Appendix

APPENDIX 1

Regional grouping of sub-Saharan African countries (total of 45)

West Africa (16)

East Africa (9)

Benin

Comoros

Chad

Djibouti

Gambia

Ethiopia

Ghana

Kenya

Guinea

Seychelles

Guinea-Bissau

Somalia

Ivory Coast

Sudan

Liberia

Tanzania

Mali

Uganda

Mauritania

Niger

Nigeria

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

Upper Volta

Central Africa (10)

Southern Africa (10)

Angola

Botswana

Burundi

Lesotho

Cameroon

Madagascar

Central African Republic

Malawi

Congo

Mauritius

Equatorial Guinea

Mozambique

Gabon

Reunion

Rwanda

Swaziland

S. Tome and Principe

Zambia

Zaire

Zimbabwe

APPENDIX 2

Factors to convert dairy products into whole milk equivalents (ME)

Commodity

Commodity Code

Conversion factor^1/

Fresh milk

FRM

1.0

Dry milk (skim or whole)

DRM (DSM or DWM)

7.6

Milk, condensed and evaporated

MCE

2.0

Cheese and curd

CHC

4.4

Butter

BUT

6.6

Butteroil

BUO

8.0

Other (as part of food aid)

ODP

2.0

^1/ To be read, for example, 1 kg DRM = 7.6 kg ME or 1 kg DRM + 0.5 kg BUO = 7.6 kg ME + 4.0 kg ME = 11.6 kg ME.

Source: FAO. 1978. Milk and milk products: supply, demand and trade projections 1985. ESC: PROJ/78/3. Rome.

APPENDIX 3

Net dairy imports into sub-Saharan Africa by region (000 t ME and in % of total)

WEST

CENTRAL

EAST

SOUTHERN

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Comm. Imports

Food aid

Comm. Imports

Food aid

Comm. Imports

Food aid

Comm. Imports

Food aid

Comm. Imports

Food aid

1972

472
(56.6)

n.a

127
(15.2)

n.a

51
(6.1)

n.a

184
(22.1)

n.a

834
(100)

n.a

1973

494
(60.2)

n.a

130
(15.8)

n.a

32
(3.9)

n.a

165
(20.1)

n.a

821
(100)

n.a

1974

498
(50.9)

n.a

138
(14.1)

n.a

63
(6.5)

n.a

279
(28.5)

n.a

978
(100)

n.a

1975

626
(60.4)

n.a

120
(11.6)

n.a

95
(9.2)

n.a

195
(18.8)

n.a

1.036
(100)

n.a

1976

721
(58.8)

n.a

163
(13.3)

n.a

118
(9.6)

n.a

225
(18.3)

n.a

1,227
(100)

n.a

1977

1,010
(64.1)

95
(29.5)

169
(10.7)

43
(13.4)

160
(10.1)

157
(46.9)

238
(15.1)

33
(10.2)

1,577
(100)

322
(100)

1978

1.191
(59.0)

163
(34.6)

247
(12.2)

66
(14.0)

322
(15.9)

174
(37.0)

260
(12.9)

68
(14.4)

2.020
(100)

471
(100)

1979

948
(54.8)

164
(31.5)

289
(16.7)

88
(16.9)

217
(12.6)

189
(36.2)

275
(15.9)

80
(15.4)

1,729
(100)

521
(100)

1980

1.215
(56.3)

148
(26.0)

261
(12.1)

54
(9.5)

421
(19.5)

297
(52.2)

261
(12.1)

70
(12.3)

2.158
(100)

569
(100)

1981

1,208
(53.7)

219
(28.5)

288
(12.8)

99
(12.9)

475
(21.2)

368
(47.8)

277
(12.3)

83
(10.8)

2,248
(100)

769
(100)

1982

1,202
(56.3)

153
(23.4)

258
(12.1)

82
(12.5)

421
(19.7)

311
(47.5)

255
(11.9)

109
(16.6)

2,136
(100)

655
(100)

SOURCE: Own calculation based on FAO Trade Yearbooks, FAO 1984a: App. 2.

APPENDIX 4

Selected indicators related to dairy imports into sub-Saharan African countries.

Country Code

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

West (16)

Benin

A

3.6

.15

320

.61

.63

.07

9

1.03

Chad

B

2.2

.19

110

.35

.04

.01

52

.74

Gambia

-

21.0

n.a.

n.a.

.75

.68

n.a.

32

n.a.

Ghana

C

5.2

.37

400

.70

.88

.01

6

.88

Guinea

D

1.1

.20

300

.76

.13

.00

9

.77

Guinea-Bissau

-

14.0

n.a.

n.a.

.66

.57

n.a.

23

n.a.

Ivory Coast

E

17.8

.41

1200

.99

.94

.03

19

1.12

Liberia

F

9.2

.34

520

.90

.94

.01

9

1.14

Mali

G

3.8

.19

190

.68

.21

.03

18

.85

Mauritania

H

51.1

.24

460

.65

.49

.07

104

.97

Niger

I

3.1

.13

330

.75

.16

.01

20

.92

Nigeria

K

8.1

.21

870

.99

.66

.02

12

.91

Senegal

L

21.2

.34

430

.81

.60

.05

36

1.00

Sierra Leone

M

11.4

.22

320

.65

.69

.02

16

.89

Togo

N

2.5

21

380

.72

.64

.01

4

.95

Upper Volta

O

21.1

.11

240

.64

.75

.22

28

.95

Central (10)

Angola

P

19.7

.22

440*

.84

.51

.02

39

.83

Burundi

R

5.8

.02

230

.60

.29

.04

20

.96

Cameroon

S

5.1

.36

880

.83

.51

.01

10

1.05

Central African Republic

T

2.2

29

320

.70

.56

.01

4

.94

Congo

U

8.1

.46

1110

.92

.82

.01

10

.94

Equatorial Guinea

-

13.8

n.a.

n.a.

.54

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a

Gabon

-

30.9

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

.94

n.a.

35

n.a

Rwanda

V

3.4

.04

250

.05

.41

.00

8

.88

S. Tome & Principe

-

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

.68

.83

n.a.

n.a.

n.a

Zaire

W

2.1

.36

210

.84

.91

.03

2

.94

East (9)

Comoros

-

21.0

n.a.

n.a.

.31

.73

n.a.

27

n.a.

Djibouti

-

92.9

n.a.

n.a.

.81

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Ethiopia

1

3.6

.14

140

.60

.16

.03

22

.76

Kenya

2

6.3

.15

420

.65

.11

.01

55

.88

Seychelles

-

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

.88

.83

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Somalia

3

5.9

.31

280

.51

.61

.06

92

1.00

Sudan

4

4.5

.26

380

.60

.08

.03

54

1.01

Tanzania

5

5.8

.12

280

.49

.23

.02

25

.83

Uganda

6

4.1

.09

220

.57

.14

.03

30

.83

Southern (10)

Botswana

-

44.8

n.a.

n.a.

.83

.29

n.a.

155

n.a.

Lesotho

11

35.5

.12

540

.49

.71

n.a.

50

1.07

Madagascar

2.2

.19

330

.69

.36

.01

6

1.09

Malawi

13

2.7

.10

200

.59

.31

.01

9

.94

Mauritius

85.2

n.a.

n.a.

.91

.77

n.a.

111

n.a.

Mozambique

14

3.7

.09

250*

.72

.42

.02

9

.70

Reunion

-

67.7

n.a.

n.a.

.99

.82

n.a.

82

n.a.

Swaziland

-

13.6

n.a.

n. a.

.86

.18

n.a.

75

n.a.

Zambia

15

5.2

.44

600

.70

.34

.00

15

.93

Zimbabwe

16

3.1

.24

870

.68

.10

.00

29

.86

* 1979 figure

(1) Total dairy imports (ME), average 1980-82, per head of population mid 1981 (kg per caput).
(2) Share of urban population to total population, 1981.
(3) Gross national product per caput, 1981($).
(4) Share of commercial dairy imports to total dairy imports (ME), average 1980-82.
(5) Share of total dairy imports (ME) to total cow milk consumption, average 1980-82.
(6) Share of value of commercial dairy imports ($), average 198082, to total exports, 1981.
(7) Total milk consumption, average 1980-82, per head of population, 1981 (kg per caput).
(8) Share of total dairy per caput calorie supply to theoretical requirement. 1980.

SOURCE: Own calculation based on App. 3; FAO Production Yearbooks; World Bank, 1983.

Notes to Appendix 5 to 10

In Appendix 5 to 10 some combinations of the indicators from Appendix 4 are given which relate to dairy imports of single African countries. Each point denotes one country with the country codes being the same as in Appendix 4. The figures in brackets refer to the respective columns in Appendix 4. The separating levels to distinguish different groups of countries have been set arbitrarily but normally reflect upper or lower thirds of the total sample.

The appropriate interpretation is that of a descriptive cross-country comparison rather than of a correlation between the respective indicators. The linear lines accordingly denote the direction of the expected relation between indicators only. More observations and more refined data are needed to establish statistically significant correlations.

APPENDIX 11. Selected indicators related to dairy imports into sub-Saharan African countries. (based on table 3 and App. 4)

APPENDIX 12. Factors of influence in dairy imports into sub-Saharan Africa by country.

APPENDIX 12 contd.

Note: "1973" - average 1972 to 1974, "1981" - average 1980 to 1982

* Figures are either very high because of a low base period value or are considered particularly unreliable; n.d. - mathematically not defined

Footnotes to Appendix 12

^1/ Q = domestic production, M = commercial imports of dairy products

^2/ Calculated as dY⁺·h, where dY⁺ = average annual growth of real per caput income, h = income elasticity of milk demand (= 0.68)

^3/ Calculated as , derived from equation (7) in para. 1.27 above, with = change in commercial dairy imports (col. I), RSS = rate of self-sufficiency (col. IIa), = change in population (col. III), = change in the demand for milk caused by change in income (col. IV), = change in domestic production (col. Va). All changes are annual average percentages.

Source: Own calculation based on FAO Production Yearbook; FAO Trade Yearbook; FAO, 1978a; World Bank, 1981 and 1983

ILCA/LPU WORKING PAPERS

No

Year

Title

Author

1.

1983

Financing animal health services in some African countries

Addis Anteneh

2.

1983

What causes supply levels from African livestock sectors to change

John McClintock

3.

1984

The allocation of resources to livestock research in Africa

Camilla Toulmin

4.

1984

Dairy imports into sub-Saharan Africa: Developments and politics

Valentin von Massow

Single copies of these working pages are available, free of charge, from the Librarian, ILCA, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

West Africa (16)	East Africa (9)
Benin	Comoros
Chad	Djibouti
Gambia	Ethiopia
Ghana	Kenya
Guinea	Seychelles
Guinea-Bissau	Somalia
Ivory Coast	Sudan
Liberia	Tanzania
Mali	Uganda
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Upper Volta

Central Africa (10)	Southern Africa (10)
Angola	Botswana
Burundi	Lesotho
Cameroon	Madagascar
Central African Republic	Malawi
Congo	Mauritius
Equatorial Guinea	Mozambique
Gabon	Reunion
Rwanda	Swaziland
S. Tome and Principe	Zambia
Zaire	Zimbabwe

Commodity	Commodity Code	Conversion factor^1/
Fresh milk	FRM	1.0
Dry milk (skim or whole)	DRM (DSM or DWM)	7.6
Milk, condensed and evaporated	MCE	2.0
Cheese and curd	CHC	4.4
Butter	BUT	6.6
Butteroil	BUO	8.0
Other (as part of food aid)	ODP	2.0

	WEST		CENTRAL		EAST		SOUTHERN		SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
	Comm. Imports	Food aid	Comm. Imports	Food aid	Comm. Imports	Food aid	Comm. Imports	Food aid	Comm. Imports	Food aid
1972	472 (56.6)	n.a	127 (15.2)	n.a	51 (6.1)	n.a	184 (22.1)	n.a	834 (100)	n.a
1973	494 (60.2)	n.a	130 (15.8)	n.a	32 (3.9)	n.a	165 (20.1)	n.a	821 (100)	n.a
1974	498 (50.9)	n.a	138 (14.1)	n.a	63 (6.5)	n.a	279 (28.5)	n.a	978 (100)	n.a
1975	626 (60.4)	n.a	120 (11.6)	n.a	95 (9.2)	n.a	195 (18.8)	n.a	1.036 (100)	n.a
1976	721 (58.8)	n.a	163 (13.3)	n.a	118 (9.6)	n.a	225 (18.3)	n.a	1,227 (100)	n.a
1977	1,010 (64.1)	95 (29.5)	169 (10.7)	43 (13.4)	160 (10.1)	157 (46.9)	238 (15.1)	33 (10.2)	1,577 (100)	322 (100)
1978	1.191 (59.0)	163 (34.6)	247 (12.2)	66 (14.0)	322 (15.9)	174 (37.0)	260 (12.9)	68 (14.4)	2.020 (100)	471 (100)
1979	948 (54.8)	164 (31.5)	289 (16.7)	88 (16.9)	217 (12.6)	189 (36.2)	275 (15.9)	80 (15.4)	1,729 (100)	521 (100)
1980	1.215 (56.3)	148 (26.0)	261 (12.1)	54 (9.5)	421 (19.5)	297 (52.2)	261 (12.1)	70 (12.3)	2.158 (100)	569 (100)
1981	1,208 (53.7)	219 (28.5)	288 (12.8)	99 (12.9)	475 (21.2)	368 (47.8)	277 (12.3)	83 (10.8)	2,248 (100)	769 (100)
1982	1,202 (56.3)	153 (23.4)	258 (12.1)	82 (12.5)	421 (19.7)	311 (47.5)	255 (11.9)	109 (16.6)	2,136 (100)	655 (100)

	Country Code	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
West (16)
Benin	A	3.6	.15	320	.61	.63	.07	9	1.03
Chad	B	2.2	.19	110	.35	.04	.01	52	.74
Gambia	-	21.0	n.a.	n.a.	.75	.68	n.a.	32	n.a.
Ghana	C	5.2	.37	400	.70	.88	.01	6	.88
Guinea	D	1.1	.20	300	.76	.13	.00	9	.77
Guinea-Bissau	-	14.0	n.a.	n.a.	.66	.57	n.a.	23	n.a.
Ivory Coast	E	17.8	.41	1200	.99	.94	.03	19	1.12
Liberia	F	9.2	.34	520	.90	.94	.01	9	1.14
Mali	G	3.8	.19	190	.68	.21	.03	18	.85
Mauritania	H	51.1	.24	460	.65	.49	.07	104	.97
Niger	I	3.1	.13	330	.75	.16	.01	20	.92
Nigeria	K	8.1	.21	870	.99	.66	.02	12	.91
Senegal	L	21.2	.34	430	.81	.60	.05	36	1.00
Sierra Leone	M	11.4	.22	320	.65	.69	.02	16	.89
Togo	N	2.5	21	380	.72	.64	.01	4	.95
Upper Volta	O	21.1	.11	240	.64	.75	.22	28	.95
Central (10)
Angola	P	19.7	.22	440*	.84	.51	.02	39	.83
Burundi	R	5.8	.02	230	.60	.29	.04	20	.96
Cameroon	S	5.1	.36	880	.83	.51	.01	10	1.05
Central African Republic	T	2.2	29	320	.70	.56	.01	4	.94
Congo	U	8.1	.46	1110	.92	.82	.01	10	.94
Equatorial Guinea	-	13.8	n.a.	n.a.	.54	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a
Gabon	-	30.9	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	.94	n.a.	35	n.a
Rwanda	V	3.4	.04	250	.05	.41	.00	8	.88
S. Tome & Principe	-	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	.68	.83	n.a.	n.a.	n.a
Zaire	W	2.1	.36	210	.84	.91	.03	2	.94
East (9)
Comoros	-	21.0	n.a.	n.a.	.31	.73	n.a.	27	n.a.
Djibouti	-	92.9	n.a.	n.a.	.81	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Ethiopia	1	3.6	.14	140	.60	.16	.03	22	.76
Kenya	2	6.3	.15	420	.65	.11	.01	55	.88
Seychelles	-	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	.88	.83	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Somalia	3	5.9	.31	280	.51	.61	.06	92	1.00
Sudan	4	4.5	.26	380	.60	.08	.03	54	1.01
Tanzania	5	5.8	.12	280	.49	.23	.02	25	.83
Uganda	6	4.1	.09	220	.57	.14	.03	30	.83
Southern (10)
Botswana	-	44.8	n.a.	n.a.	.83	.29	n.a.	155	n.a.
Lesotho	11	35.5	.12	540	.49	.71	n.a.	50	1.07
Madagascar	2.2	.19	330	.69	.36	.01	6	1.09
Malawi	13	2.7	.10	200	.59	.31	.01	9	.94
Mauritius	85.2	n.a.	n.a.	.91	.77	n.a.	111	n.a.
Mozambique	14	3.7	.09	250*	.72	.42	.02	9	.70
Reunion	-	67.7	n.a.	n.a.	.99	.82	n.a.	82	n.a.
Swaziland	-	13.6	n.a.	n. a.	.86	.18	n.a.	75	n.a.
Zambia	15	5.2	.44	600	.70	.34	.00	15	.93
Zimbabwe	16	3.1	.24	870	.68	.10	.00	29	.86

No	Year	Title	Author
1.	1983	Financing animal health services in some African countries	Addis Anteneh
2.	1983	What causes supply levels from African livestock sectors to change	John McClintock
3.	1984	The allocation of resources to livestock research in Africa	Camilla Toulmin
4.	1984	Dairy imports into sub-Saharan Africa: Developments and politics	Valentin von Massow