Misc/93/11 - Working Paper

This document is a working paper. It documents information forming part of a larger study and informs interested persons about work in progress.

It is available in limited numbers for comment and discussion.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The opinions expressed in the document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinion on the part of the FAO.

Table of contents

Preface

List of abbreviations

I. Introduction

1. Historical perspective
2. Objectives of research
3. Methodology

II. Product identification and classification

III. Food products

1. Brazil nuts

1.1. Product description.

1.1.1. The tree

1.2. Collection
1.3. Production
1.4. Processing
1.5. Trade
1.6. Prices
1.7. Recommendations

2. Pine nuts

2.1. Chalghoza pine nuts

2.1.1. Product description
2.1.2. Collection
2.1.3. Production
2.1.4. Trade
2.1.5. Recommendations

2.2. Pignolia nuts

3. Jujube fruits
4. Walnut
5. Chestnut
6. Ginkgo
7. Mushrooms

7.1. Morels

7.1.1. Product description
7.1.2. Production
7.1.3. Collection
7.1.4. Trade
7.1.5. Prices
7.1.6. Prospects

7.2. Truffles
7.3. Pine mushrooms

8. Bamboo shoots
9. Sago
10. Oil seeds

10.1. Sheanuts or karite nuts

10.1.1. Product description
10.1.2. Uses
10.1.3. Production
10.1.4. Collection and trade
10.1.5. Prospects and constraints

10.2. Tengkawang or Illipe nut

11. Salanganes' or birds' nests

IV. Spices and condiments

1. Nutmeg and mace
2. Cinnamon and cassia
3. Cardamom
4. Galanga

V. Plant gums

A. Gums for food uses

1. Gum arabic

1.1. Product description
1.2. Uses
1.3. Yield
1.4. Production
1.5. Marketing
1.6. Grading
1.7. Trade
1.8. Prospects and recommendations

2. Gum tragacanth

2.1. Product description
2.2. Uses
2.3. Collection and processing
2.4. Production
2.5. Trade
2.6. Prices
2.7. Prospects and constraints

3. Gum karaya

3.1. Product description
3.2. Uses
3.3. Collection and marketing
3.4. Grading
3.5. Production
3.6. Trade
3.7. Prices
3.8. Problems and prospects

4. Carob gum

4.1. Product description
4.2. Uses
4.3. Production
4.4. Trade
4.5. Prices
4.6. Prospects and constraints

B. Technological grade gums

1. Gum talha
2. Gum combretum

VI. Natural pigments

1. Product description and sources
2. Uses
3. Production
4. Processing
5. Trade
6. Prices
7. Prospects and problems

VII. Plant oleoresins

1. Product description
2. Sources
3. Uses
4. Production
5. Trade
6. Trade structure
7. Prices
8. Prospects

8.1. Competition with petroleum resins

VIII. Fibres

1. Rattan

1.1. Product description
1.2. Uses
1.3. Production
1.4. Harvesting
1.5. Processing
1.6. Domestic trade
1.7. International trade

2. Bamboos

2.1. Product description
2.2. Uses
2.3. Production
2.4. Trade
2.5. Prices

3. Cork

3.1. Product description
3.2. Uses.
3.3. Harvesting and processing
3.4. Production
3.5. Trade
3.6. Prospects and constraints

IX. Insect products

1. Lac

1.1. Product description
1.2. Uses
1.3. Production
1.4. Trade

1.4.1. Price

1.5. Trends

2. Natural honey

2.1. Forest honey
2.2. Cultured Honey

2.2.1. Production
2.2.2. Trade
2.2.3. Market characteristics
2.2.4. Prices
2.2.5. Prospects

3. Beeswax

3.1. Product description
3.2. Uses
3.3. Production
3.4. Trade
3.5. Prices
3.6. Prospects

4. Silk

4.1. Product description
4.2. Production
4.3. Trade.
4.4. Prices
4.5. Prospects

5. Cochineal
6. Insect galls

X. Essential oils

1. Product description
2. Trade
3. Prices
4. Trade structure

4.1. Legislative aspects

5. Individual products' profiles

5.1. Sandal oil
5.2. Eucalyptus oil

6. Prospects

XI. Medicinal plants

1. Product description
2. Trade
3. Prices
4. Cultivated vs. wild medicinal plants
5. Individual plants' profiles

5.1. Cinchona bark
5.2. Psyllium seed and husk
5.3. Belladonna
5.4. Hyoscyamus spp.
5.5. Duboisia spp.
5.6. Digitalis spp.
5.7. Licorice
5.8. Serpent wood
5.9. Ipecac
5.10. Senna
5.11. Periwinkle
5.12. Berberis spp.
5.13. Ginseng

6. Future trends

XII. Miscellaneous products

1. Bidi leaves

1.1. Product description
1.2. Collection and processing

1.2.1. Coppicing
1.2.2. Harvesting time
1.2.3. Plucking
1.2.4. Drying
1.2.5. Packing
1.2.6. Grading

1.3. Production
1.4. Trade structure
1.5. Trade
1.6. Prices
1.7. Prospects and trends

XIII. Conclusions

1. Trends, prospects and constraints
2. Wood vs. non-wood products
3. Lack of basic information

XIV. Recommendations and future directions

1. Policy reorientation
2. Information
3. Production
4. Product improvement
5. Improved marketing
6. Coordination

Bibliography

Appendix I

Appendix II