19. The preceding parts of this paper have established that it is important that better livestock policies be adopted in Africa and have set out some basic concepts and terminology for us to use in our discussions. We now turn to considering how policies might be improved, and this also involves consideration of the defects in the past and present situations. This consideration is structured into three major categories: firstly, what are the critical policy issues; secondly, how can we design better Policies and forecast what the results of different policies will be; and thirdly, how can the policy formulation process be improved?