Wheat is a natural host for many viruses. Brunt et al. (1996) reported 55 viruses to which Triticum aestivum is susceptible, and Wiese (1987) described around 30 viruses that naturally infect wheat. This chapter will not describe in detail all wheat viruses, but will give an overview of the most important ones and those that could become a problem in tropical wheat-growing areas. Infection by wheat viruses produces symptoms such as foliar chlorosis (mottle, mosaic, streaks and yellowing), necrosis, stunting and rosetting. Some of the symptoms, especially foliar discoloration, can easily be confused with nutritional and abiotic disorders. Furthermore, it is common to find several viruses infecting the same plant. This multiple infection makes identification complex, but advances in technology (serology and molecular techniques) have made identification, characterization and classification of viruses easier. However, new viruses are still being described and others are awaiting identification.
Table 21.1 lists viruses that have been described as naturally infecting wheat. Of these, only a few cause extensive damage and have an economic effect on wheat production. These will be described in more detail. Throughout this chapter, the common name and standard acronym that appear in Brunt et al. (1996) have been used. Others viruses not mentioned in this chapter have been found occasionally on wheat. For more complete information, refer to Brunt et al. (1996) and Wiese (1987).
BARLEY YELLOW DWARF LUTEOVIRUSES
Barley yellow dwarf is the most widely distributed and the most economically important virus disease of wheat. It has been extensively studied, and excellent reviews have been published (D'Arcy and Burnett, 1995; Miller and Rasochová, 1997). Barley yellow dwarf was first reported by Oswald and Houston (1953). It is caused by a group of luteoviruses called barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses (BYDVs). Barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses are not mechanically transmissible, nor through the seed, but are transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulative but non-propagative manner. Aphids acquire and transmit BY-DVs while feeding on the phloem sieve tube elements of host plants. The different viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf disease (BYD) were originally characterized by Rochow (1969) and Rochow and Muller (1971), who identified five strains from New York in the United States based on their transmission phenotypes in an experimental system. The nomenclature used to identify the five strains of BYDV reflected the species of aphid that most efficiently transmitted that strain and were not intended to imply absolute specificity (Power and Gray, 1995). The strains and their principal vectors are RPV (Rhopalosiphum padi), RMV (R. maidis), MAV (Sitobion avenae), SGV (Schizaphis graminum) and PAV (R. padi, S. avenae and others). This nomenclature system has been adopted by all BYD researchers. The five strains are also distinguishable serologically. However, aphid-transmission properties do not always correlate with serotypes. The transmission phenotypes are based on the experimental system, and the five New York BYDV strains are not representative of all strains studied. For example, Metopolophium dirhodum (not included in Rochow's experimental system) has been reported to be an efficient vector of MAV (Gildow and Rochow, 1983) and PAV. This species is also used as the principal vector for MAV-Mexico in BYDV screening trials at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT).
TABLE 21.1
Viruses naturally infecting wheat
Virus |
Group |
Vector |
Reference |
|
Agropyron mosaic |
Rymovirus |
Mite |
Seifers, 1992 |
|
American wheat striate mosaic |
Nucleorhabdo-virus |
Leafhopper |
Seifers et al., 1995; Sinha & Behki, 1972 |
|
Barley stripe mosaic |
Hordeivirus |
Seed, pollen |
Atabekov & Novikov, 1971 |
|
Barley yellow dwarf |
Luteovirus |
Aphid |
Rochow, 1970; Waterhouse et al., 1988 |
|
Barley yellow striate mosaic |
Cytorhabdovirus |
Planthopper |
Milne & Conti, 1986; Makkouk et al., 1996 |
|
Brome mosaic |
Bromovirus |
Mechanical |
Lane, 1977 |
|
Cereal chlorotic mottle |
Rhabdovirus |
Leafhopper |
Greber, 1982 |
|
Cereal flame chlorosis |
Not known |
Soil |
Haber et al., 1990 |
|
Cereal northern mosaic |
Cytorhabdovirus |
Planthopper |
Toriyama, 1986 |
|
|
str. Wheat rosette stunt |
|
|
Milne et al., 1986 |
Chloris striate mosaic |
Geminivirus |
Leafhopper |
Francki & Hatta, 1980 |
|
Cocksfoot mild mosaic |
Sobemovirus |
Aphid |
Paliwal, 1986 |
|
Cocksfoot mottle |
Sobemovirus |
Beetle |
Catherall, 1970 |
|
European wheat striate mosaic |
Tenuivirus |
Planthopper |
Slykhuis & Watson, 1958 |
|
High plains disease |
Not known |
Mite |
Jensen et al., 1996 |
|
Indian peanut clump |
Pecluvirus |
Fungi |
Delfosse et al., 1995 |
|
Iranian wheat stripe |
Tenuivirus |
Planthopper |
Heydarnejad & Izadpanah, 1992 |
|
Maize rough dwarf |
Fiji/Reovirus |
Planthopper |
Conti & Milne, 1977 |
|
|
str. Mal del Rio Cuarto |
|
|
Rodriguez Pardina et al., 1998 |
str. Cereal tillering disease |
|
|
Boccardo & Milne, 1984 |
|
Maize streak mosaic |
Geminivirus |
Planthopper |
Mzira, 1984 |
|
|
str. African cereal streak |
|
|
Harder & Bakker, 1973 |
Nariño dwarf (enanismo) |
Reovirus |
Not known |
Uyeda & Milne, 1995 |
|
Oat chlorotic stunt |
Tombusviridae |
Soil |
Boonham et al., 1997 |
|
Rice black-streaked dwarf |
Reovirus |
Planthopper |
Shikata, 1974 |
|
Rice hoja blanca |
Tenuivirus |
Planthopper |
Morales & Niessen, 1985 |
|
Soil-borne wheat mosaic |
Furovirus |
Fungi |
Brakke, 1971b |
|
Tobacco mosaic virus |
Tobamovirus |
Mechanical |
Paulsen et al., 1975 |
|
Wheat chlorotic streak mosaic |
Rhabdovirus |
Planthopper |
Signoret et al., 1977 |
|
Wheat dwarf |
Geminivirus |
Leafhopper |
Vacke, 1961 |
|
Wheat spindle streak mosaic |
Bymovirus |
Fungi |
Slykhuis, 1976 |
|
Wheat spot mosaic |
Rymovirus |
Mite |
Slykhuis, 1956 |
|
Wheat streak mosaic |
Rymovirus |
Mite |
Brakke, 1971 a |
|
Wheat yellow leaf |
Closterovirus |
Aphid |
Inouye, 1976 |
|
Wheat yellow mosaic |
Bymovirus |
Fungi |
Chen, 1993 |
The International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ITCV) has divided the BYDVs into two viruses, BYDV (PAV and MAV) and cereal yellow dwarf polero-virus, CYDV (RPV) (D'Arcy et al., 1999), according to the previous grouping based on cytopathology (Gill and Chong, 1979), serology and nucleic acid sequences (Martin and D'Arcy, 1990).
Barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses are restricted to the Poaceae (Gramineae). Cultivated hosts include all the major cereal crops: barley, maize, oat, rice, rye and wheat, as well as many annual and perennial cultivated and wild grasses. BYD has been reported from over 50 countries (Lister and Ranieri, 1995). Symptoms caused by BYDVs differ with the host species and cultivar, the age and the physiological condition of the host plant at the time of infection, the strain and the environmental conditions; and they can be easily confused with nutritional and abiotic disorders. In wheat, one symptom includes leaf discoloration from tip to base and from margin to centre, in shades of yellow and sometimes red. Plants are usually stunted, with a decrease in tiller number and biomass and a weak root system (Plate 51). Suppressed heading, sterility and failure to fill grains occur in the most severe cases. In the field, symptoms usually appear as yellow or red patches of stunted plants. In aeroponic culture, the root system of BYDV-infected seedlings was initially more severely affected than the shoot; stunting was observed four days after infection in roots and only after 18 days in shoots (Hoffman and Kolb, 1997). In general, PAV causes severe symptoms, MAV moderately severe and RPV, RMV and SGV produce mild symptoms. However, Chay et al. (1996) reported PAV isolates ranging from mild to very severe; an RPV isolate producing corkscrew symptoms was isolated in Mexico and in Ecuador, MAV is known to be severe. Zhang et al. (1983) reported the strain GPV, DAV and GPDAV from China. It seems that some of the Chinese strains have a serological relation to the US isolates (MAV and PAV) but that they differ slightly in their aphid-transmission patterns.
Several strains of BYDV can frequently coexist in the same plant. The resulting symptoms can be more severe when the strains are from different groups, but when from the same group, they may result in the anamelioration of symptoms through the mechanism of cross-protection (Haber, 1995). Mixed infections can also result in an alteration of the transmission pattern through transcapsidation (Rochow, 1982).
Losses in wheat due to BYD can be very serious but differ with the BYDV strains, the growth stage at infection, the wheat varieties and the environmental conditions. Pike (1990) and Lister and Ranieri (1995) compiled data on yield losses from different countries. Losses of 47 percent and 26 percent have been reported after artificial inoculation with PAV in Kenya (Wangai, 1990) and Mexico (Burnett and Mezzalama, 1992). Losses of around 11 to 12 percent due to natural infection have been reported in Morocco (El Yamani and Hill, 1990) and in Chile (Ramirez et al., 1992). In Australia, Banks et al. (1995a) reported yield losses of about 2.2 tonnes/ha in a susceptible wheat and losses of about 1.1 tonnes/ha in tolerant varieties.
The epidemiology of BYD is influenced by the strains involved, the aphid vectors present in the area, the crop rotation, environmental conditions (temperature and rainfall), the time of sowing and the timing of aphid flights. Barley yellow dwarf alternates from reservoir hosts (grasses, maize, other cereals and volunteer plants) to small grain cereals. The relative importance of primary infection and secondary spread differs from region to region and year to year.
The critical time for BYD control is at an early growth stage (Plumb and Johnstone, 1995). The need for aphid control can either be prophylactic or based on a forecasting system, such as the ones described in Europe by Plumb et al. (1986) and Gillet et al. (1990). The most commonly used aphicides have been organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids. Imidacloprid, an insecticidal seed treatment, decreased BYD infection in certain conditions (Gray et al., 1996; McKirdy and Jones, 1996) and is now quite widely used in Europe. Success with biological control has been reported from South America, where S. avenae and M. dirhodum were controlled through the introduction of Coccinellid predators and Aphelinid and Aphidiid parasites (Zuniga, 1990) and in New Zealand with the introduction of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Farrell and Stufkens, 1990). As in most areas, natural enemies limit aphid populations, and it is important to integrate chemical and natural control methods. Adequate cultural practices can be used to limit infection with BYDV. Incorporating resistance or tolerance (Cooper and Jones, 1983) to BYDVs or their vectors is one of the most promising approaches to control. Most of the screening for field 'resistance' to BYD has actually been directed to the identification of tolerance. In wheat, sources of tolerance have been reported by several researchers (Burnett et al., 1995). Tolerance in the variety Anza (Qualset et al., 1984) has been associated with the presence of the gene Bdv1, a partially dominant, partially effective gene that induces slow yellowing (Singh et al., 1993). However, other genes are involved in tolerance to BYD (Henry, unpublished data). The winter wheat germplasm Elmo and Caldwell were released as tolerant to BYDV (Ohm et al., 1981; Patterson et al., 1982). Comeau et al. (1998) selected a durum wheat line with good tolerance to BYD.
A decrease in virus multiplication has been reported from several wheat relatives, such as Aegilops, Elymus, Elytrigia, Hordeum, Leymus and Thinopyrum (Agropyron) (Xu et al., 1994; Sharma et al., 1984; Larkin et al., 1990; Makkouk et al., 1994). Recently, much effort has been directed toward incorporating these alien-derived resistances into wheat. Thinopyrum intermedium has been widely used to produce resistant introgressed material, such as the TC lines (Banks et al., 1995b), Zhong 4 (Xin et al., 1991) and Zhong 5-derived lines (Larkin et al., 1995a), and most recently L1-derived Ym lines (Xin et al., 2001). The 42 chromosome winter wheat line P29 and spring wheats TC5, TC6 and TC9, as well as the genetic stock Z1, Z2 and Z6 with alien-derived resistance, have been registered (Sharma et al., 1997; Banks and Larkin, 1995; Larkin et al., 1995b). The amphiploid derived from the wheat x Agrotricum cross was reported to be immune to BYDV (Chen et al., 1998). In TC14, the alien segment is located on 7DL (Hohmann et al., 1996). This line has been incorporated into the CIMMYT breeding programme (Ayala et al., 2001).
WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC RYMOVIRUS
Wheat streak mosaic rymovirus (WSMV) is a serious pathogen of wheat, particularly in the Great Plains region of the United States. It has been reported from several parts of North America, Jordan, Romania, former Yugoslavia, the Russian Federation, Iran (Brakke, 1971a) and most recently in Mexico (Sánchez Sánchez et al., 2001). It is persistently transmitted by the wheat curl mite, an Eryophid mite, formally identified as Aceria tulipae (Slykhuis, 1955) and recently named Aceria tosichella (Amrine and Stasny, 1994). Wheat streak mosaic disease (WSM) is estimated to decrease annual wheat yields by about 2 percent/year in the Great Plains region of the United States (McNeil et al., 1996). Symptoms differ with wheat cultivar, strain of the virus, time of infection and environmental conditions. Even if winter wheat is infected in the autumn, it rarely shows symptoms until spring. Infected plants are stunted, with mottled green- and yellow-streaked leaves (Plate 52). Symptoms range from mild mosaic to severe chlorosis resulting in the death of tillers, reduced seed set and shrivelled kernels.
The mite relies on wind to move from plant to plant or field to field. Wheat streak mosaic is controlled primarily by breaking the life cycle of the mite vector through elimination of volunteer wheat and grasses and delaying planting. Because corn is a host for both the mite and the virus, it is recommended that wheat not be planted next to corn that has not yet matured. The insecticidal seed-coating imidacloprid has recently been shown to be ineffective against the wheat curl mite and WSMV (Harvey et al., 1998).
The genetic control of WSMV can be achieved either by selecting for resistance to the vector or developing lines resistant to the virus. No resistance to WSMV has been found in wheat, but resistance exists in wheat relatives, such as T. intermedium (Sharma et al., 1984). Wheat-T. ponticum (OK65C77-6, OK65C93-8) and wheat-T. intermedium (KS93WGRC27) lines have been registered as resistant to WSMV (Sebesta et al., 1995; Gill et al., 1995). In KS93WGRC27, the gene Wsm1 confers resistance to WSMV. Friebe et al. (1996) reported resistance different from Wsm1 in lines 6957 and 6961 derived from T. intermedium. Genes conferring resistance to wheat curl mite colonization have been transferred from Ae. tauschii, Cmc1, and from Ag. elongatum, Cmc2. A resistance breaking strain of wheat curl mite has been recently reported (Harvey et al., 1995).
SOIL-BORNE WHEAT MOSAIC FUROVIRUS AND OTHER FUROVIRUSES
Soil-borne wheat mosaic furovirus (SBW-MV) occurs in China (Chen, 1993), Japan, Italy, France (Lapierre et al., 1985), Germany, Brazil (Caetano et al., 1977) and the United States. In China, soil-borne cereal viruses (including SBWMV and wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus) became a serious agricultural problem in the 1970s when susceptible cultivars were grown continuously on a large scale. Annual cereal yield losses were estimated at 400 000 tonnes (Chen and Wilson, 1995).
Soil-borne wheat mosaic furovirus is naturally transmitted by the fungus Polymyxa graminis (Chen and Wilson, 1995) and mechanically transmitted to wheat, barley, rye, Bromus and Chenopodium. Polymyxa graminis, is an obligate parasite and is wide-spread in temperate (United States, New Zealand, Europe, China and Japan) and tropical (West Africa, India and South America) regions. The virus is carried inside zoospores and persists inside the fungal resting spore for many years (Chen and Wilson, 1995). The best conditions for disease transmission (as for vector development) are high soil moisture, humid weather, soil temperature around 15° to 18°C and slightly neutral to alkaline soil. The optimum temperatures for symptom development are 15° to 20°C. Symptoms range from mild green to prominent yellow leaf mosaics. The new unfolding leaves show mottles and streaks. Stunting can range from moderate to severe, and certain strains of the virus can cause rosetting of plants. The symptoms are more prominent in early spring growth and rarely appear in autumn (Plate 53).
Control measures include rotation, delayed sowing, increasing fertilizer application and the use of resistant cultivars. Application of chemical sterilants and fungicides can help reduce inoculum but are not practical for large-scale field control. Chen and Wilson (1995) indicate that resistance is controlled by a single locus and that it is dominant. In Italy, the most widely grown bread wheat cultivars are resistant to SBWMV. The durum wheat cultivar Ares showed resistance to SBWMV in northern Italy (Vallega et al., 1999). The hard winter wheat germplasm, KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGR22, have been registered as resistant to SBWMV (Cox et al., 1994). A potential source of resistance to SBWMV has been reported from the wheat-T. intermedium addition line L2 (Rumjaun et al., 1996). Recently, Aubian wheat mosaic virus, a soil-borne wheat tubular virus which is serologically distinct from other soil-borne wheat viruses, was described in France (Hariri et al., 2001). Another tubular virus, which has been described in England (Clover et al., 1999), has similarities to the Aubian wheat mosaic virus. In China, Ye et al. (1999) reported the presence of a new furovirus, Chinese wheat mosaic virus, which presents difference in serology and nucleotide sequence to SBWMV.
WHEAT SPINDLE STREAK MOSAIC BYMOVIRUS AND WHEAT YELLOW MOSAIC BYMOVIRUS
Wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus (WSSMV) and wheat yellow mosaic bymovirus (WYMV), before considered to be strains of the same virus, were shown to be distinct species through genome analysis (Namba et al., 1998). A multiplex RT-PCR assay permits the discrimination of these two viruses (Clover and Henry, 1999). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparison demonstrated that the European and North American isolates were extremely similar and were WSSMV, while the Chinese isolates were close to the Japanese isolates and were WYMV. Wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus was first reported from Canada (Slykhuis, 1976). Wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus or WYMV have been reported from the United States, France, Germany, India, Italy, Zambia, China, Japan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea (Clover and Henry, 1999). Wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus and WYMV are economically important wherever they occur.
They are both sap-transmitted to wheat and naturally transmitted through the soil by the fungus Puccinia graminis. Since WSSMV and WYMV are transmitted by P. graminis, much of what has been said previously for SBWMV applies equally to WSSMV. However, WSS-MV is usually more uniformly distributed in fields than SBWMV. Symptoms develop only in spring when soil temperatures are between 5°C and 15°C. The virus is usually detected earlier in roots than in leaves. The optimum temperature for the development of P. graminis in wheat roots is 15° to 22°C, for transmission of the virus 15°C and for virus development 10°C (Slykhuis and Barr, 1978), perhaps the lowest optimal temperature range of any plant virus disease. Wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus and WYMV cause similar symptoms on susceptible plants. Symptoms vary seasonally and disappear soon after the temperature exceeds 20°C. In early spring, symptoms appear as yellow-green mottling, dashes and streaks (Plate 54). The discontinuous streaks are parallel to the vein and form spindles. In cool temperatures, symptoms are more severe, showing necrosis in the chlorotic spindle. Infected plants can be mildly stunted and with few tillers. Autumn infections are most common, and spring infection results in few symptoms.
Control of both viruses is difficult. Slykhuis (1973) reported that the incidence of WSSMV was suppressed by pre-seeding application of urea (NH4O3), or poultry manure, each supplying nitrogen (N) at 500 to 1 800 kg N/ha, but not by cattle manure supplying up to 1 000 kg N/ha. However, these measures cannot be recommended for practical disease control. The only practicable way to reduce yield losses is through resistance to WSSMV and WYMV or their vector. Resistance to WSSMV is seen mainly as a tendency to avoid infection (Bergstrom and Sorrells, 1997). Some cultivars are resistant to WSSMV, and the resistance appears to be dominant and highly heritable. The cultivars KS92WGR21 and KS92WGR22 have been released as highly resistant to WSSMV (Cox et al., 1994).
BROME MOSAIC BROMOVIRUS
Brome mosaic bromovirus (BMV) was first reported to cause economic damage in wheat in South Africa and to mimic BYDV infection (von Wechmar and Rybicki, 1985). It has been reported to naturally infect wheat in the former Soviet Union, former Yugoslavia, Hungary (Pocsai et al., 1991) and Brazil (Caetano et al., 1990), as well as in Canada (Haber and Hamilton, 1989). Some wheat cultivars are symptomless carriers of the disease. Symptoms on leaves are yellow or white spots and streaks that turn into a yellow mosaic pattern. Infected plants can be slightly stunted and produce shrivelled grains. It is transmitted mechanically to cereals and grasses.
WHEAT DWARF GEMINIVIRUS
Wheat dwarf geminivirus (WDV) is an economically important disease on spring and winter wheat in France, Sweden and Eastern Europe. The disease also affects rye and barley. Infected plants develop vein distortions on the underside of leaves and develop fine green to yellow spots. Plants are very stunted, especially if they were infected as seedlings. The main vector is the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus. Recent outbreaks have been reported from Sweden (Lindsten and Lindsten, 1999).
BARLEY STRIPE MOSAIC HORDEIVIRUS
Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus (BSMV) occurs in North America, Europe, Japan, Australia, the former Soviet Union and China (Wiese, 1987), but is not an economically important disease of wheat. It is mentioned here because it is transmitted through the seed and pollen. Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus causes yellow to white mottling, spotting and streaking on leaves, severe mosaic, dwarfing, excessive tillering and necrosis. Plants grown from BSMV-infected seeds may show symptoms as early as the second or third leaf stage.
REOVIRUSES
Wheat is a host for several reoviruses: rice dwarf phytoreovirus (RDV), oat sterile dwarf fijivirus (OSDV), maize rough dwarf fijivirus (MRDV) and rice black-streaked dwarf fiji-virus (RBSDV) (Conti, 1987). Nariño dwarf virus (enanismo, possible oryzavirus) has been associated with strong symptoms in Colombia (Uyeda and Milne, 1995). Another reovirus (Mal del Rio Cuarto) has been reported to cause extensive damage to wheat and maize in Argentina (Rodriguez Pardina et al., 1998). Symptoms are deformed leaves, spikes and spikelets, shortened internodes, leaves with serrated borders and sterile spikelets. Mal del Rio Cuarto was classified as a strain of maize rough dwarf fijivirus (Brunt et al., 1996), but recent molecular data (Rodriguez Pardina et al., 1998) do not support this. Reoviruses are exclusively transmitted by leafhoppers (phytoreoviruses) and planthoppers (fijiviruses), which propagate in the vector and the plant.
RHABDOVIRUSES
There are several rhabdoviruses that infect wheat, but none of them are important economically. They are transmitted in a propagative manner by the planthoppers. Recent reports mentioned the occurrence of American wheat striate mosaic in the United States (Seifers et al., 1995) and barley yellow striate mosaic rhabdovirus in Turkey (Makkouk et al., 1996).
NEWLY DESCRIBED WHEAT VIRUSES
Cereal flame chlorosis was first observed in Canada in 1985 and has only been reported in this country (Haber et al., 1990). It is soil-borne and associated with specific double-stranded RNAs. Its spread has been associated with a trend towards more intensive cropping and the presence of certain zoosporic fungi (Haber et al., 1991). Disease symptoms include leaf chlorosis in a flame-like pattern, severe stunting and sterility.
High plains disease has been recently described as associated with WSMV in wheat and maize in the United States and to cause the aggravation of WSMV symptoms. It is transmitted by the wheat curl mite (A. tosichella) and has been associated with the presence of a 32kDa nucleoprotein (Jensen et al., 1996).
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, highly infectious on graminaceous plants (Doucet et al., 1999), has been reported on wheat in Africa and India (Delfosse et al., 1995). First classified as furovirus, both peanut clump virus and Indian peanut clump pecluvirus belong now to the new group of pecluviruses (Torrance and Mayo, 1997).
REFERENCES
Amrine, J.W., Jr. & Stasny, T.A. 1994. Catalog of Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the world. West Bloom-field, MI, USA, Indira Publishing Company.
Atabekov, J.G. & Novikov, V.K. 1971. Barley stripe mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 68. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Ayala, L., van Ginkel, M., Khairallah, M., Keller, B. & Henry, M. 2001. Expression of Thinopyrum intermedium - derived barley yellow dwarf virus resistance in elite bread wheat backgrounds. Phytopathology, 91: 55-62.
Banks, P.M. & Larkin, P.J. 1995. Registration of three BYDV - resistant wheat germplasms: TC5, TC6, and TC9. Crop Sci., 35: 600-601.
Banks, P.M., Davidson, J.L., Bariana, H.S. & Larkin, P.J. 1995a. Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the yield of winter wheat. Austr. J. Agric. Res., 46: 935-946.
Banks, P.M., Larkin, P.J., Bariana, H.S., Lagudah, E.S., Appels, R., Waterhouse, P.M., Brettell, R.I.S., Chen, X., Xu, H.J., Xin, Z.Y., Qian, Y.T., Zhou, X.M., Cheng, Z.M. & Zhou, G.H. 1995b. The use of cell culture for subchromosomal introgressions of barley yellow dwarf virus resistance from Thinopyrum intermedium to wheat. Genome, 38: 395-405.
Bergstrom, G.C. & Sorrells, M.E. 1997. Resistance to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus is important in New York. What's Crop. Up, 7: 3.
Boccardo, G. & Milne, R.G. 1984. Plant Reovirus group. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 294. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Boonham, N., Harju, V., Wood, K.R. & Henry, C.M. 1997. Infection of oats and other cereals by oat chlorotic stunt virus in the field and in the laboratory. Plant. Pathol., 46: 795-799.
Brakke, M.K. 1971a. Wheat streak mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 48. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Brakke, M.K. 1971b. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 77 Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J. & Watson, L., eds. 1996. Viruses of plants - descriptions and lists from the VIDE database. Wallingford, UK, CAB International. 1484 pp.
Burnett, P.A. & Mezzalama, M. 1992. The CIMMYT barley yellow dwarf program. In A. Comeau & K.M. Makkouk, eds. Barley yellow dwarf in West Asia and North Africa, p. 33-46. Aleppo, Syria, ICARDA.
Burnett, P.A., Comeau, A. & Qualset, C.O. 1995. Host plant tolerance or resistance for control of barley yellow dwarf. In J.C. D'Arcy & P.A. Burnett, eds. Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress, p. 321-343. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press.
Caetano, V.R., Kitajima, E.W. & Costa, A.S. 1977. Determinacao da correncia do virus do mosaico do trigo, transmitido pelo solo, no Brasil (Triticum vulgare). Fitopatol. Bras., 2: 70.
Caetano, V.R., Marinho, V.L.A., Lin, M.T., Formiga, L.C.M. & Kitajima, E.W. 1990. Ocorrencia do virus do mosaico do capim bromo (brome mosaic virus) em trigo, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Fitopatol. Bras., 15: 363-365.
Catherall, P.L. 1970. Cocksfoot mottle virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 23. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Chay, C.A., Smith, D.M., Vaughan, R., Gray, S.M. 1996. Diversity among isolates within the PAV serotype of barley yellow dwarf virus. Phytopathology, 86: 370-77.
Chen, J. 1993. Occurrence of fungally transmitted wheat mosaic viruses in China. Ann. Appl. Biol., 123: 55-61.
Chen, J. & Wilson, T.M.A. 1995. Taxonomy of rigid rod-shaped viruses transmitted by fungi. Agronomie, 15: 421-426.
Chen, Q., Collin, J., Comeau, A., St-Pierre, C.A. & Fedak, G. 1998. Comparison of various sources of resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploid lines. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 19: 414-417.
Clover, G. & Henry C. 1999. Detection and discrimination of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus and wheat yellow mosaic virus using multiplex RT-PCR. Europ. J. Plant Pathol., 105: 891-896.
Clover, G.R.G., Hugo, S.A., Harju, V.A., Wright, D.M. & Henry, C.M. 1999. Preliminary investigations of an uncharacterized virus of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in England. Z. PflKrankh. PflSchutz., 106: 275-283.
Comeau, A., St-Pierre, C.A., Kol, B., Pouleur, S. & Raquet, R. 1998. BYDV tolerance and multiple disease resistance in Triticum durum interspecific derivatives. Barley Yellow Dwarf Newsl., No. 7.
Conti, M. 1987. Reoviruses of grasses and cereals and their vectors. In Wilson & Nault, eds. Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance, p. 93-100. London, CIE.
Conti, M. & Milne, R.G. 1977. Some new natural hosts of Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV). Ann. Phytopathol., 9: 255-259.
Cooper, J.I. & Jones, A.T. 1983. Responses of plants to viruses: proposals for use of terms. Phytopathology, 73: 127-128.
Cox, T.S., Sorrells, M.E., Bergstrom, G.C., Sears, R.G., Gill, B.S., Walsh, E.J., Leath, S. & Murphy, J.P. 1994. Registration of KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGRC22 hard red winter wheat germplasms resistant to wheat spindle-streak mosaic virus, wheat soilborne mosaic virus, and powdery mildew. Crop Sci., 34: 546.
D'Arcy, C.J. & Burnett, P.A., eds. 1995. Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press. 374 pp.
D'Arcy, C.J., Domier, L.L. & Mayo, M.A. 1999. Luteoviridae. In M.H.V. van Regenmortel, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop, E.B. Carstens, M.K. Estes, S.M. Lemon, J. Maniloff, M.A. Mayo, D.J. McGeoch, C.R. Pringle & R.B. Wickner, eds. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. 7th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, p. 775-78. Academic Press.
Delfosse, P., Reddy, A.S., Devi, P.S., Murthy, A.K., Wesley, S.V., Naidu, R.A. & Reddy, D.V.R. 1995. A disease of wheat caused by Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV). Plant Dis., 79: 1074.
Doucet, D., Delfosse, P., Legreve, A., Devi, P.S., Reddy, A.S. & Maraite, H. 1999. The Indian peanut clump virus is highly infectious on graminaceous plants. Z. PflKrankh. PflSchutz., 106: 418-424.
El Yamani, M. & Hill, J.H. 1990. Identification and importance of barley yellow dwarf virus in Morocco. Plant Dis., 74: 291-294.
Farrell, J.A. & Stufkens, M.W. 1990. The impact of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on populations of the rose grain aphid (Metoplophium dirhodum) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals in New Zealand. Bull. Entomol. Res., 80: 377-383.
Francki, R.I.B. & Hatta, T. 1980. Chloris striate mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 221. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Friebe, B., Gill, K.S., Tuleen, N.A. & Gill, B.S. 1996. Transfer of wheat streak mosaic virus resistance from Agropyrum intermedium into wheat. Crop Sci., 36: 857-861.
Gildow, F.E. & Rochow, W.F. 1983. Barley yellow dwarf in California: vector competence and luteovirus identification. Plant Dis., 67: 140-143.
Gill, B.S., Friebe, B., Wilson, D.L., Martin, T.J. & Cox, T.S. 1995. Registration of KS93WGRC27 wheat streak mosaic virus resistant T4DL 4AI-number - 2S wheat germsplasm. Crop Sci., 35: 1236-1237.
Gill, C.C. & Chong, J. 1979. Cytopathological evidence for the division of barley yellow dwarf virus isolates into two subgroups. Virology, 95: 59-69.
Gillet, H., Dedryver, C.A., Robert, Y., Gamon, A. & Pierre, J.S. 1990. Assessing the risk of primary infection of cereals by barley yellow dwarf virus in autumn in the Rennes basin of France. Ann. Appl. Biol., 117: 237-251.
Gray, S.M., Bergstrom, G.C., Vaughan, R., Smith, D.M. & Kalb, D.W. 1996. Insecticidal control of cereal aphids and its impact on the epidemiology of the barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses. Crop Prot.,15: 687-697.
Greber, R.S. 1982. Cereal chlorotic mottle virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 251. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Haber, S. 1995. Interactions of barley yellow dwarf viruses: Cross-protection and interactions with other pathogens and with abiotic factors. In Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress. In J.C. D'Arcy & P.A. Burnett, eds. Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress, p. 145-161. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press.
Haber, S. & Hamilton, R.I. 1989. Brome mosaic virus isolated in Manitoba, Canada. Plant Dis., 73: 195-199.
Haber, S., Kim, W., Gillespie, R. & Tekauz, A. 1990. Flame chlorosis: a new, soil-transmitted, virus-like disease of barley in Manitoba, Can. J. Phytopathol., 129: 245-256.
Haber, S., Barr, D.J.S. & Platford, R.G. 1991. Observations on the distribution of flame chlorosis in Manitoba and its association with certain zoosporic fungi and the intensive cultivation of cereals. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 13: 241-246.
Harder, D.E. & Bakker, W. 1973. African cereal streak, a new disease of cereals in East Africa. Phytopathology, 63: 1407-1411.
Hariri, D., Prud'homme, H., Fouchard, M., Boury, G., Signoret, P. & Lapierre, H. 2001. Aubian wheat mosaic virus, a new soil-borne wheat virus emerging in France. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. (In press).
Harvey, T.L., Martin, T.J., Seifers, D.L. & Sloderbeck, P.E. 1995. Adaptation of wheat curl mite (Acari, Eryophyidae) to resistant wheat in Kansas. J. Agric. Entomol., 12: 119-125.
Harvey, T.L., Seifers, D.L. & Martin, T.J. 1998. Effect of Imidacloprid seed treatment on infestations of wheat curl mite (Acari, Eriophyidae) and the incidence of wheat streak mosaic virus. J. Agric. Entomol., 15: 75-81.
Heydarnejad, J. & Izadpanah, K. 1992. Isolation and partial characterization of a tenuivirus from wheat in Iran. J. Phytopathol., 136: 279-287.
Hoffman, T.K. & Kolb, F.L. 1997. Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on root and shoot growth of winter wheat seedlings grown in aeroponic culture. Plant Dis., 81: 497-500.
Hohmann, U., Badaeva, K., Busch, W., Friebe, B. & Gill, B.S. 1996. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Agropyron chromatin specifying resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in wheat. Genome, 39: 336-347.
Inouye, T.. 1976. Wheat yellow leaf virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 157. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Jensen, S.G., Lane, L.C. & Seifers, D.L. 1996. A new disease of maize and wheat in the high plains. Plant Dis., 80: 1387-1390.
Lane, L.C. 1977. Brome mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 180. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Lapierre, H., Courtillot, M., Kusiak, C. & Hariri, D. 1985. Résistance au champ des blés en semis d'automne au virus de la mosaïque du blé (wheat soil-borne mosaic virus). Agronomie, 5: 565-572.
Larkin, P.J., Brettell, R.I.S., Banks, P., Appels, R., Waterhouse, P.M., Cheng, Z.M., Zhou, G.H., Xin, Z.Y. & Chen, X. 1990. Identification, characterization and utilization of sources of resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus. In P.A. Burnett, ed. World perspectives on barley yellow dwarf, p. 415-420. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
Larkin, P.J., Banks, P.M., Lagudah, E.S., Appels, R., Xiao, C., Xin, Z., Ohm, H.W. & McIntosh, R.A. 1995a. Disomic Thinopyrum intermedium addition lines in wheat with barley yellow dwarf virus resistance and with rust resistances. Genome, 38: 385-394.
Larkin, P.J., Banks, P.M. & Xiao, C. 1995b. Registration of six genetic stocks of wheat with rust and BYDV resistance - Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 disomic addition lines with Thinopyrum intermedium chromosomes. Crop Sci., 35: 604.
Lindsten, K. & Lindsten B. 1999. Wheat dwarf - an old disease with new outbreaks in Sweden. Z. PflKrankh. PflSchutz., 106: 325-332.
Lister, R.M. & Ranieri, R. 1995. Distribution and economic importance of barley yellow dwarf. In J.C. D'Arcy & P.A. Burnett, eds. Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress, p. 29-53. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press.
Makkouk, K.M., Comeau, A. & Ghulam, W. 1994. Resistance to barley yellow dwarf luteovirus in Aegilops species. Can. J. Plant Sci., 74: 631-634.
Makkouk, K.M., Bertschinger, L., Conti, M., Bolat, N. & Dusunceli, F. 1996. Barley yellow striate mosaic rhabdovirus naturally infects cereal crops in the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey. J. Phytopathol., 144: 413-415.
Martin, R.R. & D'Arcy, C.J. 1990. Relationships among luteoviruses based on nucleic acid hybridization and serological studies. Intervirology, 31: 23-30.
McKirdy, S.J. & Jones, R.A.C. 1996. Use of Imidacloprid and newer generation synthetic pyrethroids to control the spread of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus in cereals. Plant Dis., 80: 895-901.
McNeil, J.E., French, R., Hein, G.L., Bäenziger, P.S. & Eskridge, K.M. 1996. Characterization of genetic variability among natural populations of wheat streak mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 86: 1222-1227.
Miller, W.A. & Rasochová, L. 1997. Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 35: 167-190.
Milne, R.G. & Conti, M. 1986. Barley yellow striate mosaic. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 312, Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB..
Milne, R.G., Masenga, V. & Conti, M. 1986. Serological relationships between the nucleocapsids of some Planthopper-borne rhabdoviruses of Cereals. Intervirology, 25: 83-87.
Morales, F.J. & Niessen, A.I. 1985. Rice hoja blanca virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 299. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Mzira, C.N. 1984. Cultural control of maize sreak mosaic virus in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by spacing and time planting. Zimb. Agric. J., 81: 189-191.
Namba, S., Kashiwazaki, S., Lu, X., Tamura, M. & Tsuchizaki, T. 1998. Complete nucleotide sequence of wheat yellow mosaic bymovirus genomic RNAs. Arch. Virol., 143: 631-643.
Ohm, H.W., Patterson, F.L., Carrigan, L.L., Shaner, G.E., Foster, J.E., Finney, R.E. & Roberts, J.J. 1981. Registration of Elmo common wheat germplasm. Crop Sci., 21: 803.
Oswald, J.W. & Houston, B.R. 1953. Host range and epiphytology of the cereal yellow dwarf disease. Phytopathology, 43: 309-313.
Paliwal, Y.C. 1986. Identification and properties of cocksfoot mild mosaic virus, a newly recognized disease of wheat in Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 8: 409-417.
Patterson, F.L., Ohm, H.W., Snaer, G.E., Finney, R.E., Gallun, R.L., Roberts, J.J. & Foster, J.E. 1982. Registration of Caldwell wheat. Crop Sci., 22: 691-692.
Paulsen, A., Niblett, C.L. & Willis, W.G. 1975. Natural occurrence of tobacco mosaic virus in wheat. Plant Dis. Rep., 59: 747-750.
Pike, K.S. 1990. A review of barley yellow dwarf virus grain yield loses. In P.A. Burnett, ed. World perspectives on barley yellow dwarf, p. 356-361. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
Plumb, R.T. & Johnstone, G.R. 1995. Cultural, chemical and biological methods for the control of barley yellow dwarf. In J.C. D'Arcy & P.A. Burnett, eds. Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress, p. 307-319. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press.
Plumb, R.T., Lennon, E.A. & Gutteridge, R.A. 1986. Forecasting barley yellow dwarf virus by monitoring vector populations and infectivity. In McLean, Garrett & Ruesink, eds. Plant virus epidemiology: monitoring, modelling and predicting outbreaks, p. 387-398. Sydney, Australia, Academic Press.
Pocsai, E., Kobza, S., Murányi, I. & Szunics, L. 1991. Brome mosaic virus infection in different cereal breeding materials. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 26: 207-212.
Power, A.G. & Gray, S.M. 1995. Aphid transmission of barley yellow dwarf viruses: Interactions between viruses, vectors, and host plants. In J.C. D'Arcy & P.A. Burnett, eds. Barley yellow dwarf, 40 years of progress, p. 259-289. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press.
Qualset, C.O., Vogt, H.E. & Borlaug, N.E. 1984. Registration of Anza wheat. Crop Sci., 24: 827-828.
Ramirez, I., Zerene, M. & Cortazar, R. 1992. The barley yellow dwarf virus program in Chile. In A. Comeau & K.M. Makkouk, eds. Barley yellow dwarf in West Asia and North Africa, p. 47-54. Aleppo, Syria, ICARDA.
Rochow, W.F. 1969. Biological properties of four isolates of BYDV. Phytopathology, 59: 1580-1589.
Rochow, W.F. 1970. Barley yellow dwarf virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 4. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Rochow, W.F. 1982. Dependent transmission by aphids of barley yellow dwarf luteo-viruses from mixed infection. Plant Dis., 72: 302-305.
Rochow, W.F. & Muller, I. 1971. A fifth variant of barley yellow dwarf virus in New York. Plant Dis., 55: 874-877.
Rodriguez Pardina, P.E., Giménez Pecci, M.P., Laguna, I.G., Dagoberto, E. & Truol, G. 1998. Wheat: a new natural host for the Mal de Río Cuarto virus in the endemic disease area, Río Cuarto, Córdoba Province, Argentina. Plant Dis., 82: 149-152.
Rumjaun, A., Jahier, J., Trottet, M. & Lapierre, H. 1996. Identification of a potential source of complete resistance to soilborne wheat mosaic virus in a wheat - Thinopyrum intermedium addition line. J. Phytopathol., 144: 135-138.
Sánchez-Sánchez, H., Henry, M., Cárdenas-Soriano, E. & Alvizo-Villasana, H.F. 2001. Identification of Wheat streak mosaic virus and its vector Aceria Tosichella in Mexico. Plant Dis., 85: 13-17.
Sebesta, E.E., Young, H.C., Porter, D.R. & Webster, J.A. 1995. Registration of two wheat streak mosaic virus-resistant wheat germplasms. Crop Sci., 35: 1238.
Seifers, D.L. 1992. Partial characterization of a Colorado isolate of Agropyron mosaic virus. Plant Dis., 76: 564-569.
Seifers, D.L., Harvey, T.L. & Bowden, R.L. 1995. Occurrence and symptom expression of American wheat striate mosaic virus in wheat in Kansas. Plant Dis., 79: 853-858.
Sharma, H.C., Gill, B.S. & Uyemoto, J.K. 1984. High levels of resistance in Agropyron species to barley yellow dwarf and wheat streak mosaic viruses. Phytopath. Z., 110: 143-147.
Sharma, H.C., Ohm, H.W. & Perry, K.L. 1997. Registration of barley yellow dwarf virus resistant wheat germplasm line P29. Crop Sci., 37: 1032-1033.
Shikata, E. 1974. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus. 1974. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 135. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Signoret, P.A., Conti, M., Leclant, F., Alliott, B. & Giannotti, J. 1977. Données nouvelles sur la maladie des striés chlorotiques du blé (wheat chlorotic streak virus). Ann. Phytopathol., 9: 381-385.
Singh, R.P., Burnett, P.A., Albarrán, M. & Rajaram, S. 1993. Bdv1: a gene for tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus in bread wheats. Crop Sci., 33: 231-234.
Sinha, R.C. & Behki, R.M. 1972. American wheat striate mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 99. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Slykhuis, J.T. 1955. Aceria tulipae Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyidae) in relation to the spread of wheat streak mosaic. Phytopathology, 45: 116-128.
Slykhuis, J.T. 1956. Wheat spot mosaic, caused by a mite-transmitted virus associated with wheat streak mosaic. Phytopathology, 46: 682-687.
Slykhuis, J.T. 1973. Characteristics of suppression of wheat spindle streak mosaic by nitrogen fertilizers. Can. J. Plant Sci., 53: 477-483.
Slykhuis, J.T. 1976. Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 167. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Slykhuis, J.T. & Barr, D.J.S. 1978. Confirmation of Polymyxa graminis as a vector of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 68: 639-643.
Slykhuis, J. T. & Watson, M. A. 1958. Striate mosaic of cereals in Europe and its transmission by Delphacodes pellucida (Fab). Ann. Appl. Biol., 46: 542-553.
Toriyama, S. 1986. Northern cereal mosaic virus. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 322. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Torrance, L. & Mayo, M.A. 1997. Proposed reclassification of furoviruses. Arch. Virol., 142: 435-439.
Uyeda, I. & Milne, R.G. 1995. Introduction: Genomic organization, diversity and evolution of plant reoviruses. Virology, 6: 85-88.
Vacke, J. 1961. Wheat dwarf virus disease. Biol. Plant, 3: 228-233.
Vallega,V., Rubies-Autonell, C., Turina, M., Ratti, C. & Contoli, S. 1999. Reactions of durum wheat cultivars to infection by SBWMV grown in northern Italy during 1995-96. Z. PflKrankh. PflSchutz., 106: 284-290.
von Wechmar, M.B. & Rybicki, E.P. 1985. Brome mosaic virus infection mimics barley yellow dwarf virus disease symptoms in small grains. J. Phytopathol., 114: 332-337.
Wangai, A.W. 1990. Effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on cereals in Kenya. In P.A. Burnett, ed. World perspectives on barley yellow dwarf, p. 391-393. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
Waterhouse, P.M., Gildow, F.E. & Johnstone, G.R. 1988. Luteovirus Group. Descriptions of plant viruses, No. 339. Kew, Surrey, UK, CMI/AAB.
Wiese, M.V. 1987. Compendium of wheat diseases, 2nd ed. St Paul, MN, USA, APS Press. 112 pp.
Xin, Z.Y., Xu, H.J., Chen, X., Lin, Z.S., Zhou, G.H., Qian, Y.T., Cheng, Z.M., Larkin, P.J., Banks, P., Appels, R., Glarke, B. & Brettell, R.S.I. 1991. Development of common wheat germplasm resistant to barley yellow dwarf virus by biotechnology. Sci. China, 34: 1055-1062.
Xin, Z.Y., Zhang, Z.Y., Chen, X., Lin Z.S., Ma, Y.Z., Xu, H.J., Banks, P.M. & Larkin, P.J. 2001. Development and characterization of common wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium translocation lines with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus. Euphytica, 119: 161-165.
Xu, S.J., Banks, P.M., Dong, Y.S., Zhou, R.H. & Larkin, P.J. 1994. Evaluation of Chinese triticeae for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Genet. Res. Crop Evol., 41: 35-41.
Ye, R., Zheng, T., Chen, J., Diao, A., Adams, M.J., Yu, S. & Antoniw, J.F. 1999. Characterization and partial sequence of a new furovirus of wheat in China. Plant Pathol., 48: 379-387.
Zhang, Q.F., Guan, W.N., Ren, Z.Y., Zhu, X.S. & Tsai, J.H. 1983. Transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus strains from northwestern China by four aphid species. Plant Dis., 67: 895-899.
Zuniga, E. 1990. Biological control of cereal aphids in the southern cone of South America. In P.A. Burnett, ed. World perspectives on barley yellow dwarf, p. 362-367. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.