General Information
· Main climates: Tropical Wet & Dry, Tropical Steppe & Semiarid, Tropical Wet & Dry Upland (600-1 000 m above sea, Tropical Desert & Arid, Temperate Highland (>1 000 m above sea)
· Total land area: 297 319 000 ha
· Internal renewable water resources: 1 850 km3
· Incoming water flow: 235 km3
· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$, 2 060
· Major food consumed: Rice, Wheat, Sugar & Honey, Millet & Sorghum, Oil & Fat
· Rice supply, 1999: 111.2 kg paddy/capita/year
Basic Statistics
|
|
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
|
RICE |
|
|
|
|
|
Harvested area (M ha) |
41.13 |
42.68 |
42.80 |
44.60 |
|
Yield (kg/ha) |
2329 |
2612 |
2697 |
3007 |
|
Production (M t) |
95 |
111 |
115 |
134 |
|
Imports (T t) |
61 |
66 |
0 |
NA |
|
Exports (T t) |
315 |
505 |
4913 |
NA |
|
OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
|
Population (M) |
767 |
850 |
933 |
NA |
|
Agr population (M) |
475 |
506 |
534 |
NA |
|
Irrigated agr area (M ha) |
41.77 |
45.14 |
53.0 |
NA |
|
Fertilizer cons (M t) |
8.5 |
12.58 |
13.87 |
NA |
|
Agr tractors in use (T units) |
607 |
988 |
1354 |
NA |
Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons
The Following table shows the rice-harvested areas in different states.
|
Production zone |
Harvested area (% total harvested area) |
|
West Bengal |
13.83 |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
13.13 |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
12.16 |
|
Orissa |
10.65 |
|
Bihar |
10.51 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
8.54 |
|
Assam |
6.04 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
5.45 |
|
Punjat |
4.95 |
|
Maharashtra |
3.69 |
|
Kannataka |
3.05 |
|
Haryana |
1.68 |
|
Gujarat |
1.38 |
|
Kerala |
1.28 |
|
Jammu Kashmir |
0.67 |
|
Tripura |
0.57 |
|
Meghalaya |
0.38 |
|
Manipur |
0.35 |
|
Rajasthan |
0.33 |
|
Nagaland |
0.32 |
|
Arimachal Pradesh |
0.27 |
|
Himahal Pradesh |
0.19 |
|
Mirozam |
0.14 |
|
Goa |
0.13 |
|
Pondicherry |
0.06 |
|
Sikkim |
0.03 |
|
A & N Island |
0.02 |
|
D & N Haveli |
0.02 |
The main rice cropping seasons are Kharif and Rabi. The following table shows the planting and harvesting periods of the Kharif and Rabi season.
|
Cropping seasons |
Planting |
Harvesting |
|
Kharif early |
3-5 |
6-10 |
|
Kharif medium |
6-10 |
11-2 |
|
Rabi |
11-2 |
3-6 |
Production Practices
Most of the land areas are cultivated with intensive rice-based cropping systems. Only in a few locations, land is cultivated with only one single crop of rice in a year. The rice-wheat and rice-wheat-other crops systems are found in 12 central to the northern states, including Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Orrisa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The rice-rice and rice-rice-other crops are found in 10 central and southern states including Andhara Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orrisa, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Rice-rice-rice system is found only in Kerela. Grain-legume crops such as gram, pea, and pulses are often included in rice-based cropping systems in the country. Following figure shows the estimated harvested rice area from different rice ecologies during 1995-2000 period.
Under each of major production ecologies, the rice fields are further grouped into upland or highland, midland and lowland based on their topographical position in the landscape. Sources of irrigation water such as well, tanks, and others are also used to modify the ecologies of irrigated rice. Land preparation is done either with tractors or with animal traction. Direct seeding by broadcasting of rice seed to dry soils is popular method of crop establishment in rainfed upland and deepwater rice ecologies. Transplanting is the popular method of crop establishment of irrigated and rainfed lowland rice. However, direct seeding methods include broadcasting of rice seed to dry soils, broadcasting of pre-germinated rice seeds to wet field, drilling of seeds, either pre-germinated or not-germinated, into regular lines, and the dibbling at regular spacing. In Kerela, where rice-rice, rice-rice-rice and rice-rice-other crop systems are popular, broadcasting of pre-germinated rice seed into wet soils is widely practised.
India has rich rice genetic resources. Most rice varieties planted in the country, however, belong to indica sub-species. Substantial areas are also planted to aromatic Basmati rice. More than 600 rice varieties have been released for cultivation since 1965. Recently 3-line hybrid varieties have also been developed and released for cultivation, especially under irrigated conditions.
· Irrigated rice varieties released since 1990
|
Variety Name |
Growth duration (days) |
Planted location |
|
Cottondora Sannalu |
150 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Deepti |
120 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Early Samba |
135 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Krishna Hamsa |
120 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Sravani |
105 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Bharani |
155 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
DRR H1 |
130 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Vijetha |
140 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
APHR 2 |
125 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
APHR-1 |
125 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Bhadrakali |
135 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Varsha |
114 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Rajavadlu |
135 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Erramallelu |
110 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Swarnamukhi |
130 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Birsadhan 107 |
120 |
Bihar |
|
Gautam |
125 |
Bihar |
|
Birsadhan 202 |
128 |
Bihar |
|
Kamini (SBR 80-643-14-1-1) |
135 |
Bihar |
|
PA 103 (6201) |
130 |
CVRC |
|
Vivekdhan 62 |
120 |
CVRC |
|
VL Dhan 81 |
130 |
CVRC |
|
CSR 13 |
125 |
CVRC |
|
CSR 27 |
140 |
CVRC |
|
VL Dhan 61 |
130 |
CVRC |
|
Pusa 677-5-103-2-9 |
114 |
CVRC |
|
Triguna |
128 |
CVRC |
|
Nidhi |
114 |
CVRC |
|
Pusa 834 |
114 |
CVRC |
|
Pusa 44-33 |
117 |
CVRC |
|
Ajaya |
135 |
CVRC |
|
Lunishree |
145 |
CVRC |
|
CST 7-1 |
145 |
CVRC |
|
Shaktiman |
114 |
CVRC |
|
Haryana Basmati |
135 |
CVRC, Haryana |
|
Mahamaya |
130 |
CVRC, Madhya Pradesh |
|
Narendradhan 359 |
130 |
CVRC |
|
Narendradhan 359 |
109 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Gurjari |
150 |
Gujarat |
|
VL Dhan 121 |
105 |
Gujarat |
|
GR 6 |
120 |
Gujarat |
|
Ambica |
130 |
Gujarat |
|
GR 103 |
125 |
Gujarat |
|
Narmada |
135 |
Gujarat |
|
Kasturi |
130 |
Gujarat, CVRC |
|
HKR 46 |
155 |
Haryana |
|
Taraori Basmati |
135 |
Haryana |
|
Himalaya 2216 |
125 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
RP 2421 |
125 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
Himalaya 799 |
125 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
Nagardhan |
140 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
RP 732 |
125 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
Chenab |
115 |
Jamuu & Kashmir |
|
Jhelum |
118 |
Jamuu & Kashmir |
|
Ranabhir Basmati |
125 |
Jamuu & Kashmir |
|
KHP 5 |
155 |
Karnataka |
|
IET 8116 |
130 |
Karnataka |
|
KPRH 2 |
133 |
Karnataka |
|
Akash |
135 |
Karnataka |
|
KRH 1 |
125 |
Karnataka |
|
KPH 2 (IR 1078) |
130 |
Karnataka |
|
Mukti |
125 |
Karnataka |
|
Karishma |
135 |
Kerala |
|
Krishna anjana |
135 |
Kerala |
|
Panchami |
130 |
Kerala |
|
Pavithra |
130 |
Kerala |
|
Remanica |
100 |
Kerala |
|
Revathy |
135 |
Kerala |
|
Uma |
130 |
Kerala |
|
Ranjani |
114 |
Kerala |
|
Aiswarya |
114 |
Kerala |
|
Kairali (PTB 49) |
114 |
Kerala |
|
Kanchana (PTB 50) |
110 |
Kerala |
|
Athira (PTB 51) |
125 |
Kerala |
|
Mata Triveni (PTB 45) |
110 |
Kerala |
|
Jayathi (PTB 46) |
130 |
Kerala |
|
R 281-PP-31-1 |
130 |
Madhya Pradesh |
|
Radhe |
114 |
Madhya Pradesh |
|
Karjat4 |
115 |
Maharashtra |
|
HMT Sona |
136 |
Maharashtra |
|
Phule Mawal |
125 |
Maharashtra |
|
Pondaghat 1 |
120 |
Maharashtra |
|
Panvel 3 |
130 |
Maharashtra |
|
Sahayadri |
130 |
Maharashtra |
|
Sugandha |
115 |
Maharashtra |
|
Karjat 2 |
135 |
Maharashtra |
|
Ratnagiri 3 |
140 |
Maharashtra |
|
Karjat 3 |
115 |
Maharashtra |
|
SYE -ER 1 |
115 |
Maharashtra |
|
Sanaphou |
130 |
Manipur |
|
Akutiphou |
125 |
Manipur |
|
Lemaphou |
130 |
Manipur |
|
Re Maniphou 1 |
115 |
Manipur |
|
Re Maniphou 2 |
120 |
Manipur |
|
Pheu-Oibi |
130 |
Manipur |
|
NEH Megha Rice 1 |
160 |
Meghalaya |
|
NEH Megha Rice 2 |
160 |
Meghalaya |
|
Udayagiri |
122 |
Orissa |
|
Radhi |
113 |
Orissa |
|
BHOI |
120 |
Orissa |
|
Gajapathi |
155 |
Orissa |
|
Kharveli |
131 |
Orissa |
|
Konark |
130 |
Orissa |
|
Sebati |
155 |
Orissa |
|
Surendra |
131 |
Orissa |
|
Tapaswini |
135 |
Orissa |
|
Bhanja |
135 |
Orissa |
|
Birupa |
135 |
Orissa |
|
Mehar |
135 |
Orissa |
|
Samanta |
135 |
Orissa |
|
Subramanya Bharathi |
140 |
Pondicherry |
|
Aravinder |
135 |
Pondicherry |
|
PR 114 |
140 |
Punjab |
|
PR 116 |
140 |
Punjab |
|
PR 113 |
125 |
Punjab |
|
PR 115 |
125 |
Punjab |
|
PR 111 |
138 |
Punjab |
|
Basmati 386 |
135 |
Punjab |
|
PR 110 |
125 |
Punjab |
|
Basmati 385 |
135 |
Punjab |
|
Khushboo |
120 |
Rajasthan |
|
Mahisugandha |
130 |
Rajasthan |
|
CO 47 |
145 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
TRY 1 |
140 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ADTRH - 1 |
120 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
CORH-2 |
129 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ADT 43 |
110 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
TKM 11 |
120 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
PKU 2 |
110 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
PMK 2 |
115 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ADT 42 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ASD 19 |
125 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ASD-20 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
CORH-1 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
MGR 1 |
125 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ADT 41 |
115 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
TKM 10 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
TPS 3 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
J.J.92 |
80 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
ASD 18 |
110 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
MDU 4 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
Hassan Sarai |
125 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Narendra Sankar Dan |
128 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Narendra Usar 2 |
125 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Pant Sankar Dhan 1 |
135 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Pantdhan 12 |
125 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Pantdhan 10 |
120 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Pantdhan 11 |
130 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Satabdi |
130 |
West Bengal |
|
CNRH 3 |
125 |
West Bengal |
· Rainfed lowland rice released since 1990
|
Variety Name |
Growth duration (days) |
Planted location |
|
Surya |
160 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Vedagiri |
150 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Indursamba |
155 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Kesava |
155 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Penna (NLR 33365) |
160 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Siva |
160 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Srikakulam Sannalu |
160 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Swathi |
155 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Vasundhara |
160 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Oragallu |
155 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Sagarsamba |
150 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Nandi |
150 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Simhapuri |
170 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Sriranga |
160 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Basundhara |
150 |
Assam |
|
Ketekijoha |
120 |
Assam |
|
Pamindra |
150 |
Assam |
|
Satyaranjan |
150 |
Assam |
|
Bahadur |
155 |
Assam |
|
Kushal |
158 |
Assam |
|
Lakshmi |
140 |
Assam |
|
Maniram |
155 |
Assam |
|
Piolee |
160 |
Assam |
|
Ranjit |
160 |
Assam |
|
Bhogali |
155 |
Assam |
|
Rangilee |
160 |
Assam |
|
Jayamati |
150 |
Assam, Bihar |
|
Shakuntala |
150 |
Bihar |
|
Pooja |
145 |
CVRC |
|
CR 1002 |
145 |
CVRC |
|
Netravathi |
140 |
Karnataka |
|
Nila (PTB 48) |
130 |
Kerala |
|
Neeraja |
145 |
Kerala |
|
Shyamala |
140 |
Madhya Pradesh |
|
Indravati |
150 |
Orissa |
|
Mahanandi |
150 |
Orissa |
|
Prachi |
150 |
Orissa |
|
Ramchandi |
155 |
Orissa |
|
Sonamani |
150 |
Orissa |
|
Kanchan |
155 |
Orissa |
|
Mahalaxmi |
155 |
Orissa |
|
Manika |
160 |
Orissa |
|
Urbashi |
115 |
Orissa |
|
Seema |
150 |
Orissa |
|
ADT 44 |
135 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
CO.46 |
155 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
CO 45 |
140 |
Tamil Nadu |
|
Sashi |
170 |
West Bengal |
· Deepwater rice varieties released since 1990
|
Variety Name |
Growth duration (days) |
Planted location |
|
Padmanth |
161 |
Assam |
|
Jitendra |
165 |
CVRC |
|
Hemavathi |
162 |
Karnataka |
|
Eriemaphou |
170 |
Manipur |
|
Jalanidhi |
180 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Jalpriya |
160 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
NEERAJA |
190 |
West Bengal |
|
SUNIL |
165 |
West Bengal |
|
Jalaprabha (T) |
170 |
West Bengal |
|
Jitendra (T) |
185 |
West Bengal |
|
Barahavarodhi |
175 |
Bihar |
|
Vaidehi (T) |
165 |
Bihar |
|
Purnendu |
190 |
CVRC, West Bengal |
|
Hemavati |
165 |
Karnataka |
|
Barah Avarodhi |
175 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Jal Lahari |
170 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Bagheerathi |
160 |
West Bengal |
|
Mahananda |
165 |
West Bengal |
|
GOLAK |
165 |
West Bengal |
|
SUDHIR |
180 |
West Bengal |
|
Saraswathi |
165 |
West Bengal |
· Upland rice varieties released since 1990
|
Variety Name |
Growth duration (days) |
Planted location |
|
Maruteru Sannalu |
105 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Somasila |
105 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
MTU 9993 |
105 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Rudramma |
105 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
Luit |
95 |
Assam |
|
Kapilee |
100 |
Assam |
|
Birsadhan 105 |
90 |
Bihar |
|
Birsadhan 106 |
105 |
Bihar |
|
Turant Dan |
105 |
Bihar |
|
Prabhat (MTU 3626) |
85 |
Bihar |
|
Birsadhan 103 |
105 |
Bihar |
|
Birsadhan 104 |
90 |
Bihar |
|
Birsagora 102 (T) |
105 |
Bihar |
|
Vandana |
95 |
Bihar |
|
Jawahar Rice 3-45 |
100 |
CVRC |
|
Narendra 97 |
100 |
CVRC |
|
PNR 381 |
95 |
CVRC |
|
Goa 1 |
105 |
GOA |
|
GR 5 |
90 |
Gujarat |
|
IET 7564 |
95 |
Karnataka |
|
Amrut (IET 7991) |
105 |
Karnataka |
|
IR 30864 |
105 |
Karnataka |
|
Dala Heera |
100 |
Orissa |
|
Lalithagiri |
125 |
Orissa |
|
Badami |
95 |
Orissa |
|
Ghanteswari |
100 |
Orissa |
|
Khandagari |
100 |
Orissa |
|
Nilgiri |
100 |
Orissa |
|
Sneha |
80 |
Orissa |
|
Vagaddhan |
100 |
Rajasthan |
|
Renu (PNR 162) |
100 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
VL Dhan 97 |
115 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
VL Dhan 221 |
130 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
Jamini |
130 |
West Bengal |
|
Khanika |
130 |
West Bengal |
|
Bhupen |
105 |
West Bengal |
Rice farmers in the country applied a variety of fertilizers including inorganic, farmyard manure and green manure to rice. Fertilizer rates vary from farmer to farmer, ecology to ecology and region to region. Both hand weeding and herbicides are used in weed control. Efforts to mechanise threshing and harvesting operation are increasing. The following table shows the responses of rice to inorganic fertilizer application
|
Other information |
Test range (kg/ha) |
Control rate (kg/ha) |
Control yield (t/ha) |
Rate at Maximum yield (kg/ha) |
Maximum yield (t/ha) |
|
Nitrogen Fertilizer (N), Irrigated |
|||||
|
Reported in 84, Cauvery Delta, Adthurai, Tamil Nadu, Kharif season, variety ADT 31, with 50 P + 50 K kg/ha |
0-120 |
0 |
3.4 |
120 |
5.9 |
|
Reported in 47, Dorsa clay loam |
0-22.4 |
0 |
0.98 |
22.4 |
1.47 |
|
Reported in 61, Punjab, Hill soils |
0-22.4 |
0 |
2.56 |
22.4 |
3.04 |
|
Reported in 59, Mature sandy loam |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.98 |
44.8 |
1.04 |
|
Reported in 59, Mature sandy loam, with 44.8 P kg/ha |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.98 |
44.8 |
2.25 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Punjab, avg of 21 trials, low humic gley soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.89 |
44.8 |
1.16 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Punjab, avg of 133 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.44 |
44.8 |
1.97 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Punjab, avg of 51 trials, Gley podosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.07 |
0 |
1.66 |
|
Reported in 59, Clayey block soils, with 42 P kg/ha |
0-56 |
0 |
1.13 |
56 |
1.89 |
|
Reported in 56, Hyderabad, sandy loam, with 17 P kg/ha |
0-68 |
0 |
1.98 |
68 |
4.96 |
|
Reported in 66, Cuttack, Alluvial soils |
0-100 |
0 |
1.13 |
100 |
4.41 |
|
Reported in 79, Tamil Nadu, sandy loam soil, variety IR 20 |
0-150 |
0 |
1.5 |
150 |
2.4 |
|
Reported in 80, Tirur, Tamil Nadu, wet season, average of 6 Mdern varieties |
0-160 |
0 |
3.1 |
80 |
4.8 |
|
Reported in 84, Karnal, Haryana, sodic soils, with gypsum for 3 years |
0-100 |
0 |
3.4 |
100 |
7 |
|
Reported in 78, Jabalpur, M.P, sandy clay loam, variety Jaya |
0-180 |
0 |
4.3 |
180 |
6.7 |
|
Reported in 83, Hyderabad, wet season, variety Jaya |
0-120 |
0 |
3.9 |
120 |
6.2 |
|
Reported in 79, Andhra Pradesh, Kharif season black clayey, variety IET 7041, with 30 P + 30 K kg/ha |
0-90 |
0 |
5.9 |
90 |
6.4 |
|
Reported in 79, Balehonnur, Karnatakar, variety Intan |
0-120 |
0 |
4.2 |
120 |
5.9 |
|
Reported in 83, Aduthurai, Rabi season, variety ADT 31, |
0-100 |
0 |
3.4 |
100 |
5 |
|
Reported in 83, Mandya, Kharif season, red sandy loam, variety IR 20, with 22 P + 42 K kg/ha |
0-160 |
0 |
2.4 |
120 |
4.5 |
|
Nitrogen Fertilizers (N), Rainfed Midland and Lowland |
|||||
|
Reported in 83 variety Pusa 2-21 |
0-60 |
0 |
1.7 |
30 |
2.8 |
|
Reported in 83, variety Pusa 2-21 |
0-60 |
0 |
1.7 |
60 |
3 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Madras, avg of 112 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.37 |
44.8 |
1.66 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Mysore, avg of 187 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.56 |
44.8 |
1.89 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Andhra Pradesh, avg of 216 trials, grumusols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.61 |
44.8 |
1.94 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Andhra Pradesh, avg of 104 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.45 |
44.8 |
1.84 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Andhra Pradesh, avg of 109 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.62 |
44.8 |
1.95 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Andhra Pradesh, avg of 59 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.82 |
44.8 |
2.09 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Assam state, avg 81 trials, Alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.91 |
44.8 |
2.17 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Assam, avg 130 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.6 |
44.8 |
1.87 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Bengal, avg of 282 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.33 |
44.8 |
1.58 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Bengal, avg of 488 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.25 |
44.8 |
1.52 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Bihar, avg of 230 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.89 |
44.8 |
1.43 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Bihar, avg of 389 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.1 |
44.8 |
1.64 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Himachal Pradesh, avg of 37 trials, Gley podosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.88 |
44.8 |
1.01 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Kerela, avg of 198 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.39 |
44.8 |
2.01 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Madhya Pradesh, avg of 225 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.07 |
44.8 |
1.4 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Madras, avg of 203 trials, latosols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.74 |
44.8 |
2.09 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Mysore, avg of 34 trials, grumusols |
0-44.8 |
0 |
1.57 |
44.8 |
1.96 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Uttar Pradesh, avg of 291 trials, low humic gley soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.97 |
44.8 |
1.41 |
|
Reported in 60-62, Uttar Pradesh, avg 944 trials, alluvial soils |
0-44.8 |
0 |
0.99 |
44.8 |
1.39 |
|
Reported in 82, West Bengal, long duration semi-dwarf, with 40 P + 40 K kg/ha |
0-80 |
0 |
2.2 |
80 |
4.4 |
|
Reported in 80, Tamil Nadu, sandy loam soil, variety TKM 9 |
0-150 |
0 |
2 |
150 |
4.2 |
|
Reported in 83, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, sandy loam, variety IET 2232, with 14 P + 25 K kg/ha |
0-80 |
0 |
1.6 |
80 |
4.1 |
|
Phosphorus Fertilizer (P2O5), Irrigated |
|||||
|
Reported in 84, Karnal, Haryana, sodic soils treated with gypsum for 3 years, pH 9.2, rice wheat rotation, same rates were applied to wheat, avg 8 years, with 100 N + 25 ZnSO4 kg/ha |
0-22 |
0 |
7 |
22 |
7.5 |
|
Reported in 47, Dorsa clay loam |
0-22.4 |
0 |
0.98 |
22.4 |
1.23 |
|
Reported in 47, Dorsa clay loam, with 22.4 kgN/ha |
0-22.4 |
0 |
1.47 |
22.4 |
1.94 |
|
Reported in 61, Punjab, hill soils |
0-22.4 |
0 |
2.56 |
22.4 |
2.89 |
|
Reported in 56, Hyderabad, sandy soil, with 34 N kg/ha |
17-34 |
17 |
3.37 |
34 |
3.56 |
|
Reported in 56, Hyderabad, sandy soil, with 68 N kg/ha |
17-68 |
17 |
4.96 |
34 |
5.34 |
|
Reported in 59, Clayey block soils |
0-42 |
0 |
0.27 |
42 |
1.13 |
|
Reported in 59, Clayey block soils, with 56 N kg/ha |
42-112 |
42 |
1.89 |
112 |
2.85 |
|
Reported in 59, Mature sandy loam, with 22.4 N kg/ha |
22.4-44.8 |
22.4 |
1.77 |
44.8 |
1.96 |
|
Reported in 79, Balehonnur, Karnatakar, Var. Intan, with 40 N kg/ha |
0-20 |
0 |
5.2 |
20 |
5.3 |
|
Reported in 79, Balehonnur, Karnatakar, Var. Intan, with 80 N kg/ha |
0-40 |
0 |
5.3 |
40 |
5.7 |
|
Reported in 79, Balehonnur, Karnatakar, Var. Intan, with 120 N kg/ha |
0-60 |
0 |
5.9 |
60 |
6 |
|
Potassium (K2O), Irrigated |
|||||
|
Reported in 61, Punjab, Hill soils |
0-22.4 |
0 |
2.56 |
22.4 |
2.83 |
|
Reported in 61, Punjab, Hill soils, with 22.4 N + 22.4 P kg/ha |
0-22.4 |
0 |
3.41 |
22.4 |
3.69 |
|
Reported in 60-61, Amritsar, Punjab, variety Johna 349, with 44.8 N + 28 P kg/ha |
0-224 |
0 |
3.78 |
56 |
4.34 |
|
Reported in 60-61, Amritsar, Punjab, variety Basmati 370, with 44.8 N + 28 P kg/ha |
0-224 |
0 |
3.64 |
56 |
4.13 |
|
Reported in 60-61, Amritsar, Punjab, variety Johna 349, with 44.8 N + 28 P kg/ha |
0-224 |
0 |
1.66 |
56 |
1.87 |
|
Reported in 60-61, Gurdaspur, Punjab, variety Basmati 370, with 44.8 N + 28 P kg/ha |
0-224 |
0 |
1.53 |
56 |
1.69 |
|
Reported in 79, Balehonnur, Karnatakar, variety Intan, with 40 N + 20 P kg/ha |
0-20 |
0 |
5.3 |
20 |
5.4 |
|
Reported in 79, with 120 N + 60 P kg/ha |
0-60 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
6 |
Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production
Drought and flood in rainfed areas.
Acid soils, especially in southern states.
Salinity and alkalinity in semi-arid and arid zones
Weeds, insects, diseases and other pests
Rural poverty and the lack of infrastructure in rural areas are, perhaps, the most critical constraints to sustainable rice production.
The following table shows the costs of rice production in the country.
|
Other information |
Yield (t/ha) |
Cost ($/ha) |
Cost ($/t) |
|
Andra Pradesh, 1983-84 |
3.39 |
315 |
93 |
|
Assam, 1986-87 |
1.64 |
140 |
85 |
|
Bihar, 1983-84 |
1.86 |
136 |
73 |
|
Haryana, 1987-88 |
3.79 |
289 |
76 |
|
Karnataka, 1986-87 |
3.66 |
207 |
56 |
|
Ma. Pradesh, 1986-87 |
1.33 |
124 |
93 |
|
Orissa, 1986-87 |
1.97 |
165 |
84 |
|
Punjab, 1987-88 |
5.21 |
345 |
66 |
|
Tamil Nadu, 1981-82 |
3.91 |
365 |
93 |
|
Uttar Pradesh, 1983-84 |
2.3 |
185 |
80 |
|
West Bengal, 1984-85 |
2.71 |
222 |
82 |
Both rice-harvested area and yield have steadily increased during the last five years, indicating achievements in the development and transfer of technology for rice production. Land and water resources for rice production are increasingly under the competitive pressures of the industrial and urban sectors. Farmers' yields in favourable areas have been approaching the yields obtained at research stations, indicating the need for new varieties and crop management technologies. On the other hand, in unfavourable areas farmers' yields are still very low, indicating the need for appropriate policy support and extension efforts to narrow the yield gap. The success of the development of drought tolerant and high yielding rice varieties is critical for uplifting rice yield and production in rainfed area.
Research and Development Institutes
· All-India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Rajendranagar, 500 030 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Phone: (040) 401-5120
· Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, 132 001 Karnal, Haryana Phone: 2856 Telex: 0396-218 SSRI
· Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station Pusa, 830 001 Pusa Bihar Phone: 32
· Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station Simla, 173 004 Simla, Himachal Pradesh
· University of Andhra Pradesh (Agricultural) Rajendranagar, 500 030 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Phone: (040) 245035
· Central Rice Research Institute, 753 006 Cuttack, Orissa Phone: (0671) 753006 Telex: 676220 Fax: (0671) 31613
· Haryana Seeds Development Corporation Ltd., S.C.O. 169-70, Sector 8-C, 160 008 Chandigarh Haryana Phone: 22168
· Neelkantheshwar Agro-Seeds & Plantations Ltd. R Block Complex, 77-A Dilshad Garden 110 095 New Delhi Union Territory Phone: 211-3085 Fax: (91-11) 211-2974
· University Chandra Shekhar Azad of Agriculture and Technology, 208 001 Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Phone: 44466
· University Govind Ballabh Pant of Agriculture and Technology, 263 145 Pantnagar, Nainital Uttar Pradesh Telex: UNIVERSITY PBX 1/12
· Vikki's Agrotech Ltd., Plot No. 18, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, 500 034 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Phone: (040) 38310 Fax: (040) 223329
· Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, A.P. 500 030, India
· National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Division of Germplasm Exchange Pusa Campus 110 012 New Delhi, Union Territory Phone: (011) 575-4595 Telex: 3177257 Fax: (91-11) 575-2006
· Agricultural Research Station Ali Yarnagar 642 101 Ali Yarnagar Tamil Nadu
· Andhra Seeds Corporation P.O. Box 135 3-6-295/31 Hyderguda, 500 001 Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Phone: 36312
· Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar 500 030 Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Phone: 245120 Telex: 0425-6739 RICE IN Fax: (91-842) 245308
· Indian Agricultural Research Institute Regional Station Bhowali 240 001 Bhowali Uttar Pradesh
· Indian Agricultural Research Institute,Regional Station Wellington, Wellington 640 000 Nilgris Tamil Nadu Phone: 5021
· Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station Trichur, 680 651 Trichur, Kerala
· Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station Sirsa 120 001 Sirsa, Haryana Phone: 2428
· Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture 482 000 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
· National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,Regional Station, Shillong, 793 003 Meghalaya, Assam
· Perry E.I.D. Ltd. Fertilizer and Seeds Division, Dare House 600 001 Madras Tamil Nadu Telex: 0416656 PERRY
· University Kerala (Agricultural) Vellayani 695 000 Trivandrum Kerala Phone: 3021
· University of Assam (Agricultural) 785 013 Jorhat Assam Phone: Rowriah 39
· University Orissa (Agriculture and Technology) Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics 751 003 Bhubaneswar Orissa
· University Tamil Nadu (Agricultural), Uridijachalam, 641 003 Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
· Ved Tea Pvt. Ltd. 501-2-3 Vinod Chambers 380 004 Ahmedabad Gujarat Phone: (079) 385394, Fax: (079) 382170
