1/ Prepared by Dr. Deb Menasaveta, Mr. A. Sidthimunka, Mr. U. Pongsuwano, Mr. S. Swegwan and Dr. T. Bhukaswan, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
Fish constitute an important source of animal protein in the diet of the Thai people, as it is in all of the countries in southeast Asia. The Thai marine fishing industry at present employs 75 000-85 000 fishermen operating over 27 000 fishing boats, and landings approximate 1.5 million tons of fish annually. The catch is worth approximately Baht 6 870 million2/ at first-hand sale, and the per caput consumption of fish in Thailand averages 25 kg.
2/ U.S.$ 1.00 - approx. Baht 20.15
During the past two decades, with the introduction of new types of fishing gear such as trawlnets, the improvement of traditional gear such as gill and purse-seine nets and the discovery of new fishing grounds in Thai waters and contiguous zones, there has been a spectacular increase in marine fish landings in the country. In 1960, the total fish production from inland and marine waters amounted to 186 500 tons, but by 1973 this had increased to 1 679 000 tons as shown in Table 1. It should be noted that during 1972-73, the total landings were at the same level, i.e., 1 679 000 tons. However, in 1974 there was a slight decline in the total fish production to 1 511 000 tons. It is evident that freshwater fish, both from the natural waters and from pond culture, made a relatively small contribution to the overall production increase, with output increasing from 40 000 tons in 1960 to 160 000 tons in 1974, i.e., an average annual growth of approximately 10.4 percent. The present production from aquaculture in fresh and brackish waters is estimated to be about 55 128 tons (1974). Within the period 1960-73, the rapid growth of output changed the contribution of fish production to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from Baht 980 million cc 1.8 percent in 1960 to Baht 6 870 million or 3.66 percent in 1973 at current market prices. Hence, fishing is now the second most important natural resources sub-sector. Data on the GDP are presented in Tables 2 and 3.
Fisheries have contributed substantially toward increasing foreign exchange earnings of Thailand. In 1966, Thailand exported fishery products to foreign markets valued at Baht 234.97 million. By 1972, 80 570 tons of fish and fish products valued at Baht 796.47 million were exported. On the other hand, Thailand imported fish and fish products into the country valued at Baht 52.5 million in 1966 and Baht 70.9 million in 1972. The data concerning the exports and imports of fishery products of Thailand and their values are summarized in Tables 4 and 5.
1.1 Projected Demand and Supply of Fish Production
By using Russek's formula (1971), 
, where Dt = demand at year t; D0 = Demand at the base year; p = annual growth rate of population; g = annual growth rate of income per caput; e = income elasticity of demand and t = number of years after the base year, and assuming that D0 (1973) = 795 014 tons, p = 2.7 percent, g = 6.9 percent and e = 0.28 the effective demand for fish (human consumption) was projected for the period 1976-85 (see Table 6). It is anticipated that the production of marine fish for human consumption will not exceed 1 million tons by 1985. Even though there will be a reduction in total catches from trawl fisheries in the distant waters, it is anticipated that certain quantities of edible marine fish could be obtained by accelerating pelagic fisheries development by reduction of wastage due to handling and preservation of catches, and by the improvement of management of fish stocks in Thai waters. It is foreseen that production of fish from inland waters and reservoirs will continue to increase as a result of better management of these waters, and during the period 1976-85 this increase should be in the order of 90 000 tons.
On the basis of potential areas for aquaculture, it is projected that the aquaculture production from inland and brackishwater sources could be increased from the estimated 80 780 tons in 1976 to 224 390 tons in 1985. On these assumptions, it is anticipated that Thailand should have a surplus of fish for export in the order of 60 000 tons in 1985. The production consists of species that are highly demanded such as catfish, eel, marble goby and Penaeus spp., which are also export commodities.
1.2 National Fisheries Policies
Recognizing the important contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the economy of the country, fisheries development including aquaculture is considered an integral part of the overall national economic and social development plan of Thailand. This plan, initiated in 1961, has contributed both directly and indirectly to the rapid expansion of the Thai fishing industry. The Third National Economic and Social Development Plan (1972-76) stipulates that the overall increase in fish production from both marine and inland sources and from aquaculture should not be less than 7 percent per annum. In order to achieve this target the Government of Thailand has established the following policies for fisheries development:
(i) To conserve the fully exploited fishery resources of the country through sound management programmes to ensure maximum sustained benefits from them(ii) To develop coastal aquaculture with special emphasis on shrimp culture
(iii) To develop deep-sea fisheries by exploiting new fishing grounds in the high seas
(iv) To accelerate the production of fish from inland resources
(v) To raise the standard of living of small-scale fishermen.
1.3 Role of Aquaculture Development in the Implementation of National Policies
With the anticipated change in the sea regime in the near future, it is expected that the marine fish production of Thailand would be considerably reduced, say, in the order of 250 000-300 000 tons. Hence emphasis must be placed on the exploitation of under-utilized pelagic resources (e.g., round scad (Decapterus spp.) sardine-like fishes, tuna-like fishes), the intensification of inland fisheries development and aquaculture development. With the recent advance in technology pertaining to aquaculture, the favourable climatic condition and the potential areas for further aquaculture development (Table 7) it is expected that aquaculture production could replace some of the loss in marine production due to decreasing fishing areas available to Thailand in the high seas.
2. OBJECTIVES AND GOALS OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Objectives
The long-term objectives of aquaculture development are to maximize production of aqua-farms and to establish aquaculture as an economically viable industry, with a view to providing increased employment, generating ancillary industries and increasing foreign exchange earnings.
In order to achieve these goals, inputs from the public sector (Government) in terms of research and extension services must be intensified. Hence, during the Fourth National Economic Development Plan (1977-81), the Department of Fisheries will concentrate its activities in the following areas:
(i) Research on pond engineering and management, environmental control, genetic improvement of cultivated species, nutrition, the development of fish seed and feed, the identification of diseases and parasites and determination of effective measures for their control and prevention(ii) Land reforms for providing adequate areas for aquaculture
(iii) Accelerated extension programme
(iv) Lake and swamp improvement
(v) Provision of adequate loans for aquaculture.
It is anticipated that these activities will continue during the subsequent 1977-81 five-year plan.
As the objective of the forthcoming National Economic and Social Development Plan (1977-81), in general, is to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, the Government will give priority to programmes pertaining to rural development. This would accelerate the development of small-scale fish farming and increase economic activities in rural areas.
The private sector with sufficient funds of its own will be encouraged to undertake aqua-cultural activities. Joint ventures with foreign companies will be supported with the privileges given under the laws of the Board of Investment of Thailand, to raise those aqua-products which are in demand on foreign markets. It is hoped that these activities will contribute substantially toward increased foreign exchange earnings.
2.2 Production Targets
Taking into account the potential areas for aquaculture, the development of methodology and techniques employed, the improved management skills and favorable climate for investment in aquaculture, production for aquafarm production through different culture systems (Tables 8 and 9) have been made. It is anticipated that the production from aquaculture of various types will be approximately 67 000 tons valued at Baht 583 million in 1976. The production is expected to reach the level of 240 000 tons, valued at Baht 2 525 million in 1985.
2.3 Cultivated Species and Production Systems
2.3.1 Freshwater species
Fish culture is an age-old practice in Thailand; however, intensive fish culture has been developed only during the past two decades. The Department of Fisheries has made a significant contribution to the development of aquaculture, thereby effecting the substantial increase in fish culture activities in the country. In earlier days, farmers were encouraged to grow fish in paddy fields, and emphasis was placed on the rearing of herbivorous and omnivorous fish including the Nile tilapia, Thai carp, common carps and sepatsiam.
Commercial-scale aquaculture was developed some time later. The species raised in commercial-scale ponds include catfish (Clarias batrachus), Pangasius sutchi, sepatsiam (Trichogaster pectoralis), snakehead (Ophiocephalus striatus), grass carp, bighead carp, silver carp, common carp and true eel (Anguilla japonicus). Among these species, the culture of Clarias spp. gives good returns (approximately 174 tons/ha/year). Snakehead culture also yields promising returns.
Besides finfish culture, the cultivation of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergi de Man) has recently received wide attention from fish farmers. The artificial propagation of this prawn has been carried out by the Bankhen Fisheries Station and the Songkhla Fisheries Station since 1970. A seed production centre will soon be established by the Department of Fisheries at Chacheong-sao Province.
2.3.2 Brackishwater species
In Thailand, the species used in brackishwater fish culture include:
(a) Finfish
Sea bass (Lates calcarifer)
Milkfish (Chanos chanos)
Mullet (Mugil spp.)
(b) Crustaceans
Shrimps (Penaeus and Metapenaeus spp.)
Mangrove crab (Scylla serrata)
(c) Molluscs
Ark-shell clam (Anadara granosa)
Mussel (Mytilus smaragdinus)
Oyster (Crassostrea spp.)
With the success achieved in the controlled spawning of sea bass by the Songkhla Fisheries Station in the early seventies attention had been devoted to this species by fish farmers in several southern provinces along the west coast of the Gulf of Thailand and provinces on the Andaman Sea side. As a common practice, small ponds along the coast are stocked with sea bass fry collected from the natural populations inhabiting coastal areas.
Milkfish farming is presently carried out on a very limited scale due to the lack of market demand for this species in Thailand. The culture of this species entails the rearing of fry collected from natural waters to marketable size. If there is any incentive, e.g., increased demand for the fish both for domestic consumption and export, it is believed that milkfish culture could be expanded. Although shrimp species mainly Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus spp. could be artificially bred, shrimp culture practised by traditional shrimp farmers in Thailand involves pumping in water containing shrimp seed and other organisms into ponds.
The presence of predators and fluctuating water level in ponds often result in very large mortalities of cultured shrimp, resulting in low yield per unit area. Extension work on improved traditional methods of shrimp culture is being carried out by the Samut Sakorn, Rayong, Songkhla and Phuket fisheries stations. The culture of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) has also been developed in Thailand on a limited scale. This involves the collection of small crabs from natural beds and subsequent fattening for the market. The rearing period is about 4-6 months. Traditionally, mollusc production is a by-product of bamboo screen traps and up to the present, there has been no attempt to introduce effective methods of mollusc culture in this country. It is anticipated that the increased demand for protein food will encourage the development of mollusc culture in the future. The culture of ark-shell clam, once a very profitable venture in the inner Gulf of Thailand, has shown a decline in production in recent years due to pollution.
2.3.3 Development considerations
Although freshwater fish culture development in Thailand has progressed very satisfactorily with substantial increased production particularly during the past two decades, the following areas need to be strengthened:
(a) Pond management with the view to increasing yield per unit area(b) Research on the identification, prevention and control of fish diseases and parasites, and on pollution monitoring and control
(c) Research on fish nutrition, the development of fish feed using local ingredients
(d) Development of an effective extension programme covering all aspects of technical assistance activities.
In brackishwater fish culture, technical problems remain to be solved. These include cultural techniques, controlled or artificial spawning, seed production, control of predators and environments, etc.
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
3.1 Extension Service.
In the proposed ten-year plan for aquaculture development, the extension service should be strengthened since it is inadequate at present. In the existing organization of the Department of Fisheries, the extension service comes under the responsibility of the Fisheries Protection and Promotion Division and of the Inland Fisheries Division. An appropriate number of extension officers must be assigned to the fisheries field stations or provincial fisheries offices in provinces with fish production farms.
The extension activities under the ten-year aquaculture development plan will include:
(i) Preparation and issuance of manuals on cultivable species and on different systems of aquaculture to interest fish farmers(ii) Group training of fish farmers twice a year for inland, brackishwater or marine culture. The training will include pond farm management, book-keeping, handling and processing of aquacultural products
(iii) Establishment of pilot farms in centres of aquaculture industry, e.g., Suphanburi, Samutsakorn, Songkhla and Pangnga Provinces, etc.
(iv) Establishment of seed production centres for selected species used in culture, e.g., shrimp, freshwater prawn, catfish, etc., in the initial stage of the development. However, preparation should be made to encourage private sector to undertake commercial seed production when the aquaculture industry of the country has been developed
(v) On-the-spot advice on various aspects of aquaculture to private companies, joint ventures and small-scale farmers.
The expenditure incurred in extension activities will be covered by the budgetary allocation to the Division of Inland and Brackishwater Fisheries of the Department of Fisheries.
3.2 Training of Core Personnel
The Department of Fisheries has developed facilities for research, development and training. At present, there are 16 inland fisheries stations responsible to the Inland Fisheries Division. At the National Inland Fisheries Institute (NIFI) under a bilateral agreement between the Governments of Canada and Thailand, a fish culture research project is being established. The Brackishwater Fisheries Division maintains seven stations, equipped with facilities for research and training.
The majority of technical officers of the Department are graduates in fisheries and biological sciences. Several of them have received further training abroad through scholarships or grants either from the Thai Government or from bilateral and/or multilateral aid agencies. In implementing the ten-year aquaculture development programme, it is envisaged that a number of technical officers from both the central and local governments would require proper training to supervise production activities in the field. These officers include:
|
Category |
No. of personnel to be trained |
|
(a) Provincial fisheries officers (aquaculture) |
71 |
|
(b) Managers of field demonstration fish farms or stations |
23 |
|
|
94 |
These technical officers are also responsible for training of field extension workers in various provinces.
The estimated expenditure for the training of core personnel is included in the proposed budget of the Division of Inland and Brackishwater Fisheries of the Department of Fisheries (see 4.3).
3.3 Organization of Research
As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the Department of Fisheries has developed research facilities. However, the Department needs more specialists to undertake particular aspects of research on aquaculture development. Hence, the training of specialists mentioned is considered very important for the success of the aquaculture development plan.
The long-term research requirements are to find solutions for maximizing production of seed of cultivable species and yield per unit area, and for minimizing the costs of such production. Research is also needed in the fields of marketing and distribution of aqua-cultural products for domestic and export markets to ensure maximum profits for the industry.
The immediate research requirements (1977-81) are to obtain knowledge leading to environmental control including the prevention and control of diseases, parasites, predators and pollution; and stock manipulation, feed and feeding to ensure rapid growth and low mortality of cultivable species.
Expenditure for the research programmes is included in the proposed budgets of the Divisions of Inland and Brackishwater Fisheries (see item 4.3).
4. PRODUCTION PROGRAMMES
4.1 Financing and credit
The present loan fund amounting to Baht 6 million set up by the Department of Fisheries is not sufficient for the expanded programme of aquaculture in the country. Hence, it is strongly recommended that the Government set aside sufficient funds for this purpose, and the Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) should be the executing agency for the loan. Since most of the small-scale fish farmers are not rich and have limited collateral, the conditions for obtaining loans should be formulated in such a way that they are favourable to the borrowers. If future development in the aquaculture industry proves to be financially viable, the Government should approach the World Bank (IBRD) or a regional bank such as ADB for additional loans.
In executing the loans, a local committee consisting of an extension officer from the Department of Fisheries, the Provincial Fisheries Officer and a representative of the Bank may be set up at a centre of aquafarms to process the applications for loans. The committee should have the power to authorize the loan to a borrower up to a certain amount, say Baht 50 000. For a larger amount, the local committee may refer it to a central committee in Bangkok for approval. The central committee may include the representatives of the Department of Fisheries and the Bank. In this connexion, it should be emphasized that the extension officer(s) in the area concerned will play a major role in recommending an applicant for a loan.
4.2 Phasing and Management of Production Programmes
4.2.1 Areas to be developed
During the Fourth National Economic and Social Development Plan (1977-81) it is planned that more inputs in terms of extension work, loans, etc., from the Government will be provided to small-scale fish farmers and other private sectors. Under the Investment Laws, private joint venture companies enjoy the privilege of tax exemption for imported materials for the initial period of five years if the amount of investment is beyond a certain level specified by the laws.
The acquisition of lands for aquaculture for small-scale farmers will be undertaken by the Government through legislation and the land reform scheme.
The areas expected to be used for aquaculture development are as follows:
|
Region |
Period |
Area (ha) |
|
Central Plains and Coastal Areas |
1976 |
36 040 |
|
1981 |
66 141 |
|
|
1982 |
74 721 |
|
|
1986 |
115 502 |
4.2.2 Manpower requirements
As mentioned earlier, 100 officers are required for the extension service. Fish farmers, either individuals or from cooperatives or farmer groups, will be trained by the Department of Fisheries. It is anticipated that between 2 000 and 4 000 farmers will receive training during the ten-year period of the programme.
4.2.3 Procurement of inputs
It is recommended that the Chachaengsao Fisheries Station be responsible for the production of seed of Macrobrachium spp.; Rayong, Songkhla, Phuket, Chantaburi and Samut Sakorn Fisheries Stations will undertake the supply of seed of Penaeus spp. and Metapenaeus spp. at low cost to shrimp farmers. Prachuabkirikhan, Songkhla and Suraj Dhani Stations will produce seed of finfish, oysters, etc. for brackishwater fish farming. The inland fisheries stations and private sectors will produce seed of inland species for distribution to fish farmers at low cost.
The Department of Fisheries and the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives should make arrangements with local fertilizer companies to supply fertilizer at a moderate price to fish farmers. It is expected that with the intensification of research on fish feed formulae during the forthcoming fisheries development plan, fish feeds may be produced on a commercial scale and can be purchased locally at moderate prices. Arrangements may be made for the stations concerned to distribute fertilizers and feeds to fish farmers in their vicinities.
4.2.4 Health inspection and control
The Department of Fisheries should work in close collaboration with the Department of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, to undertake essential studies leading to the formulation of health standards for various aquacultural products both for domestic and for foreign markets. These studies should be completed early in the forthcoming development plan and be ready for implementation in 1981.
4.2.5 Organization of marketing and processing of aquacultural products
As the Section concerned with marketing of aquacultural products in the Department is rather weak at present and there are no trained personnel, it is strongly recommended that the Department use external assistance to study market potentials for aquacultural products, the existing practices in marketing and the demand of home and foreign markets during 1976-81. Concurrently, appropriate local personnel should be trained so that they can be useful to the aquaculture industry in the future. Furthermore, a quality control unit of the Division of Fish Technology should be established to develop the export market for aquacultural products.
The organization of harvesting and marketing of aquacultural products should be entrusted to fish farmer groups or cooperatives with assistance from the Department of Fisheries.
4.3 Budget
Capital and operating costs for the implementation of the proposed aquaculture development project will be covered by the annual budget of the Department of Fisheries. Since the project wilt be executed by Inland, Brackishwater and Marine Fisheries Divisions of the Department, the proposed budgetary requirements of the two Divisions for 1976-85 are shown in Table 10.
4.4 External Assistance Requirements
In order to achieve the objectives in the accelerated aquaculture development programme, external assistance would be required in the following fields:
(i) Commercial seed production of some cultivable species, e.g., shrimp and prawn(ii) Development of fish feed
(iii) Pond management including the identification, prevention and control of fish diseases, parasites and pollution
(iv) Intensified extension work
(v) Product marketing and quality control.
The Government has received technical assistance from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in the field of aquaculture and inland fisheries research, and the National Inland Fisheries Institute (NIFI) has been established under this project. In the field of shrimp culture, the Government of Japan through the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has rendered assistance to the Department of Fisheries, and the project will be continued until 1978. A request has now been submitted to UNDP for technical assistance in the Country Programme in the fields of pollution research, farm pond management and the expansion of the freshwater prawn farming industry.
TABLE 1
Annual Fish Landings (tons) in Thailand from 1960 to 1973
|
Year |
Marine |
Inland |
Total |
|
1960 |
146 500 |
40 000 |
186 500 |
|
1961 |
233 300 |
49 000 |
282 300 |
|
1962 |
269 700 |
61 000 |
330 700 |
|
1963 |
323 700 |
70 500 |
394 200 |
|
1964 |
494 000 |
82 700 |
576 700 |
|
1965 |
529 500 |
83 600 |
613 100 |
|
1966 |
635 200 |
85 200 |
720 400 |
|
1967 |
762 200 |
85 300 |
847 500 |
|
1968 |
1 004 000 |
85 200 |
1 089 200 |
|
1969 |
1 180 000 |
90 400 |
1 270 400 |
|
1970 |
1 335 000 |
113 000 |
1 448 000 |
|
1971 |
1 470 000 |
117 000 |
1 587 000 |
|
1972 |
1 548 000 |
131 000 |
1 679 000 |
|
1973 |
1 538 000 |
140 000 |
1 679 000 |
|
1974 |
1 351 000 |
160 000 |
1 511 000 |
Sources:
(i) Report on some aspects of fisheries development in Thailand by R.C. Cole and N. Anand. Tropical Products Institute, Ministry of Overseas Development, U.K. Government(ii) Statistical Unit, Secretariat Division, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand
TABLE 2
Gross Domestic Product (thousand million Bahts) at Current Prices, 1960-73
|
|
1960 |
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973a/ | |
|
Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Crops |
15.66 |
17.99 |
17.86 |
21.60 |
28.79 |
24.81 |
25.00 |
28.20 |
26.97 |
29.30 |
35.33 |
41.48 |
|
|
Livestock |
2.97 |
3.24 |
3.37 |
3.66 |
3.87 |
4.51 |
5.20 |
5.32 |
4.94 |
4.94 |
5.44 |
5.51 |
|
|
Fisheries |
0.98 |
1.25 |
1.58 |
1.63 |
1.97 |
2.62 |
3.35 |
3.89 |
4.07 |
4.37 |
4.63 |
6.87 |
|
|
Forestry |
1.85 |
2.08 |
2.19 |
2.49 |
2.38 |
2.70 |
3.07 |
2.91 |
2.80 |
2.85 |
3.15 |
3.55 |
|
|
Total |
21.46 |
24.56 |
25.00 |
29.38 |
37.01 |
34.64 |
36.62 |
40.32 |
38.78 |
41.46 |
48.55 |
57.41 |
|
Mining and quarrying |
0.56 |
0.82 |
1.25 |
1.76 |
1.95 |
2.10 |
2.18 |
2.52 |
2.76 |
2.92 |
2.96 |
3.20 | |
|
Manufacturing |
6.76 |
9.65 |
10.44 |
11.98 |
13.91 |
16.66 |
17.85 |
20.14 |
21.66 |
23.81 |
26.76 |
32.08 | |
|
Construction |
2.46 |
3.63 |
4.18 |
4.71 |
6.18 |
7.44 |
7.94 |
8.23 |
8.26 |
8.49 |
8.33 |
9.47 | |
|
Electricity and water supply |
0.23 |
0.43 |
0.53 |
0.67 |
0.89 |
1.07 |
1.31 |
1.40 |
1.63 |
1.91 |
2.25 |
2.75 | |
|
Transportation and communication |
4.04 |
4.79 |
5.47 |
5.98 |
6.33 |
6.91 |
7.31 |
7.63 |
8.54 |
9.28 |
9.68 |
11.10 | |
|
Wholesale and retail trade |
8.15 |
11.06 |
13.45 |
13.92 |
17.05 |
18.92 |
20.26 |
22.43 |
25.91 |
26.45 |
27.45 |
32.70 | |
|
Banking, insurance and retail trade |
1.05 |
1.63 |
1.91 |
2.22 |
2.82 |
3.41 |
4.01 |
4.79 |
5.63 |
6.43 |
7.14 |
8.29 | |
|
Ownership of dwellings |
1.54 |
1.79 |
1.91 |
2.06 |
2.19 |
2.32 |
2.42 |
2.58 |
2.74 |
2.89 |
3.05 |
3.22 | |
|
Public administration and defence |
2.49 |
3.15 |
3.30 |
3.59 |
3.81 |
4.33 |
5.04 |
5.57 |
6.13 |
6.69 |
7.30 |
8.05 | |
|
Services |
5.24 |
6.57 |
7.22 |
8.05 |
9.24 |
10.49 |
11.82 |
12.95 |
13.91 |
15.02 |
16.73 |
19.43 | |
|
Gross Domestic Product |
53.98 |
68.08 |
74.66 |
84.32 |
101.38 |
108.29 |
116.76 |
128.56 |
135.95 |
145.35 |
160.20 |
187.70 | |
a/ Preliminary
Source: Report on some aspects of fisheries development of Thailand by R.C. Cole and N. Anand, Tropical Products Institute, Ministry of Overseas Development, U.K. Government
TABLE 3 Percent Contribution of GDP at Constant 1962 Prices (1961-73)
|
|
First Development Plan |
Second Development Plan |
Third Development Plan |
|||||||||||
|
1961 |
1962 |
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972a/ |
1973a/ |
||
|
Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crops |
27.7 |
27.6 |
27.7 |
26.0 |
24.6 |
26.0 |
21.9 |
21.9 |
21.8 |
21.0 |
21.0 |
18.9 |
19.1 |
|
|
Livestock |
5.1 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
|
|
Fisheries |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
|
|
Forestry |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
|
|
Total |
37.4 |
37,1 |
37.4 |
35.4 |
34.0 |
34.5 |
31.1 |
31.5 |
31.3 |
30.2 |
29.9 |
28.1 |
28.0 |
|
Industry |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mining and quarrying |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
|
|
Manufacturing |
13.6 |
14.1 |
-14.2 |
14.5 |
15.5 |
15.5 |
16.1 |
15.9 |
16.6 |
17.2 |
17.8 |
18.1 |
18.2 |
|
|
Construction |
4.8 |
5.1 |
5.2 |
5.6 |
5.8 |
6.3 |
6.9 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
|
|
Electricity and water supply |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
|
|
Total |
20.1 |
21.0 |
21.2 |
22.1 |
23.6 |
24.3 |
25.7 |
25.6 |
25.9 |
26.3 |
26.6 |
26.6 |
26.4 |
|
Transportation and communication |
7.2 |
7.3 |
6.9 |
7.3 |
7.1 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
6.7 |
|
|
Wholesale and retail trade |
16.0 |
15.5 |
15.7 |
16.4 |
16.1 |
15.8 |
17.4 |
17.0 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
16.4 |
17.9 |
18.5 |
|
|
Services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Banking, insurance and real estate |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
|
|
Ownership of dwellings |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
|
|
Public administration and defence |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
|
|
Miscellaneous services |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.8 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
|
|
Total |
19.3 |
19.1 |
18.8 |
18.8 |
19.2 |
18.7 |
18.9 |
19.4 |
19.6 |
20.2 |
20.3 |
20.7 |
20.4 |
|
|
Gross domestic product |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
a/ Preliminary figures only, and further revision is anticipatedSource: Report of some aspects of fisheries development by R.C, Cole and N. Anand. Tropical Products Institute, Ministry of Overseas Development, U.K. Government
TABLE 4
Exports of Fish and Fish Products (1966-72)
|
|
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 | |
|
By volume ('000 tons) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Fish (fresh or alive)a/ |
9.00 |
7.24 |
7.91 |
9.81 |
15.33 |
21.05 |
26.82 |
|
|
Other kinds of preserved fish |
2.28 |
1.13 |
0.87 |
2.67 |
5.37 |
2.87 |
1.89 |
|
|
Shrimps, prawns and lobstersa/ |
6.99 |
8.83 |
7.29 |
8.13 |
6.42 |
5.59 |
7.31 |
|
|
Cuttle fish |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2.91 |
6.01 |
15.36 |
|
|
Other crustaceans and molluscsa/ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0.78 |
0.43 |
0.80 |
|
|
Fish meal |
- |
- |
- |
0.01 |
13.22 |
18.34 |
28.19 |
|
|
Other |
0.37 |
0.19 |
0.12 |
0.14 |
0.93 |
1.21 |
0.20 |
|
|
Total |
18.64 |
17.39 |
16.19 |
20.76 |
44.96 |
55.50 |
80.57 |
|
By value (million Baht) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Fish (fresh or alive) |
35.30 |
22.82 |
25.02 |
28.54 |
43.57 |
72.23 |
78.52 |
|
|
Other kinds of preserved fish |
7.46 |
3.29 |
5.18 |
21.07 |
15.01 |
17.22 |
13.55 |
|
|
Shrimps, prawns and lobsters |
190.57 |
259.19 |
277.92 |
270.40 |
224.05 |
246.96 |
359.32 |
|
|
Cuttle fish |
- |
- |
- |
- |
37.78 |
96.05 |
209.23 |
|
|
Other crustaceans and molluscs |
- |
- |
- |
- |
10.25 |
11.31 |
9.04 |
|
|
Fish meal |
- |
- |
- |
2.74 |
35.92 |
50.18 |
94.38 |
|
|
Other |
1.64 |
1.25 |
0.88 |
1.36 |
3.23 |
3.41 |
5.43 |
|
|
Total |
234.97 |
286.55 |
309.00 |
324.11 |
369.81 |
497.36 |
769.47 |
a/ Part of these are produced from aquaculture as explained in section 1.1Source: Fisheries record of Thailand and foreign trade statistics (1966-72)
TABLE 5
Weight and Value of Fish and Crustaceans Imported (Fresh Chilled or Frozen or Salted, Dried or Smoked, Canned) into Thailand (1963-72)
|
Year |
Weight (tons) |
Total value |
|
|
Fish |
Crustacean |
||
|
1963 |
5 282.3 |
1 303.2 |
40.3 |
|
1964 |
6 686.9 |
1 970.0 |
45.9 |
|
1965 |
9 218.5 |
2 547.2 |
55.6 |
|
1966 |
7 483.3 |
2 566.9 |
52.5 |
|
1967 |
7 642.0 |
2 431.4 |
54.7 |
|
1968 |
7 871.7 |
1 578.2 |
62.3 |
|
1969 |
8 697.3 |
1 154.2 |
77.1 |
|
1970 |
9 252.3 |
4 421.3 |
72.3 |
|
1971 |
7279.1 |
7 522.8 |
66.6 |
|
1972 |
9 060.1 |
8 682.4 |
70.9 |
Source: Department of Customs, Government of Thailand
TABLE 6
Projected Demand and Supply of Fish and Fish Products (1973-85)
|
Year |
Projected demand (tons) (1) |
Supply of edible fish (tons) |
(2) |
Differences (2)-(1) |
|||
|
Marine |
Inland |
Aquaculture |
Total |
||||
|
1973 |
795 014 |
775 487 |
100 759 |
39 716 |
915 |
962 |
120 948 |
|
1974 |
832 254 |
780 000 |
100 000 |
55 128 |
935 |
128 |
102 874 |
|
1975 |
912 049 |
800 000 |
100 000 |
67 370 |
967 |
370 |
55 321 |
|
1976 |
954 770 |
800 000 |
150 000 |
80 780 |
1 030 |
780 |
76 010 |
|
1977 |
999 493 |
820 000 |
160 000 |
94 195 |
1 074 |
195 |
74 702 |
|
1978 |
1 046 310 |
850 000 |
170 000 |
107 610 |
1 127 |
610 |
81 300 |
|
1979 |
1 095 322 |
850 000 |
180 000 |
120 975 |
1 150 |
975 |
55 653 |
|
1980 |
1 146 555 |
900 000 |
190 000 |
143- 240 |
1 233 |
240 |
86 685 |
|
1981 |
1 200 328 |
900 000 |
200 000 |
158 850 |
1 258 |
850 |
58 522 |
|
1982 |
1 256 589 |
900 000 |
200 000 |
174 360 |
1 274 |
360 |
17 771 |
|
1983 |
1 315 416 |
1 000 000 |
200 000 |
191 170 |
1 391 |
170 |
75 754 |
|
1984 |
1 377 285 |
1 000 000 |
240 000 |
207 980 |
1 447 |
980 |
70 695 |
|
1985 |
1 403 645 |
1 000 000 |
240 000 |
224 390 |
1 464 |
390 |
60 745 |
TABLE 7
Thailand Inland Water and Areas Used for Aquaculture Production
|
Type of water |
Area actually used for aquaculture (ha) |
Total potential area (ha) |
Source of information |
|
Ponds (freshwater) |
2 238 |
- |
Fisheries Record, 1972 |
|
Water ditches of vegetable and fruit farms |
50 |
5 000 |
Fish. Dept., 1961 |
|
Paddyfields (irrigated) |
200 000 |
4 000 000 |
Boonbrahm, 1972 |
|
Irrigation tanks |
5 000 |
30 000 |
Fish. Dept., 1961 and Boonbrahm, 1972 |
|
Large impoundments |
- |
215 000 |
Boonbrahm, 1972 |
|
Rivers and canals |
- |
120 000 |
Boonbrahm, 1972 |
|
Mangrove and tidal flats |
9 504 |
152 000 |
Sribhibhadh, 1972 |
|
Total |
|
4 522 000 |
|
Source: The Potentials of Aquaculture Development by H.R. Rabanal, SCS/74/WP 1
TABLE 8
Projected Aquafarm Production by Farm Type
|
Year |
Item |
Brackishwater farm |
Freshwater farm |
Fish pen (or cage) |
Marine farm |
Total |
|
1973 |
Areaa/ |
11 466 |
10 863 |
0.3 |
924 |
23 253.3 |
|
Products b/ |
2 060 |
16 001 |
375 |
20 920 |
39 356 |
|
|
Valuec/ |
37.4 |
239 |
3 |
41.8 |
321.2 |
|
|
1974 |
Area |
12 092 |
16 975 |
0.4 |
950 |
30 017.4 |
|
Products |
2 926 |
30 342 |
400 |
21 000 |
54 668 |
|
|
Value |
48.3 |
350 |
4 |
42.0 |
444.3 |
|
|
1975 |
Area |
17 600 |
17 440 |
0.5 |
1 000 |
36 040.5 |
|
Products |
3 300 |
40 000 |
500 |
23 000 |
66 800 |
|
|
Value |
82.5 |
400 |
5 |
46.0 |
533.5 |
|
|
1976 |
Area |
22 400 |
17 920 |
0.7 |
1 100 |
41 420.7 |
|
Products |
4 200 |
50 000 |
700 |
25 200 |
80 100 |
|
|
Value |
105.0 |
500 |
7 |
50.4 |
662.4 |
|
|
1977 |
Area |
27 200 |
18 400 |
0.9 |
1 200 |
46 800.9 |
|
Products |
5 100 |
60 000 |
900 |
9 |
93 400 |
|
|
Value |
127.5 |
600 |
9 |
54.8 |
791.3 |
|
|
1978 |
Area |
32 000 |
18 880 |
1.1 |
1 300 |
52 181.1 |
|
Products |
6 000 |
70 000 |
1 100 |
29 600 |
106 700 |
|
|
Value |
150.0 |
700. |
11 |
59.2 |
920.2 |
|
|
1979 |
Area |
36 800 |
19 360 |
1.3 |
1 400 |
57 561.3 |
|
Products |
6 900 |
80 000 |
1 300 |
31 800 |
120 000 |
|
|
Value |
167.5 |
800 |
13 |
63.6 |
1 044.1 |
|
|
1980 |
Area |
44 800 |
19 840 |
1.5 |
1 500 |
66 141.5 |
|
Products |
16 800 |
90 000 |
1 500 |
33 900 |
142 200 |
|
|
Value |
504.0 |
900 |
15 |
67.8 8 |
1 486.8 |
|
|
1981
|
Area |
52 800 |
20 320 |
1.7 |
1 600 |
74 721.7 |
|
Products |
19 800 |
100 000 |
1 700 |
36 200 |
157 700 |
|
|
Value |
594.0 |
1 000 |
17 |
72.4 |
1 683.4 |
|
|
1982 |
Area |
60 800 |
20 800 |
1.9 |
1 700 |
83 301.9 |
|
Products |
22 800 |
110 000 |
1 900 |
38 400 |
173 100 |
|
|
Value |
684.0 |
1 100 |
19 |
76.8 |
1 879.8 |
|
|
1983 |
Area |
72 000 |
25 600 |
2.1 |
1 800 |
99 402.1 |
|
Products |
27 000 |
120 000 |
2 100 |
40 700 |
189 800 |
|
|
Value |
810.0 |
1 200 |
21 |
81.4 |
2 112.4 |
|
|
1984 |
Area |
83 200 |
30 400 |
2.3 |
1 900 |
115 502.3 |
|
Products |
31 200 |
130 000 |
2 300 |
43 000 |
206 500 |
|
|
Value |
936.0 |
1 300 |
23 |
86.0 |
2 345.0 |
|
|
1985 |
Area |
94 400 |
34 880 |
2.5 |
2 000 |
131 282.5 |
|
Products |
35 400 |
140 000 |
2 400 |
45 000 |
222 800 |
|
|
Value |
1 062.0 |
1 400 |
24 |
90.0 |
2 576 |
a/ Area in ha
b/ Products in tons
c/ Value in million Baht
Note: Fish seed not included
TABLE 9
Projected Aquafarm Production for Table Fish, Crustacea, Shellfish and Seed (1973-85)
|
Year |
Item |
Table fish |
Crustacea |
Shellfish |
Aquafarm seed |
Total |
|
1973 |
Productsa/ |
16 376 |
2 060 |
20 920 |
360 |
39 716 |
|
Valueb/ |
242 |
37.4 |
41.8 |
37.0 |
358.2 |
|
|
1974 |
Products |
30 742 |
2 926 |
21 000 |
460 |
55 128 |
|
Value |
354 |
48.3 |
42.0 |
48.1 |
492.4 |
|
|
1975 |
Products |
40 500 |
3 300 |
23 000 |
570 |
67 370 |
|
Value |
405 |
82.5 |
46.0 |
59.3 |
592.8 |
|
|
1976 |
Products |
50 700 |
4 200 |
25 200 |
680 |
80 780 |
|
Value |
50,7 |
105.0 |
50.4 |
71.4 |
733.8 |
|
|
1977
|
Products |
60 900 |
5 100 |
27 400 |
795 |
94 195 |
|
Value |
609 |
127.5 |
54.8 |
85.5 |
876.8 |
|
|
1978
|
Products |
71 100 |
6 000 |
29 600 |
910 |
107 610 |
|
Value |
711 |
150.0 |
59.2 |
99.7 |
1 019.9 |
|
|
1979
|
Products |
81 300 |
6 900 |
31 800 |
975 |
120 975 |
|
Value |
813 |
167.5 |
63.6 |
110.5 |
1 154.6 |
|
|
1980
|
Products |
91 500 |
16 800 |
33 900 |
1 040 |
143 240 |
|
Value |
915 |
504.0 |
67.8 |
120.0 |
1 606.8 |
|
|
1981
|
Products |
101 700 |
19 800 |
36 200 |
1 150 |
158 850 |
|
Value |
1 017 |
594.0 |
72.4 |
135.0 |
1 818.4 |
|
|
1982
|
Products |
111 900 |
22 800 |
38 400 |
1 260 |
174 360 |
|
Value |
1 119 |
684.0 |
76.8 |
150.0 |
2 029.8 |
|
|
1983
|
Products |
122 100 |
27 000 |
40 700 |
1 370 |
191 170 |
|
Value |
1 221 |
810.0 |
81.4 |
165.0 |
2 277.4 |
|
|
1984
|
Products |
132 300 |
31 200 |
43 000 |
1 480 |
207 980 |
|
Value |
1 323 |
936.0 |
86.0 |
180.0 |
2 525.0 |
|
|
1985
|
Products |
142 400 |
35 400 |
45 000 |
1 590 |
224 390 |
|
Value i |
2 576 |
1 062.0 |
90.0 |
193.0 i |
3 921.0 |
a/ Products in tons
b/ Value in million Baht:
Note: 10-15 percent of seed production comes from fisheries stations
TABLE 10
Budgetary Requirements for the Proposed Aquaculture Development Programme (1976-85)
|
(in million Baht) | |||
|
Year |
Fresh water |
Brackish water and salt water |
Total |
|
1976 |
88 |
17 |
105 |
|
1977 |
100 |
40 |
140 |
|
1978 |
120 |
60 |
180 |
|
1979 |
140 |
80 |
220 |
|
1980 |
160 |
100 |
260 |
|
1981 |
180 |
120 |
300 |
|
1982 |
200 |
140 |
340 |
|
1983 |
220 |
160 |
380 |
|
1984 |
240 |
180 |
420 |
|
1985 |
260 |
200 |
460 |
|
Total |
1 708 |
1 097 |
2 805 |
Notes:
1. The budgetary allocation for the fiscal year 1976 has been approved by the Government2. Approximately 30 percent of the allocation to the Inland Fisheries Division will be used in the Lake and Swamp Improvement Project
3. Approximately 20 percent of the allocation is for research and development and 50 percent for operating costs including salaries of personnel
