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Table 1: Livestock systems practised by the poor
|
Livestock systems practised by the poor |
L & E category |
|
1. Pastoralists. Eg. Migrant herds in Mongolia, arid areas of Africa, Alitplano region of Latin America, Himalaya's. |
Grazing |
|
2. Agro-pastoralists. e.g. Migrant herds in semi-arid areas of Africa and India, lower reaches of the alitplano region of Latin America. |
Grazing / Mixed farming |
|
3. Transhumant landless grazing common property in arable areas. e.g. Migrant herds in semi-arid areas of middle east, Africa and India. |
Grazing / Mixed farming |
|
4. Settled households involved in mixed farming and grazing common property resources (including crop residues) e.g. Many semi-arid and sub-humid regions of the developing world, where population densities are still relatively low, but also including mid hills of Nepal. |
Grazing / Mixed farming |
|
5. Settled landless grazing common property resources (including crop residues) in arable areas. e.g Many semi-arid and sub-humid regions where population pressure or local land ownership patterns are creating a landless class of rural dwellers. |
Grazing / Mixed farming |
|
6. Settled households involved in mixed farming with grazing private fallow land. Predominately found in areas where population densities are rising |
Mixed farming |
|
7. Settled households involved in mixed farming rearing confined animals. Common in areas where populations densities are high |
Mixed farming / Industrial livestock production |
|
8. Households practising zero grazing. Associated with high population densities. |
Industrial livestock production |
|
9. Landless households practising zero grazing. Associated with high population densities. |
Industrial livestock production |
Table 2: Screening the impact of livestock and poor livestock keepers on environmental hotspots
|
Environmental hotspot issue |
Areas of concern |
Potential adverse and beneficial impacts |
Impact characterisation |
|
Overgrazing and land degredation |
Semi-arid areas and desert margins, hillsides, ecologically sensitive areas |
Adverse impacts of overgrazing include loss of bidiversity, irreversible soil erosion and loss of biodiversity |
Harmful, but limited since poor own a small proportion of animals grazing. Impact may increase with rising population density (more poor) |
|
Deforestation |
Moist or dry tropical and sub-tropical forest. Habitats providing important resources for vulnerable groups. High concentrations of biodiversity |
Loss of biodiversity, erosion in areas beyond the immediate area of forest clearance |
Harmful, but not considered to be a situation for which the poor are responsible. Concern however that the displaced poor may cause environmental damage elsewhere eg hillsides. |
|
Wildlife and livestock interactions |
Semi-arid areas and desert margins, forests, national parks and their margins |
Decline in wildlife population. |
Wildlife inevitably suffer as a result of competition. Competition mainly occurs with livestock owned by rich (form largest proportions of the herd). Poor likely to be more involved in poaching. |
|
Involution |
Areas of high concentration of population |
Loss of livestock, therefore smallholder agriculture de-stabilised |
Agriculture less diverse therefore more risky, soil fertility declines, workload increases. Reduction in livestock numbers more likely among the wealthy due to reduced ratio of feed:livestock unit. Poor able to retain livestock in intensifying systems. |
|
Soil and water pollution because of excess nutrients |
Areas of high concentration of population. Prime groundwater recharge zones and other water resources used for potable supply |
Eutrophication of water sources. Toxic contaminants accumulate in food chain. Loss of wildlife ((fish, soil micro/macro fauna). |
Potential impact of livestock pollution on human and ecosystem health yet to be quantified in developing countries. Poor may have less impact because they value livestock waste and so manage it more effectively. Effluent from livestock product processing industries are environmentally damaging but tend not to be operated by the poor. |
|
Gaseous emissions |
Global |
Contribution to global warming |
Poor feed low quality diets that yield more methane per animal. If ownership of ruminant livestock amongst the poor is increasing then methane production will increase unless poor switch to non ruminants. Inadequate management of urine in backyard systems leads to high ammonia volatilisation. |
|
Reduction in biodiversity |
Global |
Loss of genetic resources potentially useful in future (with traits such as drought resistance, disease resistance etc. |
Poor owners of grazing livestock have less impact because they own less animals than rich. Poor more likely to engage in "in-situ" conservation since tolerant/multipurpose traits useful in high risk, low input production systems |
|
Agrochemical use |
Areas of high concentration of population |
Increased resistance to herbicides and pesticides. Residue accumulaton in foodchain |
Poor use few of such inputs but use feeds containing elevated levels of chemical residues. |
|
Public health |
Global |
Challenge to food hygiene standards and zoonotic disease control |
Local-level marketing may be self regulating due to short transaction chains between producer and consumer. Very limited capacity of authorities to diagnose and control zoonotic diseases in peri-urban and urban livestock systems |
|
Concentrate feed use |
Global |
Compound feed industry is polluting in its own right. Expansion of land to grow feed grain crops. Competing use of grain for food or feed |
Poor use very little compounded concentrates, feed crop post harvest by-products instead (bran and oilseeds). No extra land required to grow these feeds since they are by-products of the food industry |
