Human energy requirements

5.4 Energy requirements and dietary energy recommendations

5.4.1 Calculation of energy requirements

Energy requirements were calculated from the factorial estimates of PAL described in the preceding sections. They were converted into energy units (i.e. joules and calories) by multiplying the PAL value by the BMR. In order to express requirements as energy units per kilogram of body weight, they were divided by the weight used in the equations to predict BMR. The following example to calculate the average energy requirement of a female population 20 to 30 years of age with a moderately active lifestyle and a mean body weight of 55 kg illustrates these calculations:

BMR (calculated with the predictive equation in Table 5.2): 5.45 MJ/day (1 302 kcal/day).
PAL (mid-point of the moderately active lifestyle in Table 5.3): 1.85.
Energy requirement: 5.45 × 1.85 = 10.08 MJ/day (2 410 kcal/day), or 10.08/55 = 183 kJ/kg/day (44 kcal/kg/day).

The variation in requirements around the mid-point of the PAL ranges in each lifestyle category in Table 5.3 is between ± 8 percent and ± 10 percent (e.g. PAL for moderately active lifestyle = 1.70 to 1.99 = 1.85 ± 8 percent). However, there are individuals with BMR or PAL values at the extremes of a normal distribution around the population mean. Consequently, within each lifestyle category there are people whose individual energy requirement is beyond the limits shown in Table 5.3. This reiterates the fact that the energy requirements and dietary energy recommendations in this report are to be applied to population groups and not to individuals. Requirements of a specific individual must be based on that person’s actual TEE or BMR, or on estimates that take into account the individual’s habitual physical activity and lifestyle characteristics.

Tables 5.4 to 5.9 show the average energy requirements of populations with various levels of habitual physical activity and various mean body weights. Requirements for groups with other weights and/or mean PAL can be calculated easily, as in the following example for men 20 to 25 years of age with an average weight of 68 kg and an estimated PAL of 1.80:

a) Use Table 5.4 for men aged 18 to 30 years.

b) Calculate the 24-hour BMR by interpolating between body weights of 65 and 70 kg and multiply the interpolated BMR/kg by the population’s average weight of 68 kg: mean of 108 and 104 = 106 kJ/kg × 68 kg = 7 208 kJ/day.

c) Multiply the 24-hour BMR by the estimated average PAL of the population: average daily requirement = 7 208 kJ/day × 1.80 = 12.97 MJ/day (3 100 kcal/day).

Another option for calculations is:

a) Use Table 5.4 for men aged 18 to 30 years.

b) Calculate the approximate energy requirement by interpolating between the daily requirements of men weighing 65 and 70 kg, and with a PAL level near that of the population (in this example, 1.75): mean of 12.2 and 12.8 MJ/day = 12.5 MJ/day.

c) Multiply the approximate requirement by the ratio between the population’s PAL and the PAL of the column used in Table 5.5: 12.5 × (1.80/1.75) = 12.86 MJ/day (3 074 kcal/day).

5.4.2 Recommendation for daily energy intake

Dietary energy intake of a healthy, well-nourished population should allow for maintaining an adequate BMI at the population’s usual level of energy expenditure. At the individual level, a normal range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m² BMI is generally accepted (WHO 1995 and 2000). At a population level, a median BMI of 21.0 was recently suggested by the joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (WHO/FAO, 2002).

As BMI is a function of weight and height, heights corresponding to a BMI of 18.5, 21.0 and 24.9 were included in Tables 5.4 to 5.9 for each mean weight shown in the first column of each table. This facilitates recommendations for dietary energy intakes aimed at maintaining those values or range of BMI. For example, in the case of a male population 18 to 30 years old with an average height of 1.70 m and an activity lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, the recommended energy intake would be around 11.7 MJ/day or 195 kJ/kg/day, which corresponds to the average requirement of men with a height of 1.69 m and a BMI of 21.0 who have a PAL of 1.75 × BMR (Table 5.4).

In the same example, a range of approximately 11.1 to 12.8 MJ/day or 185 to 200 kJ/kg/day would allow the maintenance of a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m². These figures were obtained from the PAL column of 1.75 × BMR in Table 5.4, between the lowest row with height ³ 1.70 m in the column of 18.5 BMI (in this example, the second row with a height of 1.72 m) and the highest row with height £ 1.70 m in the column of 24.9 BMI (in this example, the fifth row with a height of 1.68 m).

TABLE 5.4
Daily average energy requirement for men aged 18 to 29.9 years*

Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		Daily energy requirement according to BMR factor (or PAL) and body weight indicated																								Height (m) for BMI values:^b
Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		1.45 × BMR				1.60 × BMR				1.75 × BMR				1.90 × BMR				2.05 × BMR				2.20 × BMR
kg	kJ	kcal	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	24.9	21.0	18.5
50	121	29	8.8	175	2 100	42	9.7	195	2 300	46	10.6	210	2 550	51	11.5	230	2 750	55	12.4	250	2 950	59	13.3	265	3 200	64	1.42	1.54	1.64
55	116	28	9.2	170	2 200	40	10.2	185	2 450	44	11.1	200	2 650	48	12.1	220	2 900	53	13.0	235	3 100	57	14.0	255	3 350	61	1.49	1.62	1.72
60	111	27	9.7	160	2 300	39	10.7	180	2 550	43	11.7	195	2 800	47	12.7	210	3 050	51	13.7	230	3 250	55	14.7	245	3 500	59	1.55	1.69	1.80
65	108	26	10.1	155	2 400	37	11.2	170	2 650	41	12.2	190	2 900	45	13.3	205	3 150	49	14.3	220	3 450	53	15.4	235	3 700	57	1.62	1.76	1.87
70	104	25	10.6	150	2 550	36	11.7	165	2 800	40	12.8	185	3 050	44	13.9	200	3 300	47	15.0	215	3 600	51	16.1	230	3 850	55	1.68	1.83	1.95
75	102	24	11.1	145	2 650	35	12.2	165	2 900	39	13.3	180	3 200	42	14.5	195	3 450	46	15.6	210	3 750	50	16.8	225	4 000	53	1.74	1.89	2.01
80	99	24	11.5	145	2 750	34	12.7	160	3 050	38	13.9	175	3 300	41	15.1	190	3 600	45	16.3	205	3 900	49	17.5	220	4 150	52	1.79	1.95	2.08
85	97	23	12.0	140	2 850	34	13.2	155	3 150	37	14.4	170	3 450	41	15.7	185	3 750	44	16.9	200	4 050	48	18.2	215	4 350	51	1.85	2.01	2.14
90	95	23	12.4	140	2 950	33	13.7	150	3 300	36	15.0	165	3 600	40	16.3	180	3 900	43	17.6	195	4 200	47	18.8	210	4 500	50	1.90	2.07	2.21

* Values rounded to closest 0.1 MJ/d, 50 kcal/d, 5 kJ/kg/d, 1 kcal/kg/d.
^a BMR calculated for each weight from the equations in Table 5.2. Values of BMR/kg are presented for ease of calculations for those who wish to use different PAL values or different weights.
^b Height ranges are presented for each mean weight for ease of making dietary energy recommendations to maintain an adequate BMI based on a population's mean height and PAL. For example, the recommended mean energy intake for a male population of this age group with a mean height of 1.70 m and a lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, is about 11.7 MJ (2 800 kcal)/day or 195 kJ (47 kcal)/kg/day to maintain an optimum population median BMI of 21.0 (WHO/FAO, 2002), with an individual range of about 11.1 to 12.8 MJ (2 650 to 3 050 kcal)/day or 185 to 200 kJ (44 to 48 kcal)/kg/day to maintain the individual BMI limits of 18.5 to 24.9 (WHO, 2000).

TABLE 5.5
Daily average energy requirement for men aged 30 to 59.9 years*

Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		Daily energy requirement according to BMR factor (or PAL) and body weight indicated																								Height (m) for BMI values:^b
Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		1.45 × BMR				1.60 × BMR				1.75 × BMR				1.90 × BMR				2.05 × BMR				2.20 × BMR
kg	kJ	kcal	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	24.9	21.0	18.5
50	121	29	8.8	175	2 100	42	9.7	195	2 300	46	10.6	210	2 550	51	11.5	230	2 750	55	12.4	250	2 950	59	13.3	265	3 200	64	1.42	1.54	1.64
55	114	27	9.1	165	2 200	40	10.1	185	2 400	44	11.0	200	2 650	48	12.0	215	2 850	52	12.9	235	3 100	56	13.8	250	3 300	60	1.49	1.62	1.72
60	109	26	9.5	160	2 250	38	10.5	175	2 500	42	11.4	190	2 750	46	12.4	205	2 950	49	13.4	225	3 200	53	14.4	240	3 450	57	1.55	1.69	1.80
65	104	25	9.8	150	2 350	36	10.8	165	2 600	40	11.9	180	2 850	44	12.9	200	3 100	47	13.9	215	3 300	51	14.9	230	3 550	55	1.62	1.76	1.87
70	100	24	10.2	145	2 450	35	11.2	160	2 700	38	12.3	175	2 950	42	13.3	190	3 200	45	14.4	205	3 450	49	15.4	220	3 700	53	1.68	1.83	1.95
75	97	23	10.5	140	2 500	34	11.6	155	2 750	37	12.7	170	3 050	40	13.8	185	3 300	44	14.9	200	3 550	47	16.0	215	3 800	51	1.74	1.89	2.01
80	94	22	10.9	135	2 600	32	12.0	150	2 850	36	13.1	165	3 150	39	14.2	180	3 400	43	15.4	190	3 650	46	16.5	205	3 950	49	1.79	1.95	2.08
85	91	22	11.2	130	2 700	32	12.4	145	2 950	35	13.5	160	3 250	38	14.7	175	3 500	41	15.9	185	3 800	45	17.0	200	4 050	48	1.85	2.01	2.14
90	89	21	11.6	130	2 750	31	12.8	140	3 050	34	14.0	155	3 350	37	15.1	170	3 600	40	16.3	180	3 900	43	17.5	195	4 200	47	1.90	2.07	2.21

* Values rounded to closest 0.1 MJ/d, 50 kcal/d, 5 kJ/kg/d, 1 kcal/kg/d.
^a BMR calculated for each weight from the equations in Table 5.2. Values of BMR/kg are presented for ease of calculations for those who wish to use different PAL values or different weights.
^b Height ranges are presented for each mean weight for ease of making dietary energy recommendations to maintain an adequate BMI based on a population's mean height and PAL. For example, the recommended mean energy intake for a male population of this age group with a mean height of 1.70 m and a lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, is about 11.4 MJ (2 750 kcal)/day or 190 kJ (46 kcal)/kg/day to maintain an optimum population median BMI of 21.0 (WHO/FAO, 2002), with an individual range of about 11.0 to 12.3 MJ (2 650 to 2 950 kcal)/day or 175 to 200 kJ (42 to 48 kcal)/kg/day to maintain the individual BMI limits of 18.5 to 24.9 (WHO, 2000).

TABLE 5.6
Daily average energy requirement for men aged ³ 60 years*

Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		Daily energy requirement according to BMR factor (or PAL) and body weight indicated																								Height (m) for BMI values:^b
Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		1.45 × BMR				1.60 × BMR				1.75 × BMR				1.90 × BMR				2.05 × BMR				2.20 × BMR
kg	kJ	kcal	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	24.9	21.0	18.5
50	98	23	7.1	140	1 700	34	7.9	155	1 900	38	8.6	170	2 050	41	9.3	185	2 250	45	10.1	200	2 400	48	10.8	215	2 600	52	1.42	1.54	1.64
55	94	22	7.5	135	1 800	33	8.2	150	1 950	35	9.0	165	2 150	39	9.8	180	2 350	43	10.6	190	2 550	46	11.3	205	2 700	49	1.49	1.62	1.72
60	90	22	7.8	130	1 850	31	8.6	145	2 050	34	9.4	155	2 250	38	10.3	170	2 450	41	11.1	185	2 650	44	11.9	200	2 850	48	1.55	1.69	1.80
65	87	21	8.2	125	1 950	30	9.0	140	2 150	33	9.9	150	2 350	36	10.7	165	2 550	39	11.6	180	2 750	42	12.4	190	2 950	45	1.62	1.76	1.87
70	84	20	8.5	120	2 050	29	9.4	135	2 250	32	10.3	145	2 450	35	11.2	160	2 650	38	12.1	170	2 900	41	13.0	185	3 100	44	1.68	1.83	1.95
75	82	20	8.9	120	2 150	29	9.8	130	2 350	31	10.7	145	2 550	34	11.7	155	2 800	37	12.6	170	3 000	40	13.5	180	3 250	43	1.74	1.89	2.01
80	80	19	9.2	115	2 200	28	10.2	130	2 450	31	11.2	140	2 650	33	12.1	150	2 900	36	13.1	165	3 150	39	14.0	175	3 350	42	1.79	1.95	2.08
85	78	19	9.6	115	2 300	27	10.6	125	2 550	30	11.6	135	2 750	32	12.6	150	3 000	35	13.6	160	3 250	38	14.6	170	3 500	41	1.85	2.01	2.14
90	76	18	10.0	110	2 400	27	11.0	120	2 650	29	12.0	135	2 850	32	13.1	145	3 100	34	14.1	155	3 350	37	15.1	170	3 600	40	1.90	2.07	2.21

* Values rounded to closest 0.1 MJ/d, 50 kcal/d, 5 kJ/kg/d, 1 kcal/kg/d.
^a BMR calculated for each weight from the equations in Table 5.2. Values of BMR/kg are presented for ease of calculations for those who wish to use different PAL values or different weights.
^b Height ranges are presented for each mean weight for ease of making dietary energy recommendations to maintain an adequate BMI based on a population's mean height and PAL. For example, the recommended mean energy intake for a male population of this age group with a mean height of 1.70 m and a lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, is about 9.4 MJ (2 250 kcal)/day or 155 kJ (38 kcal)/kg/day to maintain an optimum population median BMI of 21.0 (WHO/FAO, 2002), with an individual range of about 9.0 to 10.3 MJ (2 150 to 2 450 kcal)/day or 145 to 160 kJ (35 to 39 kcal)/kg/day to maintain the individual BMI limits of 18.5 to 24.9 (WHO, 2000).

TABLE 5.7
Daily average energy requirement for women aged 18 to 29.9 years*

Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		Daily energy requirement according to BMR factor (or PAL) and body weight indicated																								Height (m) for BMI values:^b
Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		1.45 × BMR				1.60 × BMR				1.75 × BMR				1.90 × BMR				2.05 × BMR				2.20 × BMR
kg	kJ	kcal	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	24.9	21.0	18.5
45	107	26	7.0	155	1 650	37	7.7	170	1 850	41	8.4	190	2 000	44	9.2	205	2 200	49	9.9	220	2 350	52	10.6	235	2 550	57	1.34	1.46	1.56
50	103	25	7.4	150	1 800	36	8.2	165	1 950	39	9.0	180	2 150	43	9.8	195	2 350	47	10.5	210	2 500	50	11.3	225	2 700	54	1.42	1.54	1.64
55	99	24	7.9	145	1 900	35	8.7	160	2 100	38	9.5	175	2 300	42	10.3	190	2 450	45	11.2	205	2 650	48	12.0	220	2 850	52	1.49	1.62	1.72
60	96	23	8.3	140	2 000	33	9.2	155	2 200	37	10.1	170	2 400	40	10.9	180	2 600	43	11.8	195	2 800	47	12.7	210	3 050	51	1.55	1.69	1.80
65	93	22	8.8	135	2 100	32	9.7	150	2 300	35	10.6	165	2 550	39	11.5	175	2 750	42	12.4	190	2 950	45	13.3	205	3 200	49	1.62	1.76	1.87
70	91	22	9.2	130	2 200	31	10.2	145	2 450	35	11.2	160	2 650	38	12.1	175	2 900	41	13.1	185	3 100	44	14.0	200	3 350	48	1.68	1.83	1.95
75	89	21	9.7	130	2 300	31	10.7	145	2 550	34	11.7	155	2 800	37	12.7	170	3 050	41	13.7	185	3 300	44	14.7	195	3 500	47	1.74	1.89	2.01
80	87	21	10.1	125	2 400	30	11.2	140	2 700	34	12.2	155	2 950	37	13.3	165	3 200	40	14.3	180	3 450	43	15.4	190	3 700	46	1.79	1.95	2.08
85	86	21	10.6	125	2 550	30	11.7	140	2 800	33	12.8	150	3 050	36	13.9	165	3 300	39	15.0	175	3 600	42	16.1	190	3 850	45	1.85	2.01	2.14

* Values rounded to closest 0.1 MJ/d, 50 kcal/d, 5 kJ/kg/d, 1 kcal/kg/d.
^a BMR calculated for each weight from the equations in Table 5.2. Values of BMR/kg are presented for ease of calculations for those who wish to use different PAL values or different weights.
^b Height ranges are presented for each mean weight for ease of making dietary energy recommendations to maintain an adequate BMI based on a population's mean height and PAL. For example, the recommended mean energy intake for a female population of this age group with a mean height of 1.70 m and a lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, is about 10.1 MJ (2 400 kcal)/day or 170 kJ (40 kcal)/kg/day to maintain an optimum population median BMI of 21.0 (WHO/FAO, 2002), with an individual range of about 9.5 to 11.2 MJ (2 300 to 2 650 kcal)/day or 160 to 175 kJ (38 to 42 kcal)/kg/day to maintain the individual BMI limits of 18.5 to 24.9 (WHO, 2000).

TABLE 5.8
Daily average energy requirement for women aged 30 to 59.9 years*

Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		Daily energy requirement according to BMR factor (or PAL) and body weight indicated																								Height (m) for BMI values:^b
Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		1.45 × BMR				1.60 × BMR				1.75 × BMR				1.90 × BMR				2.05 × BMR				2.20 × BMR
kg	kJ	kcal	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	24.9	21.0	18.5
45	113	27	7.3	165	1 750	39	8.1	180	1 950	43	8.9	195	2 100	47	9.6	215	2 300	51	10.4	230	2 500	56	11.1	250	2 650	59	1.34	1.46	1.56
50	105	25	7.6	150	1 800	36	8.4	170	2 000	40	9.2	185	2 200	44	10.0	200	2 400	48	10.7	215	2 550	51	11.5	230	2 750	55	1.42	1.54	1.64
55	98	24	7.8	145	1 850	34	8.7	155	2 050	37	9.5	170	2 250	41	10.3	185	2 450	45	11.1	200	2 650	48	11.9	215	2 850	52	1.49	1.62	1.72
60	93	22	8.1	135	1 950	33	8.9	150	2 150	36	9.8	165	2 350	39	10.6	175	2 550	43	11.4	190	2 750	46	12.3	205	2 950	49	1.55	1.69	1.80
65	88	21	8.3	130	2 000	31	9.2	140	2 200	34	10.1	155	2 400	37	10.9	170	2 600	40	11.8	180	2 800	43	12.6	195	3 000	46	1.62	1.76	1.87
70	85	20	8.6	125	2 050	29	9.5	135	2 250	32	10.4	150	2 500	36	11.2	160	2 700	39	12.1	175	2 900	41	13.0	185	3 100	44	1.68	1.83	1.95
75	81	19	8.8	120	2 100	28	9.7	130	2 350	31	10.7	140	2 550	34	11.6	155	2 750	37	12.5	165	3 000	40	13.4	180	3 200	43	1.74	1.89	2.01
80	78	19	9.1	115	2 150	27	10.0	125	2 400	30	11.0	135	2 600	33	11.9	150	2 850	36	12.8	160	3 050	38	13.8	170	3 300	41	1.79	1.95	2.08
85	76	18	9.3	110	2 250	26	10.3	120	2 450	29	11.2	130	2 700	32	12.2	145	2 900	34	13.2	155	3 150	37	14.1	165	3 400	40	1.85	2.01	2.14

* Values rounded to closest 0.1 MJ/d, 50 kcal/d, 5 kJ/kg/d, 1 kcal/kg/d.
^a BMR calculated for each weight from the equations in Table 5.2. Values of BMR/kg are presented for ease of calculations for those who wish to use different PAL values or different weights.
^b Height ranges are presented for each mean weight for ease of making dietary energy recommendations to maintain an adequate BMI based on a population's mean height and PAL. For example, the recommended mean energy intake for a female population of this age group with a mean height of 1.70 m and a lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, is about 9.8 MJ (2 350 kcal)/day or 165 kJ (39 kcal)/kg/day to maintain an optimum population median BMI of 21.0 (WHO/FAO, 2002), with an individual range of about 9.5 to 10.4 MJ (2 250 to 2 500 kcal)/day or 150 to 170 kJ (36 to 41 kcal)/kg/day to maintain the individual BMI limits of 18.5 to 24.9 (WHO, 2000).

TABLE 5.9
Daily average energy requirement for women aged ³ 60 years*

Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		Daily energy requirement according to BMR factor (or PAL) and body weight indicated																								Height (m) for BMI values:^b
Mean weight	BMR/kg^a		1.45 × BMR				1.60 × BMR				1.75 × BMR				1.90 × BMR				2.05 × BMR				2.20 × BMR
kg	kJ	kcal	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	MJ	kJ/kg	kcal	kcal/kg	24.9	21.0	18.5
45	99	24	6.5	145	1 550	34	7.1	160	1 700	38	7.8	175	1 850	41	8.5	190	2 050	45	9.2	205	2 200	49	9.8	220	2 350	52	1.34	1.46	1.56
50	93	22	6.7	135	1 600	32	7.4	150	1 800	36	8.1	165	1 950	39	8.8	175	2 100	42	9.5	190	2 300	46	10.2	205	2 450	49	1.42	1.54	1.64
55	88	21	7.0	130	1 700	31	7.8	140	1 850	34	8.5	155	2 050	37	9.2	165	2 200	40	9.9	180	2 350	43	10.7	195	2 550	46	1.49	1.62	1.72
60	84	20	7.3	120	1 750	29	8.1	135	1 950	32	8.8	145	2 100	35	9.6	160	2 300	38	10.3	170	2 450	41	11.1	185	2 650	44	1.55	1.69	1.80
65	80	19	7.6	115	1 800	28	8.4	130	2 000	31	9.1	140	2 200	34	9.9	155	2 350	37	10.7	165	2 550	39	11.5	175	2 750	42	1.62	1.76	1.87
70	77	18	7.9	110	1 900	27	8.7	125	2 050	30	9.5	135	2 250	32	10.3	145	2 450	35	11.1	160	2 650	38	11.9	170	2 850	41	1.68	1.83	1.95
75	75	18	8.1	110	1 950	26	9.0	120	2 150	29	9.8	130	2 350	31	10.6	140	2 550	34	11.5	155	2 750	37	12.3	165	2 950	39	1.74	1.89	2.01
80	72	17	8.4	105	2 000	25	9.3	115	2 200	28	10.1	125	2 400	30	11.0	140	2 650	33	11.9	150	2 850	35	12.7	160	3 050	38	1.79	1.95	2.08
85	70	17	8.7	100	2 050	24	9.6	115	2 300	27	10.5	125	2 500	29	11.4	135	2 700	32	12.3	145	2 950	34	13.2	155	3 150	37	1.85	2.01	2.14

* Values rounded to closest 0.1 MJ/d, 50 kcal/d, 5 kJ/kg/d, 1 kcal/kg/d.
^a BMR calculated for each weight from the equations in Table 5.2. Values of BMR/kg are presented for ease of calculations for those who wish to use different PAL values or different weights.
^b Height ranges are presented for each mean weight for ease of making dietary energy recommendations to maintain an adequate BMI based on a population's mean height and PAL. For example, the recommended mean energy intake for a female population of this age group with a mean height of 1.70 m and a lifestyle with a mean PAL of 1.75, is about 8.8 MJ (2 100 kcal)/day or 145 kJ (35 kcal)/kg/day to maintain an optimum population median BMI of 21.0 (WHO/FAO, 2002), with an individual range of about 8.5 to 9.5 MJ (2 050 to 2 250 kcal)/day or 135 to 155 kJ (32 to 37 kcal)/kg/day to maintain the individual BMI limits of 18.5 to 24.9 (WHO, 2000).