SUBJECT INDEX

Numbers refer to the abstract and bibliographic reference numbers appearing in the Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Information Quarterly, volume 26 (2003) and Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Information 27 (2004).

acidocalcisomes, 12746, 13048

acute phase proteins, 13039

adenosine transporters, 12722, 12983, 12994, 13067

see also nucleobase transporters

Aedes spp., 12694

African Union, 12583

agriculture

animal husbandry see animal husbandry
Botswana, 12570
crop-livestock integration, 12665
Ethiopia, 12485, 12892
extension systems, 12892
Nigeria, 12905
sustainable development, 12891
tsetse/trypanosomiasis control, 12485, 12888

AIDS, 12695, 12951

allomones, 12669, 12909, 12915

Alphamethrin, 12584

alternative oxidase, 12555, 12614, 12802

T. vivax, 13073

America

Chagas' disease, 12573, 12586, 12659, 12718, 12938
ethnopharmacology, 12981, 12984, 12985
T. evansi, 12920, 12923
T. vivax, 12920, 12923

Angola, 12703, 12704

animal husbandry

breed choice, 12970
cattle ranching, 12666
countries

Burkina Faso, 12664
Ethiopia, 12485
Kenya (Masai Mara), 12889
Tanzania, 12497, 12666

crop-livestock integration, 12665
dairy cattle, 12664
disease control, 12485, 12893
economics, 12893, 12970

Anopheles gambiae, 12694

antibodies

see also immune response; immunization
autoantibodies, 12714, 12946
CSF

IgG, 12716
IgM, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12716, 12717

saliva, 12709
to cryptic epitopes, 12732
to nitrosylated epitopes, 12728
trypanosomatid receptors for, 12788

antigenic variation

see also variant surface glycoproteins
general reviews, 12526, 12996, 13050, 13064
genetics, 12506, 13085
molecular control, 13034
recombination, 13003

antimicrobial peptides, 12495, 12759, 12764

apolipoprotein L-1, 12508, 12568, 12854

apoptosis

in the human CNS, 12590, 12873
in trypanosomatids, 12947, 13057

aptamers, 12550, 12812

ascofuranone, 12603, 13073

Asia

T. evansi, 12923
T. vivax, 12923

ATP

ATPases, 12831, 12872, 13048
production of energy, 12649, 12793, 12796, 13055

attractants for tsetse

CO₂, 12907
colour, 12680
odour

animal, 12669, 12909, 12915
plant, 12681
3-n-propylphenol synthesis, 12902

Atylotus agrestis, 12691, 12692

Atylotus fuscipes, 12693

bait see attractants for tsetse; live bait technique

Benin, 12986

Berenil see diminazene aceturate

blackflies, 12489

blood-brain barrier, 12590, 12944, 12991, 12995, 13049

Boran cattle, 12515, 12593, 12735, 12740

Botswana, 12493, 12570

Buchnera aphidicola, 12702, 12895

buffalo

odour, 12669
trypanosomiasis, 12523

Bunaji cattle see Zebu cattle

Burkina Faso

cattle, 12601, 12664
tsetse control, 12911

camels

diseases (general), 12958
trypanosomiasis, 12514, 12698, 12968

Cameroon

trypanosomiasis in cattle, 12727
trypanosomiasis in humans, 12502, 12697
trypanosomiasis in pigs, 12926
trypanosomiasis in wildlife, 12512
tsetse host preference, 12904

Cassytha filiformis, 12987

cathepsins

cathepsin K, 12833
cathepsin L inhibitors, 12765
procongopain, 12643

CATT (Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test), 12918

comparison with LATEX/T. b. g., 12502
saliva, 12709
screening, 12502, 12941

cattle

breeds

Boran x N'Dama crosses, 12593, 12735, 12740
Boran x N'Dama chimaeras, 12515
breed choice, 12970
N'Dama

growth traits, 12734
synchronization of oestrus, 12972
trypanotolerance, 12515, 12593, 12733, 12735, 12740, 12971
work performance, 12739

Zebu (Bunaji), 12972
Zebu x Friesian crosses, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967

countries

Burkina Faso, 12664
Ethiopia, 12485
Kenya (Masai Mara), 12889
Nigeria, 12970
Tanzania, 12497, 12666

dairy, 12664
diseases, 12485, 12497
growth traits, 12734
immune response, 12729, 12971
insecticide treatments, 12582, 12584, 12687, 12741, 12915, 12916
odour, 12669, 12909, 12915
trypanosomiasis see trypanosomiasis in cattle
trypanotolerance

breed choice, 12970
clinical parameters, 12515, 12740
general reviews, 12971
genetics, 12593, 12733, 12735, 12971

Central African Republic, 12502, 12678

central nervous system (CNS)

see also cerebrospinal fluid
apoptosis, 12590, 12873
blood-brain barrier, 12944, 12991, 12995, 13049
encephalopathy

circadian rhythm disturbances, 12505, 12507
cytokine antagonists, 12640
general reviews, 12715, 12944, 12950
post-treatment (mice), 12745
rats, 12758
T. congolense, 12778
treatment failure, 12717

staging of trypanosomiasis, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12715, 12716, 12937

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

see also central nervous system
failure of pentamidine treatment, 12717
IgG, 12716
IgM, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12716, 12717
induction of apoptosis, 12590

Chad, 12712

Chagas' disease, 12573, 12586, 12659, 12718, 12938

see also Trypanosoma cruzi

chemokines see cytokines

chemotherapy see drugs

chloroplasts, 12542, 12551, 12890

chromosomes

artificial, 12652
minichromosomes/minicircles, 12527, 12821, 12880, 13085
sequences, 12797, 12816

circadian rhythms, 12505, 12507

Cissampelos pareira, 12993

clathrin, 12774, 13035

climate change, 12934

CNS see central nervous system

colour, attracting tsetse, 12680

Congo Democratic Republic, 12503, 12705, 12941, 12942

Congo-Brazzaville, 12678

control

Chagas' disease, 12586
countries

Angola, 12703, 12704
Botswana, 12493, 12570
Burkina Faso, 12911
Côte d'Ivoire, 12588
Ethiopia, 12485, 12580, 12892, 12909
Ghana, 12960
Kenya, 12584, 12595
Nigeria, 12911
OCEAC zone, 12711
Tanzania, 12582, 12911
Togo, 12741
Zambia, 12687
Zimbabwe, 12492, 12582, 12911

history, 12581, 12711, 12912
research areas, 12659, 12662

drugs, 12509, 12660, 12663
genomics, 12887

socio-economic factors

agricultural extension systems, 12892
Botswana, 12570
community participation, 12910
control vs. eradication, 12572, 12577, 12587
economics of trypanosomiasis, 12578, 12893
sustainable development, 12891
veterinary services, 12594

strategy

current weaknesses, 12661
DCPP report, 12938
international initiatives, 12592, 12660, 12662, 12711
local initiatives, 12580, 12910
PAAT reviews, 12888, 12891, 12908
PATTEC reviews, 12572, 12573, 12579, 12583
Tsetse control: the next 100 years, 12577, 12578, 12579, 12580, 12581, 12583, 12585, 12586, 12587, 12912

trypanosomiasis

see also drugs
in animals, 12661
in cattle, 12485, 12594, 12595, 12960

see also trypanotolerance

in humans, 12500, 12588, 12592, 12703, 12704, 12893

tsetse

fly netting, 12494
fungal infections, 12913
genetic engineering, 12683, 12914
insecticide-treated cattle, 12582, 12584, 12687, 12741, 12915, 12916
insecticides, 12576, 12684, 12908
integrated methods, 12588, 12684, 12888, 12891, 12908, 12911
research areas, 12658, 12667
SIT, 12574, 12884, 12899, 12911
symbionts, 12574, 12670
targets, 12492, 12576, 12915, 12916
traps, 12685, 12909, 12915, 12916

Côte d'Ivoire

G. longipalpis, 12491
G. palpalis palpalis, 12668, 12678, 12679
medicinal plants, 12753, 12767
trypanosomiasis in humans

epidemiology, 12498, 12588, 12932
variability of T. brucei and T. b. gambiense, 12706, 12945

tsetse/trypanosomiasis control, 12588

Crithidia fasciculata, 12604

CRK kinases, 13020, 13075

cryopreservation, 12943, 13056

CSF see cerebrospinal fluid

cyclins, 12619, 12628, 13031

cyfluthrin, 12687

cysteine proteases, 12643, 12765, 12784, 12957

inhibitors, 12858, 13010

cytokines

see also nitric oxide
antagonists, 12640
and the CNS, 12507, 12640
interferon-g, 12566, 12792, 12964, 13049, 13058
interleukins, 12747
mice, 12566, 12978
monkeys, 12964
and quercetin, 12947
rats, 12507, 12747
response to T. congolense infection, 13039
TNF-a, 12947, 12964, 12978, 13039

cytoskeleton, 13028, 13029

drug targets, 12866, 13002, 13084
microtubule-associated p15, 12561, 12769
tubulin, 13051

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 12493, 12908

DFMO see eflornithine

diagnosis

techniques

CATT, 12502, 12709, 12918, 12941
clinical examination, 12726, 12918, 12937
comparison of methods, 12726, 12918, 12937

CATT vs. LATEX, 12502, 12709
PCR vs. LATEX, 12707
PCR vs. microscopy, 12930

ELISA, 12709, 12725, 12918
general reviews, 12918, 12937
immunoblot, 12716
in vitro culture, 12706, 12943
LATEX/IgM (CSF), 12499, 12707
LATEX/T. b.g., 12502, 12709
parasitological, 12924, 12930, 12963
PCR

cattle, 12511, 12724, 12726, 12918, 12975
humans, 12516, 12707, 12921, 12928, 12945
mixed infections, 12724, 12927
tsetse, 12677, 12928, 12930, 12931

proteomic analysis, 12940, 12962
saliva testing, 12709

T. b. gambiense, 12502, 12706, 12708, 12709, 12943
T. b. rhodesiense, 12516, 12928
T. congolense, 12725, 12726, 12779
T. vivax, 12725, 12726
trypanosomiasis in animals, 12918
trypanosomiasis in cattle

clinical examination, 12726
parasitological methods, 12924, 12963
PCR, 12511, 12724, 12726, 12918, 12975

trypanosomiasis in goats, 12725
trypanosomiasis in humans

delayed, 12939
general reviews, 12937
immunoblot, 12716
in vitro culture, 12706, 12943
LATEX/IgM, 12499, 12707
LATEX/T. b.g., 12502, 12709
misdiagnosis, 12708, 12946
PCR, 12516, 12707, 12921, 12928, 12945
proteomic analysis, 12940, 12962
returning travellers, 12501, 12504, 12708, 12946
risk factors for early detection, 12929
saliva, 12709
screening, 12502, 12941
staging, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12715, 12716, 12937

trypanosomiasis in pigs, 12706

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 12493, 12908

difluoromethylornithine see eflornithine

diminazene aceturate

lipid-drug nanoparticles, 12991
pharmacokinetics, 12983
resistance, 12601

T. brucei, 12520, 12983
T. congolense, 12743, 12974

use

in animals, 12976
in humans, 12720, 12721, 12955, 12976

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries Project (DCPP), 12938

DNA

blackfly, 12489
trypanosome

see also chromosomes; polymerase chain reaction
immunocytochemical detection, 12632
interaction with alkaloids, 12987
kinetoplast, 12634, 12821, 13071
microarrays, 13018, 13019
polymerases, 12860
promoter regions, 12804
recombination, 12780, 12782, 12881, 13003
repair, 12781, 12782, 12805
retrotransposons, 12868, 13030, 13043

inge & RIME, 12804, 13007

topoisomerases, 12987, 13001

dogs, 12696

Dominex® (Alphamethrin), 12584

donkeys, 12968

dourine, 12791, 12968

drugs

availability of veterinary drugs (Kenya), 12973
commercial trypanocides

combination therapies, 12718, 12758, 12954
diminazene aceturate

lipid-drug nanoparticles, 12991
pharmacokinetics, 12983
resistance, 12520, 12601, 12743, 12974, 12983
use, 12955, 12976

eflornithine

pharmacokinetics, 12719, 12948
toxicity, 12719
use, 12718, 12719, 12955, 12956

general reviews, 12718, 12720, 12721
homidium chloride/bromide, 12966, 12976
isometamidium chloride

pharmacokinetics, 12977
resistance, 12601, 12743, 12965, 12974
use, 12976

megazol, 12519, 12758, 12979, 12980
melarsoprol

mortality rates in stage II, 12703, 12704
resistance, 12722
use, 12718, 12723, 12955

nifurtimox, 12718, 12955, 12957
pentamidine, 12717, 12723, 12754, 12955
suramin, 12723, 12758, 12955, 12989

experimental trypanocides

anti-folates, 12521, 12823
antimicrobials, 12759, 12764
aporphines, 12987
aptamers, 12550, 12812
arsonoliposomes, 12752
ascofuranone, 12603, 13073
azafuramidine, 13037
azanthraquinone, 12556
azasterols, 12988
bergenin, 12990
bisphosphonates, 12602
D-carnitine, 12763
cathepsin L inhibitors, 12765
cissampeloflavone, 12993
diarylheptanoids, 12522
dihydroxy-dioxatricyclo- tetradecanes, 12822
dinitro sulfanilamides, 13002, 13084
farnesyltransferase inhibitors, 12766
furamidine analogues, 13037
justicidin B, 12985
marine animal extracts, 12756
megazol analogues, 12519
melamine-linked nitroheterocycles, 12994
naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, 12783
neocryptolepine derivatives, 12827
5-nitro-2-furancarbohydrazides, 12553
nor-secofriedelanes & nor- friedelanes, 12530
organometallic compounds, 12547, 12557, 12762, 12865, 12866, 13060
pentamidine analogues, 12718, 12795, 12995
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibitors, 12559
phospholipid analogues, 12599
plant extracts, 12522, 12530, 12753, 12755, 12767, 12981, 12984, 12985, 12986, 12987, 12990, 12993
polyamines, 12992
pyridoacridone alkaloids, 12756
quercetin, 12947
RNA aptamers, 12550, 12812
substituted quinolines, 13026
tin compounds, 12547, 12557, 12865, 12866
triclosan, 13063
trypanothione reductase inhibitors, 12536, 12761, 13010, 13068
tubercidin, 12796

general reviews, 12718, 12954, 12955, 12957, 12976
human experiments 1900-1914, 12591
pharmacokinetics and transport

adenosine transporters, 12722, 12983, 12994
blood-brain barrier, 12944, 12991, 12995
diminazene aceturate, 12983, 12991
eflornithine, 12719, 12948
isometamidium, 12977
megazol, 12980
melarsoprol, 12722
pentamidine & analogues, 12754, 12995

research

animal models

primates, 12519
rodents, 12603, 12758

computer assisted design, 12770
strategy, 12509, 12659, 12660, 12663, 12715, 12721

resistance, 12976

anti-folate drugs, 12823
diagnosis (PCR), 12975
diminazene aceturate, 12520, 12601, 12743, 12974, 12983
isometamidium, 12601, 12743, 12965, 12974
in Kenya, 12742
mechanisms, 12721, 12722, 12760, 12954, 12976
melarsoprol, 12722
pentamidine, 12754

and stage of disease, 12707, 12717
targets

apoptosis, 12947
cysteine proteases, 12957, 13010
enolase, 12809
farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, 12602
fatty acid metabolism, 12562, 12768, 13063
general reviews, 12521, 12770, 12954, 12957
genomic approach, 12757, 12773
glycosylphosphatidylinositol, 12521
myristoyltransferase, 12638
nucleoside metabolism, 12565, 12957
oxidative metabolism, 12823
polyamine synthesis, 12600, 12957
trypanothione cycle, 12521, 12957

trypanothione reductase, 12536, 12761, 13010, 13068
trypanothione synthetase, 12982, 13011

toxicity, 12954

eflornithine, 12719
megazol, 12979
suramin, 12989

East African trypanosomiasis see trypanosomiasis in humans, T. b. rhodesiense

ecology

Botswana, 12493, 12570
cattle ranching, 12666
climate change, 12934
Côte d'Ivoire, 12491
crop-livestock integration, 12665
DDT, 12493
Ethiopia, 12485
Kenya (Masai Mara), 12889
Tanzania, 12497, 12666
tsetse control, 12581, 12888, 12908, 12912, 12916
Zimbabwe, 12571

economics

agricultural extension systems, 12892
choice of cattle breed, 12970
trypanosomiasis, 12578, 12893
tsetse control, 12578, 12587, 12891
veterinary services, 12594, 12973

editosome, 12653, 12846, 12849, 12850, 12864, 12883

see also RNA, editing

eflornithine

pharmacokinetics, 12719, 12948
toxicity, 12719
use, 12718, 12719, 12720, 12721, 12955, 12956

Electrodynä, 12741

elephants, 12571

ELISA, 12709, 12725, 12918

encephalopathy

circadian rhythm disturbance, 12505, 12507
cytokine antagonists, 12640
general reviews, 12715, 12944, 12950
post-treatment (mice), 12745
rats, 12758
staging of trypanosomiasis, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12715, 12716, 12937
T. congolense, 12778
treatment failure, 12717

endocytosis, 13021, 13022, 13061

clathrin, 12774
Rab proteins, 12848, 13015

endosymbionts of trypanosomes, 12632, 12694

endosymbionts of tsetse

general reviews, 12574
S. glossinidius, 12574, 12759
W. glossinidia, 12670

genome, 12574, 12672, 12702, 12895

enolase, 12809, 12817

epidemiology

HIV, 12695
transmission

congenital, 12713
human/livestock cycles, 12589
mechanical, 12691, 12692, 12693, 12698, 12920, 12923
patient travelling, 12932
sexual, 12713

T. congolense, 12692, 12700, 12963
T. evansi, 12698, 12920, 12923
T. vivax, 12691, 12693, 12920, 12923, 12963
trypanosomiasis in camels, 12698
trypanosomiasis in cattle

Cameroon, 12727
Ghana, 12924
Kenya, 12689
mechanical transmission, 12691, 12692, 12693, 12920, 12923
mixed infections, 12700, 12935
Tanzania, 12497
time-to-treatment, 12689
Uganda, 12589, 12963

trypanosomiasis in dogs, 12696
trypanosomiasis in goats, 12510
trypanosomiasis in humans

Angola, 12703, 12704
Chad, 12712
Congo D.R., 12503, 12705, 12942
Côte d'Ivoire, 12498, 12588, 12932
early detection, 12929
gender differences, 12503
general reviews, 12936
models of spread, 12688, 12697
molecular techniques, 12921
risk index, 12922
T. b. gambiense, 12498, 12503, 12936, 12959
T. b. rhodesiense, 12496, 12919, 12929, 12936
transmission, 12589, 12713, 12932
Uganda, 12496, 12919, 12921, 12929, 12959

trypanosomiasis in pigs, 12589, 12926
trypanosomiasis in sheep, 12589

Escherichia coli, 12623, 12802, 12855

Ethiopia

agriculture, 12485, 12892
drug resistance in cattle, 12965, 12974
tsetse/trypanosomiasis control, 12485, 12580, 12892, 12909

ethnopharmacology, 12755, 12987

America, 12981, 12984, 12985
Benin, 12986
Côte d'Ivoire, 12753, 12767

evolution

see also phylogeny
chloroplasts, 12542, 12551, 12890
genome architecture in trypanosomes, 13030
kinetoplasts, 12525

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 12579

fatty acid metabolism

see also sterol metabolism
drug targets, 12562, 12768, 13063
fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, 13038
oleate desaturase, 12853

fertility

artificial insemination, 12972
see also infertility

fish

DDT levels in, 12493
nitric oxide production, 12563
piscicides, 12984, 12985

flagellum

adenylate kinase, 13066
cell morphogenesis and cytokinesis, 12813, 12830
connector, 13006
flagellar pocket, 13035, 13059
general reviews, 12620, 13081
interaction with hosts, 12813
interaction with vectors, 12694
proteins, 13028, 13051

Flueggea virosa, 12990

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 12579

forest, 12571, 12905, 12907

fungi

antifungal agents, 12984, 12985
infection of tsetse, 12913

genetic engineering, tsetse, 12683, 12914

genetics, molecular

blackfly, 12489
Buchnera aphidicola, 12702
cattle, 12593, 12733, 12735, 12971
Giardia lamblia, 12881
Glossina, 12894, 12897

control, 12683
microsatellite markers, 12676

G. m. morsitans, 12673
G. pallidipes, 12676, 12897
Leishmania major, 12532, 12881, 13030
mice, 12736, 12737, 12738, 12748
Sodalis, 12574
Trypanosoma/T. brucei

artificial chromosomes, 12652
comparison with T. cruzi and L. major, 13030
control of gene expression, 13059
drug resistance, 12722
drug targets, 12757, 12773
epidemiology, 12921
functional analysis, 13054
gene order, 13030
gene promoters, 12533, 12861
general reviews, 12771, 12887, 13023, 13052, 13065
genes

ATPases, 12831
farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, 12602
GPI synthesis, 12532, 12814
Ig-binding receptor, 12788
NADH dehydrogenase, 12537
nucleobase transporters, 12820

kinetoplast, 12821, 12831, 13009, 13052

structure, 12634

minichromosomes/minicircles, 12527, 12821, 12880, 13085
mobile genetic elements, 12875
phylogenetics, 12869, 12921, 13072
plasmid integration, 12841
ranking of coding regions, 12811
recombination, 12780, 12782, 12881
regulation of protein synthesis, 13013
retrotransposons, 12804, 12868, 13007, 13030, 13043
sequencing, 12896

chromosome I, 12816
chromosome II, 12797

techniques

MEGA, 12772
microarrays, 13018, 13019
RNA_i, 12533, 12612, 12641, 12877, 13054

vaccine targets, 12773
VSG gene expression sites, 12506, 12644, 13003

bloodstream form, 12776, 13070
downregulation, 12652
ESAG6, 12544

VSG genes, 12506, 12996, 13052

T. b. gambiense, 12706, 12926, 12945
T. b. rhodesiense, SRA gene, 12516, 12531, 12807, 12928
T. congolense, 12690, 12896, 12898
T. cruzi, 12881, 13030

genetic exchange, 12616

T. equiperdum, 12544
T. godfreyi, 12777
T. simiae, 12777
T. vivax, 12690, 12896, 12898
trypanotolerance

cattle, 12593, 12733, 12735, 12971
mice, 12736, 12737, 12738, 12748

W. glossinidia, 12574, 12672, 12702, 12895

genetics, population

cattle growth, 12734
T. brucei, 12706
tsetse, 12575

geographical information systems (GIS), 12697, 12906, 12929

German East Africa (now Tanzania), 12591

Ghana, 12924, 12960

Giardia lamblia, 12881

Glossina

see also individual species
attractants

CO₂, 12907
colour, 12680
odour, 12669, 12681, 12902, 12909, 12915

climate change, 12934
control

fly netting, 12494
fungal infections, 12913
genetic engineering, 12683, 12914
insecticide-treated cattle, 12582, 12584, 12687, 12741, 12915, 12916
insecticides, 12576, 12684, 12908
integrated methods, 12588, 12684, 12888, 12891, 12908, 12911
SIT, 12574, 12884, 12899, 12911
strategy see Tsetse control: the next 100 years
symbionts, 12574, 12670
targets, 12492, 12576, 12915, 12916
traps, 12685, 12909, 12915, 12916

endosymbionts

general reviews, 12574
S. glossinidius, 12574, 12759
W. glossinidia, 12574, 12670, 12672, 12702, 12895

feeding behaviour, 12904
genetics, molecular, 12894, 12897

control, 12683
microsatellite markers, 12676

immune response, 12667, 12671, 12673
molecular biology, 12658
mortality rates, 12903
phototactic response, 12680
phylogeny, 12897
population studies, 12575, 12678, 12903, 12906, 12960
vector/parasite interactions, 12487, 12667, 12683

gut biochemistry, 12488, 12495, 12671, 12673, 12674
phosphorylation of procyclin, 12529
sialic acid, 12925
surface molecules, 12699

Glossina austeni, 12685, 12899, 12911

Glossina brevipalpis, 12490, 12681, 12685

Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, 12488, 12678, 12681, 12701

Glossina longipalpis, 12491

Glossina longipennis, 12488, 12584, 12927

Glossina morsitans

distribution, 12575, 12960
genetics, 12575
Ghana, 12960
heart anatomy, 12675

Glossina morsitans morsitans

attractants, 12669
control

SIT, 12911
targets, 12492
traps, 12685

genetics, 12673
gut biochemistry, 12488, 12674
immune response, 12673
infected with T. b. brucei, 12488, 12682, 12700
infected with T. b. gambiense, 12931
infected with T. congolense, 12488, 12682, 12700, 12930, 12931
mixed infections, 12700
repellents, 12669
Tanzania, 12685, 12911
Zimbabwe, 12492, 12911

Glossina morsitans submorsitans, 12909, 12911

Glossina pallidipes

attractants, 12681
control

pour-on insecticide, 12584
targets, 12492
traps, 12685

genetics, 12676, 12897
infection rates, 12927
Kenya, 12584, 12676, 12927
metabolic rate, 12901
Tanzania, 12685
Zimbabwe, 12492

Glossina palpalis, 12575, 12905, 12960

Glossina palpalis gambiensis

Burkina Faso, 12911
control

SIT, 12911
triflumuron, 12576

Ghana, 12924
infected with T. b. gambiense, 12677, 12931
infected with T. congolense, 12930, 12931
wing measurements, 12486

Glossina palpalis palpalis

control, 12588
feeding behaviour, 12904
parasites, 12679
population models, 12678
reproductive disorders, 12668

Glossina tachinoides, 12486, 12911, 12924

glycolipids, 13076

glycolysis, 12796, 13055

glycoproteins

see also variant surface glycoproteins
differentiation, 12617
glycosylation mutants, 12549, 12997, 13043
GP63, 12625
P-glycoprotein in helminths and trypanosomes, 12760
procyclin

accumulation of transcripts, 12539
gene expression, 13070
Glossina proteases, 12674
glycosylation, 12997
GPEET, 12529, 12674, 12862
kinase, 12862
null mutants, 12650
transcription, 12618

vector/parasite interactions, 12699

glycosomes, 12542, 12829, 13062

membrane proteins, 12633, 12790, 12879

glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors

absence of, 13004
anchored proteins see procyclin; variant surface glycoproteins
drug targets, 12521
endocytosis, 12774, 12848, 13015, 13021, 13022, 13061
genes, 12532, 12814
procyclin-null mutants, 12650
protein transport, 12647, 13004
synthesis, 12532, 12814, 12925, 13016
transamidase, 12843
vector/host interactions, 12925

goats

isometamidium, 12977
trypanosomiasis

biochemistry, 12744
diagnosis, 12725
epidemiology (Zambia), 12510
haematology, 12961
pathology, 12968

haematology

animals, 12968
camels, 12514
cattle, 12924, 12963
goats, 12961
sheep, 12961

HAT (human African trypanosomiasis) see trypanosomiasis in humans

heat shock proteins

mice, 12748
protozoa, 12779, 12869

helminths

infecting mice, 12518, 12596
infecting rats, 12750
infecting tsetse, 12679
P-glycoprotein, 12760

Hexamermis glossinae, 12679

HIV, 12695, 12951

homidium chloride/bromide

in animals, 12966, 12976
in humans, 12720, 12721

horse flies, 12691, 12692, 12693

horses, 12791, 12968

humans

experiments on, 12591
HIV, 12695
immunocompromised patients, 12951
parasites, 12885, 12951
pregnancy, 12933
trypanosome lytic factor, 12508, 12568
trypanosomiasis see trypanosomiasis in humans

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 12579

immune response

see also cytokines; immunoglobulins
animals, 12968
antimicrobial peptides, 12495, 12759, 12764
cattle, 12729, 12971
concurrent infections of helminths and T. brucei, 12518, 12596, 12750
fish, 12563
humans, 12947, 12951
inflammation

encephalitis, 12640, 12745, 12758, 12778
and quercetin, 12947
skin, 12729

macrophages, 12947, 12949
mice, 12518, 12596, 12728, 12978
rats, 12750, 12826
retinyl palmitate treatment, 12826
Stomoxys calcitrans, 12495
tsetse, 12667, 12671, 12673
and VSGs, 12608, 12792, 12996

immunization, 12597, 12630, 12769, 12773

immunoglobulins

autoantibodies, 12714, 12946
CSF

IgG, 12716
IgM, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12716, 12717

saliva, 12709
to cryptic epitopes, 12732
to nitrosylated epitopes, 12728
trypanosomatid receptors for, 12788

incidence of human trypanosomiasis

gender differences, 12503
Kinshasa, 12705
Uganda, 12929

infertility, in cattle, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967

inflammation

see also cytokines
encephalitis, 12640, 12745, 12758, 12778
modulation by quercetin, 12947
skin, 12729

insecticides

on cattle, 12582

Alphamethrin, 12584
cyfluthrin, 12687
Electrodynä, 12741
lambda-cyhalothrin, 12741
live bait, 12915, 12916

DDT, 12493, 12908
disadvantages, 12684, 12908
general reviews, 12908
on targets, 12492, 12576, 12915, 12916
triflumuron, 12576

interferon-g, 12566, 12792, 12964, 13049, 13058

interleukins, 12747

antagonists, 12640

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 12579

isometamidium chloride

pharmacokinetics, 12977
resistance, 12601, 12965

T. congolense, 12743, 12974

use

in animals, 12976
in humans, 12720, 12721

Kenya

camels, 12698, 12958
drugs

availability of veterinary drugs, 12973
resistance in cattle, 12742

G. longipennis, 12584, 12927
G. pallidipes, 12584, 12676, 12927
Masai Mara ecosystem, 12889
Trypanosoma spp., 12927
trypanosomiasis in cattle, 12584, 12595, 12689, 12742
trypanosomiasis in dogs, 12696
trypanosomiasis in primates, 12513
tsetse/trypanosomiasis control, 12584, 12595

kinetoplasts

control of protein expression, 13080
division, 12798, 13053
DNA, 12634, 12821, 13071
evolution, 12525
genetics, 12821, 13009, 13052

ATPase gene, 12831

mutants, 12610
proteins

cytochrome c₁ import, 12639
DNA polymerase, 12860
RBPs, 12642, 12852
synthesis and stability, 12844
Tom40 import, 12789
tRNA synthetases, 12856
TUTase, 12528

RNA

binding proteins, 12642, 12852
editing, 12528, 12844, 12852, 12871
guide RNA, 13009
stability, 12642, 12852, 12857
tRNA, 12856, 12867

structure, 12634

Kit for In Vitro Isolation (KIVI), 12706

lambda-cyhalothrin, 12741

land use

cattle ranching, 12666
countries

Botswana, 12570
Ethiopia, 12485
Kenya (Masai Mara), 12889
Tanzania, 12666
Zimbabwe, 12571

crop-livestock integration, 12665
location of farms, 12905
tsetse/trypanosomiasis control, 12485, 12888
woodlands, 12571, 12905

Lantana camara, 12681

latex agglutination tests

LATEX/IgM (CSF), 12499, 12707
LATEX/T. b.g., 12502, 12709

Leishmania

experimental drugs

arsonoliposomes, 12752
azasterols, 12988
pentamidine, 12754
phospholipid analogues, 12599
plant extracts, 12755, 12981, 12986

prostaglandin synthesis, 12545
RNA editing in mitochondria, 12870
spermidine, 12623
trypanothione metabolism, 12624

Leishmania donovani, 12755, 12872, 12981

Leishmania infantum, 12822

Leishmania major

genetics, 12532, 12881, 13030
GPI synthesis, 12532
nucleobase transporter, 12775
triosephosphate isomerase, 12851

Leishmania mexicana, 12986, 13012

live bait technique, 12582, 12741, 12915, 12916

livestock see cattle; goats; sheep

locusts, 12900

Lutzomyia longipalpis, 12694

lymphocyte-triggering factor, 13058

lymphocytes, 12729

macrophages, 12747, 12947, 12949

microglial cells, 12590

malaria see Plasmodium falciparum

Masai Mara, 12889

megazol

analogues, 12519
pharmacokinetics, 12980
plus suramin, 12758
toxicity, 12979

melarsoprol

general reviews, 12718, 12720, 12721, 12723, 12955
mortality rates in stage II disease, 12703, 12704
resistance, 12722

mice

concurrent infections of helminths and T. brucei, 12518, 12596
cytokines, 12566, 12978
drug testing, 12603, 12752, 12763, 12979
genetics

heat shock protein 70.1 deficient, 12748
trypanotolerance, 12736, 12737, 12738, 12748

immune response, 12518, 12596, 12728, 12978
immunization, 12597, 12769
as models of disease, 12950
nitric oxide, 12596, 12728, 12751
post-treatment reactive encephalopathy, 12745
sialic acid, 12749
substance P receptor, 12745
T. congolense infection, 12748, 12749
trypanotolerance

arginase, 12969
genetics, 12736, 12737, 12738, 12748

urinary albumin, 12517
virulence of infection, 12746

microarray analysis, 13018, 13019

microglial cells, 12590

models/modelling

geographical information systems, 12697, 12906, 12929
human trypanosomiasis, 12688, 12697, 12929
tsetse populations, 12678, 12888, 12906

monitor lizards, 12701

monkeys, 12513, 12519, 12964

mosquitoes, 12694

mRNA see RNA

multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, 12921, 12926

multiplex-endonuclease genotyping approach (MEGA), 12772

nagana see trypanosomiasis in cattle

N'Dama cattle

chimaeras with Boran, 12515
crosses with Boran, 12593, 12735, 12740
growth traits, 12734
synchronization of oestrus, 12972
trypanotolerance, 12515, 12593, 12733, 12735, 12740, 12971
work performance, 12739

nematodes

infecting mice, 12518, 12596
infecting rats, 12750
infecting tsetse, 12679
P-glycoprotein, 12760

nifurtimox, 12718, 12955, 12957

Nigeria

choice of cattle breed, 12970
G. palpalis, 12905
poultry, 12905
tsetse control, 12911

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, 12518, 12596

nitric oxide

see also cytokines
deficiency, 12596
in fish, 12563
inactivation of cysteine protease, 12784
increased production, 12563, 12751
inhibition of production, 12792, 12947
in mice, 12596, 12728, 12751
in tsetse, 12671

Novidium see homidium chloride

nucleobase transporters, 12786, 13042

adenosine, 12722, 12983, 12994, 13067
gene, 12820
L. major, 12775

OCEAC (Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale), 12711

odour attractants

animal, 12669, 12909, 12915
plant, 12681
3-n-propylphenol synthesis, 12902

Okavango Delta, 12493

ornithine decarboxylases, 12622, 12637

PAAT (Programme against Animal Trypanosomiasis), 12888, 12891, 12908

packed cell volume (PCV), 12924, 12963

parasites

in camels, 12958
in humans, 12885, 12933, 12951
in rodents, 12518, 12596, 12750
in tsetse, 12679

pastoralism see animal husbandry

PATTEC (Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign), 12572, 12573, 12579, 12583, 12891, 12908

PCR see polymerase chain reaction

pentamidine, 12718, 12720, 12721, 12723, 12955

analogues, 12718, 12795, 12995
resistance, 12754
transport, 12754, 12995
treatment failure, 12717

peroxin (PEX) proteins, 12633, 12790, 12879

peroxisomes see glycosomes

pesticides see insecticides

pharmacokinetics

adenosine transporters, 12722, 12983, 12994
blood-brain barrier, 12944, 12991, 12995
diminazene aceturate, 12983, 12991
eflornithine, 12719, 12948
isometamidium, 12977
megazol, 12980
melarsoprol, 12722
pentamidine & analogues, 12754, 12995

pharmacology see drugs

pheromones, 12490

phospholipids, 12569, 12879

Phyllanthus piscatorum, 12984, 12985

phylogeny

see also evolution
endosymbiotic bacteria, 12574, 12895
trypanosomes, 12525, 12621, 12869, 12921, 13072
tsetse, 12897

pigs

T. b. gambiense, 12706, 12926
transmission cycles, 12589

plants

attractive to tsetse, 12681
as source of trypanocides

bergenin, 12990
cissampeloflavone, 12993
diarylheptanoids, 12522
ethnopharmacological screening, 12755, 12987

America, 12981, 12984, 12985
Benin, 12986
Côte d'Ivoire, 12753, 12767

justicidin B, 12985
nor-secofriedelanes & nor- friedelanes, 12530

Plasmodium falciparum

experimental drugs

antifolates, 12521
artemisinin, 12521
dihydroxy-dioxatricyclo- tetradecanes, 12822
neocryptolepine derivatives, 12827
pentamidine, 12754
plant extracts, 12753, 12767, 12981

repetitive genomic elements, 12881
spermidine, 12623
triosephosphate isomerase, 12851

polyamines

synthesis, 12623

drug targets, 12600, 12957
ornithine decarboxylases, 12622, 12637

as trypanocides, 12992

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

molecular epidemiology, 12921
species/subspecies identification, 12511, 12724, 12875, 12927, 13047
SRA gene in T. b. rhodesiense, 12516
trypanosomes in tsetse, 12677, 12930, 12931
trypanosomiasis in cattle, 12511, 12724, 12726, 12918

drug resistance, 12975

trypanosomiasis in humans, 12516, 12707, 12921, 12945

population studies, tsetse, 12575, 12678, 12903, 12906, 12960

poultry, 12905

pour-on insecticides, 12582, 12915, 12916

Alphamethrin, 12584
cyfluthrin, 12687

pregnancy, 12933

prevalence

see also epidemiology
camel diseases, 12698, 12958
trypanosomiasis in humans

Côte d'Ivoire, 12588
Uganda, 12959

trypanosomiasis in livestock, Uganda, 12589, 12963

primates, 12513, 12519, 12854, 12964

procyclin

see also variant surface glycoproteins
accumulation of transcripts, 12539
gene expression, 13070
Glossina proteases, 12674
glycosylation, 12997
GPEET, 12529, 12674, 12862
kinase, 12862
null mutants, 12650
transcription, 12618

Programme against Animal Trypanosomiasis (PAAT), 12888, 12891, 12908

programmed cell death see apoptosis

prostaglandin synthesis, 12545, 12558, 13041

proteasomes, 12560, 12654

protein transport

glycosomes, 12633
mitochondria, 12639, 12789
plasma membrane, 12647, 13004
see also endocytosis

proteins, host

see also cytokines
antimicrobial peptides, 12759, 12764
arginase, 12969
trypanosome lytic factor

human, 12508, 12568
primate, 12854

xanthine oxidase (Cape buffaloes), 12523

proteins, parasite

actin, 13029
adenosine transporters, 12722, 12983, 12994, 13067
adenylate kinase, 13066
alternative oxidase, 12555, 12614, 12802

T. vivax, 13073

antioxidants, 12567
argonaute, 12868
ATPases, 12872, 13048

T. cruzi, 12872

cathepsins (T. congolense), 12643, 12833
clathrin, 12774, 13035
CPSF30, 12819
CRK kinases, 13020, 13075
cyclins, 12619, 12628, 13031
CYP51, 13044, 13045
cysteine peptidase inhibitor, 12858
cysteine proteases, 12643, 12765, 12784, 12957
cytochrome c₁, 12639
DNA polymerase, 12860
DNA repair, 12805
dynamin-like, 13053
enolase, 12809, 12817
exopolyphosphatase, 12548
exportin 1, 12657
farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, 12602
fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, 13038
g-glutamylcysteine synthetase, 12825
GIM5, 12879
glutathione peroxidases, 12656
glyoxalase II, 13036
heat shock, 12869

T. congolense, 12779

histones, 12998
hydroperoxide metabolizing enzymes, 12882
immunoglobulin receptor, 12788
lipoprotein scavenger, 12540
Lsm, 13046
lymphocyte-triggering factor (T. b. gambiense), 13058
lysosomal mannosidase, 12556
microtubule-associated p15, 12561, 12769
myristoyltransferase, 12638
nucleobase transporters, 12786, 12983, 12994, 13042, 13067

L. major, 12775

nucleoside hydrolase (T. vivax), 12878
oleate desaturase, 12853
oligopeptidase B (T. cruzi), 12818
ornithine decarboxylases, 12622, 12637
paraflagellar rod proteins, 13028
permeases, 13005
peroxins, 12633, 12790, 12879
phosphatases, 12538, 12548, 12800
phosphodiesterase tbPDE1, 12832
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 12855
phosphofructokinase, 12828
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 12559
6-phosphogluconolactonase, 12631
phospholipase C, 12874
procongopain (T. congolense), 12643
procyclin-associated kinase, 12862
prostaglandin synthesis, 12558

Leishmania, 12545

pyrophosphatase, 12746
Rab proteins, 12848, 13015
rhodesain, 12765
RNA binding

La, 13017
p37, 12626
Pab1p, 12839
RBP16, 12838, 12852
RBP38, 12642

RNA editing

editosome, 12653, 12846, 12849, 12850, 12864, 12883
epimerase, 12565
ligases, 12635, 12803
ThMP44, 12653
TUTase, 12528, 12613, 12844, 12999

RNA polymerase I, 12564, 12606, 12618
RNA polymerase II, 12535
RNA polymerase III, 12808
RNA processing, 12657, 12819, 12835, 13086
RNA ribonucleases, 12636, 12799
tRNA synthetases, 12856
RNA triphosphatase, 12810
sialidases, 12925

T. congolense, 12646, 12749, 12778, 12876

Sm, 12835, 13086
SRA protein (T. b. rhodesiense), 12508, 12531, 12568
surface protease (GP63), 12625
thioredoxin, 12863

T. b. brucei, 12801

topoisomerases, 12605, 12987, 13001
transamidase, 12843
transcription factors, 12546

PBP-1, 12808
SNAP, 12535, 12861

transferrin receptors, 12544, 12554, 12645
triosephosphate isomerase (P. falciparum), 12851
trypanothione reductase, 12541, 12957, 13068
trypanothione synthetase, 12847, 12982, 13011
trypanothione S-transferase, 13083
trypanothione-related peroxidases, 12543
tryparedoxin, 12604, 12785, 13040

C. fasciculata, 12604

tryparedoxin peroxidase, 12785, 13074

T. b. brucei, 12607
T. cruzi, 13074

tubulin, 12597, 12630, 13051
TUTase, 12528, 12613, 12844, 12999

proteins, vector

stomoxyn, 12495
trypanosome lytic factor, 12900
trypsin, 12488, 12674

proteomics, 12648, 12940, 12962

pyrethroids, 12684, 12908

Alphamethrin, 12584
cyfluthrin, 12687
lambda-cyhalothrin, 12741

quinoline derivatives, 12783, 13026

rats

CNS pathology, 12507, 12758
concurrent infections of helminths and T. brucei, 12750
cytokines, 12507, 12747
drug testing, 12520, 12758, 12763
immune response, 12750, 12826
as models of disease, 12950
T. b. brucei infection, 12507, 12747

remote sensing, 12906

repellents for tsetse, 12669

retrotransposons, 12868, 13030, 13043

inge & RIME, 12804, 13007

ribosomes

DNA, 12489
elongation factor, 13083
genes, 13072
RNA, 12861, 13065

siRNA, 12794

RNA, trypanosome

aptamers, 12550, 12812
editing

dyskinetoplastic mutants, 12610
editosome, 12653, 12846, 12849, 12850, 12864, 12883
epimerase, 12565
ligases, 12635, 12803
in mitochondria, 12528, 12844, 12852, 12869, 12871
ThMP44, 12653
TUTase, 12528, 12613, 12844, 12999

gene promoters, 12533, 12861
immunocytochemical detection, 12632
interference

bioinformatics, 12641
efficiency, 12612
experimental methods, 12533, 12877, 13054
in protozoa, 13078
small interfering RNA, 12794, 12868
small nucleolar RNA, 12629

kinetoplast

binding proteins, 12642, 12852
guide RNA, 13009
mRNA editing, 12528, 12844, 12852, 12870, 12871
mRNA stability, 12642, 12852, 12857
tRNA, 12856, 12867

processing

adenylation/deadenylation, 12839, 12857
CPSF30, 12819
degradation by the exosome, 12815
small RNA, 13033
spliced leader RNA, 12657, 12835, 13086

proteins

CPSF30, 12819
epimerase, 12565
exportin 1, 12657
ligases, 12635, 12803
polymerase I, 12564, 12606, 12618
polymerase II, 12535
polymerase III, 12808
ribonucleases, 12636, 12799
RNA binding, 12626, 12642, 12838, 12839, 12852, 13017
Sm, 12835, 13086
ThMP44, 12653
transcription factors, 12535, 12546, 12808, 12861
triphosphatase, 12810
TUTase, 12528, 12613, 12844, 12999

ribosomal RNA, 12606, 12794, 12861, 13065
small RNAs, 12629, 13033, 13077
spliced leader RNA

genetic diversity, 13065
nuclear export, 12657
processing, 12835, 13086
promoters, 12861

stability, 12611, 12642, 12815, 12852, 12857
transcription, 12787

polymerases, 12564, 12606, 12618, 12808
transcription factors, 12535, 12546, 12808, 12861

transfer RNA, 12856, 12867, 13000, 13024
translation, 12539, 12626, 12844

rodents see mice; rats

rRNA, 12606, 12861, 13065

siRNA, 12794

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 12855

saliva, 12709

Samorin see isometamidium chloride

sand flies, 12694

savanna, 12666

Schistocerca gregaria, 12900

screening, 12502, 12941

see also diagnosis

screens, 12576

Senegal, 12739

serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), 12733

serological tests see CATT; ELISA

serum resistance

T. brucei TREU927/4, 12516, 12952
T. b. rhodesiense

fitness costs, 12917
gene, 12516, 12531, 12807, 12928
protein, 12508, 12531, 12568

T. congolense, 12598
trypanosome lytic factor, 12508, 12568, 12854, 12900

sheep

isometamidium, 12977
megazol, 12980
pathology of trypanosomiasis, 12961, 12968
transmission cycles, 12589
trypanotolerance, 12961

sialidases, 12925

T. congolense, 12646, 12749, 12778, 12876

Simulium sanctipauli, 12489

skin lesions, 12729, 12953

SNAP transcription factors, 12535, 12861

Sodalis glossinidius, 12574, 12759

South America see America

Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 12662

sperm defects in cattle, 12730, 12731, 12966

spraying techniques, 12741, 12908

SRA see serum resistance

stable flies, 12495

sterile insect technique (SIT)

mating competitiveness, 12899
strategy, 12884, 12911
and tsetse symbionts, 12574

sterol metabolism

see also fatty acid metabolism
cholesterol (T. congolense), 12557
CYP51, 13044, 13045

Stomoxys calcitrans, 12495

Strongyloides ratti, 12750

suramin, 12723, 12955

plus megazol, 12758
toxicity, 12989

surra, 12791, 12968

symbionts of tsetse

general reviews, 12574
S. glossinidius, 12574, 12759
W. glossinidia, 12670

genome, 12574, 12672, 12702, 12895

systematics see taxonomy

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 12714, 12946

T cells, 12729

Tanzania

cattle, 12497, 12666
G. austeni, 12911
G. m. morsitans, 12685, 12911
human experiments 1900-1914, 12591
tsetse control, 12582, 12911

trap efficiency, 12685

Unguja Island, 12911

targets (tsetse control), 12492, 12576, 12915, 12916

taxonomy

endosymbiotic bacteria, 12574, 12895
trypanosomes, 12791, 12870, 12921, 12926, 12945, 13072
tsetse, 12897

TDR (Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases), 12662

thioredoxin, 12801, 12863

TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-a)

antagonists, 12640
genes, 13039
in humans, 12947
in monkeys, 12964
receptor, 12978

Togo

trypanosomiasis in animals, 12741
trypanosomiasis in humans, 12591
veterinary practice, 12594

topoisomerases, 12605, 12987, 13001

tourists see travellers

transcription, 12787

polymerases, 12564, 12606, 12618, 12808
transcription factors, 12546

PBP-1, 12808
SNAP, 12535, 12861

transferrin

receptors, 12544, 12554, 12645
recycling, 12848

translation

elongation factor, 13083
inhibition, 12539
regulation, 12626, 12844, 13013

transmission

congenital, 12713
of HIV, 12695
human/livestock cycles, 12589
mechanical, 12691, 12692, 12693, 12698, 12920, 12923
patient travelling, 12932
risk index, 12922
sexual, 12713

traps

biconical vs. NGU, 12685, 12909
efficiency, 12685, 12915, 12916
odour-baited, 12909

travellers

case reports, 12501, 12946
diagnosis of trypanosomiasis, 12501, 12504, 12708, 12946
local travel, 12932
relatives, 12713
skin lesions, 12953

triflumuron, 12576

tRNA, 12856, 12867

methionyl-tRNA, 13000, 13024

Trypamidium see isometamidium chloride

trypanocides see drugs

trypanolysin see trypanosome lytic factor

Trypanoplasma borreli, 12563

Trypanosoma (including T. brucei)

acidocalcisomes, 12746, 13048
antigenic variation

general reviews, 12526, 12996, 13050, 13064
genetics, 12506, 13085
molecular control, 13034
recombination, 13003

ATP generation, 12649, 12793, 12796, 13055
calcium, 12840, 13048
cAMP, 13069
cell biology, 12663, 12836, 13014, 13059
cell cycle see life cycle below
cryptic epitopes, 12732
cytoskeleton, 13028, 13029

drug targets, 12866, 13002, 13084
microtubule-associated p15, 12561, 12769
tubulin, 13051

DNA see DNA, trypanosome
endocytosis, 13021, 13022, 13061

clathrin, 12774
Rab proteins, 12848, 13015

endosymbionts, 12632, 12694
evolution

chloroplasts, 12542, 12551, 12890
kinetoplasts, 12525

exosome, 12815
fatty acid metabolism

drug targets, 12562, 12768, 13063
fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, 13038
oleate desaturase, 12853

flagellum see flagellum
gangliosides, 13076
genetics see genetics, molecular
glucose, 12829
glycolysis, 12796, 13055
glycoproteins see glycoproteins
glycosomes, 12542, 12829, 13062

membrane proteins, 12633, 12790, 12879

Golgi body, 13032
GPI see glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors
host/parasite interactions, 12813, 12951, 13059
interaction with nematode parasites, 12518, 12596, 12750
kinetoplasts see kinetoplasts
life cycle

actin, 13029
control, 12836, 12837, 13059

cyclins, 12619, 12628, 13031
kinases, 13020, 13075

cytokinesis, 12830, 12837
differentiation, 12617, 12627, 12874

role of the flagellum, 12813, 12830
slender to stumpy transition, 12524, 12859

kinetoplast division, 12798, 13053
mitosis, 12880
stumpy form, 13067
use of fluorescent trypanosomes, 12806
VSG expression sites, 12776, 13070

membranes, 12538, 12872, 13048, 13061, 13080
minichromosomes/minicircles, 12527, 12821, 12880, 13085
mitochondria see kinetoplasts
S-nitrosothiols, 12651
nucleoside metabolism, 13082
PCR, 12724, 12726, 12875, 12927, 13047
phospholipids, 12569, 12879
phylogeny, 12525, 12621, 12869, 12921, 13072
polyamines, 12600, 12623, 12957
population structure, 12926
procyclin see procyclin
prostaglandins, 12545, 12558, 13041
proteasomes, 12560, 12654
proteins see proteins, parasite
proteomics, 12648
redox reactions, 12567, 12614, 12615, 12823, 12842, 12882
RNA see RNA
signalling, 13059, 13069
sterol metabolism, 13044, 13045
stoicheiometric analysis in metabolism, 12534
taxonomy, 12791, 12869, 12921, 12926, 12945, 13072
TREU927/4 serum resistant strain, 12516, 12952
trypanothione see trypanothione
vaccines, 12597, 12630, 12769, 12773
vector/parasite interactions, 12487, 12667, 12683

flagellum, 12694
phosphorylation of procyclin, 12529
sialic acid, 12925
surface molecules, 12699
tsetse gut biochemistry, 12488, 12495, 12671, 12673, 12674

virulence (mice), 12746
VSGs see variant surface glycoproteins

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

adenosine transporters, 12983
and the CNS, 12507, 12745, 13049
cytokines, 12747, 13058
drugs

diminazene aceturate, 12983
experimental, 12603, 12755, 12758, 12762, 12865, 12981, 12986, 12987, 13060
megazol, 12980

fitness compared to T. b. rhodesiense, 12917
infecting horses, 12791
infecting mice, 12603, 12745
infecting rats, 12507, 12747
infecting sheep, 12980
infecting tsetse, 12488, 12682, 12700
mixed infections in cattle, 12700, 12724, 12935
PCR, 12724
taxonomy, 12791
thioredoxin, 12801
trypanothione synthesis, 12609
tryparedoxin peroxidase, 12607

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

apoptosis, 12947
cytokines, 13058
eflornithine, 12719, 12948
genetics, 12706, 12926, 12945
in vitro culture, 12706, 12943
infecting humans

control, 12588
Côte d'Ivoire, 12498, 12588, 12706, 12945
diagnosis

in vitro culture, 12706, 12943
LATEX, 12502, 12709
returning travellers, 12708
saliva, 12709

epidemiology, 12498, 12503, 12936, 12959
pathology, 12710, 12950
treatment, 12717, 12719, 12948

infecting pigs, 12706, 12926
infecting tsetse, 12677, 12931
infecting wildlife, 12512
megazol, 12519
PCR, 12677, 12931, 12945
taxonomy, 12706, 12926
zymodemes, 12706, 12926

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

cytokines, 12964
experimental trypanocides, 12763, 12865, 12984, 12985, 12988, 12993
fitness compared to T. b. brucei, 12917
genetics, 12921
infecting dogs, 12696
infecting humans

epidemiology, 12496, 12919, 12929, 12936
pathology, 12501, 12590, 12950

infecting monkeys, 12964
PCR, 12516, 12928
serum resistance

fitness costs, 12917
gene, 12516, 12531, 12807, 12928
protein, 12508, 12531, 12568

Uganda, 12496, 12919, 12929

Trypanosoma congolense

cholesterol metabolism, 12557
countries

Ethiopia, 12974
Kenya, 12927
Uganda, 12963
Zambia, 12743

cytokines, 13039
diagnosis

clinical examinations, 12726
ELISA, 12725
heat shock protein, 12779
PCR, 12511, 12724, 12726, 12927

drugs

diminazene aceturate, 12743, 12974
experimental, 12557
homidium chloride, 12966
isometamidium, 12974
resistance, 12743, 12974

epidemiology, 12692, 12700, 12963
genetics, 12690, 12896, 12898
infecting cattle

diagnosis, 12511, 12724, 12726
drug resistance, 12743, 12974
effect on chronic T. b. brucei infection, 12935
effect on work rate, 12739
epidemiology, 12692, 12700, 12963
infertility, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967

infecting goats, 12725, 12744, 12961
infecting mice, 12748, 12749
infecting sheep, 12961
infecting tsetse, 12488, 12682, 12700, 12927, 12930, 12931
infecting wildlife, 12512
proteins

cathepsin K, 12833
heat shock, 12779
procongopain, 12643
sialidases, 12646, 12749, 12778, 12876

serum resistance, 12598
taxonomy, 13072
transmission by A. agrestis, 12692

Trypanosoma cruzi

see also Chagas' disease
experimental trypanocides, 12599, 12762, 12822, 12981, 12985, 12993
genetics

comparison with T. brucei and L. major, 13030
genetic exchange, 12616
repetitive genomic elements, 12881

membranes, 12872
proteins

ATPase, 12872
oligopeptidase B, 12818
tryparedoxin peroxidase, 13074

Trypanosoma equiperdum

dourine, 12968
PCR, 13047
taxonomy, 12791
transferrin receptor genes, 12544

Trypanosoma evansi

antigenic similarities to T. vivax, 13008, 13079
epidemiology, 12698, 12920, 12923
general reviews, 12923
infecting animals, 12968
infecting camels, 12698
infecting horses, 12791
PCR, 13047
taxonomy, 12791

Trypanosoma godfreyi, 12777, 12927

Trypanosoma lewisi, 12763

Trypanosoma simiae, 12777, 12927

PCR, 12511, 12512

Trypanosoma theileri, 12511, 12724

Trypanosoma vivax

alternative oxidase, 13073
antigenic similarities to T. evansi, 13008, 13079
diagnosis

clinical examinations, 12726
ELISA, 12725
PCR, 12511, 12724, 12726, 12927

epidemiology, 12691, 12693, 12920, 12923
general reviews, 12923
genetics, 12690, 12896, 12898
handling techniques, 13056
homidium chloride, 12966
infecting animals, 12968
infecting cattle

diagnosis, 12511, 12724, 12726
epidemiology, 12691, 12693, 12963
infertility, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967

infecting goats, 12725
infecting wildlife, 12512
nucleoside hydrolase, 12878
transmission by A. agrestis, 12691
Uganda, 12963

trypanosome alternative oxidase, 12555, 12614, 12802

T. vivax, 13073

trypanosome lytic factor

human, 12508, 12568
locust, 12900
primate, 12854

trypanosomiasis

economic impact, 12893
research, 12658, 12662

trypanosomiasis in animals

diagnosis, 12918
management, 12661
mechanical transmission, 12920, 12923
pathology, 12968
wildlife, 12512, 12513

trypanosomiasis in camels, 12514, 12698, 12958

trypanosomiasis in cattle

control, 12960

effect on agriculture, 12485
insecticide treatments, 12582, 12915, 12916

Alphamethrin, 12584
cyfluthrin, 12687
lambda-cyhalothrin, 12741

medication by farmers, 12595
problems, 12661
veterinary services, 12594

countries

Burkina Faso, 12601
Cameroon, 12727
Ethiopia, 12485, 12965, 12974
Ghana, 12924, 12960
Kenya, 12584, 12595, 12689, 12742
Tanzania, 12497
Togo, 12594, 12741
Uganda, 12589, 12726, 12963
Zambia, 12687, 12743

diagnosis

clinical examination, 12726
comparison of techniques, 12918
parasitological methods, 12924, 12963
PCR, 12511, 12724, 12726, 12918, 12975

drugs

availability, 12973
homidium chloride, 12966
resistance

diminazene aceturate, 12601, 12743, 12974
isometamidium, 12601, 12743, 12965, 12974
and patterns of drug use, 12742
PCR, 12975

economics, 12893
effect on work rate, 12739
epidemiology

Cameroon, 12727
Ghana, 12924
Kenya, 12689
mechanical transmission, 12691, 12692, 12693, 12920, 12923
mixed infections, 12700, 12935
Tanzania, 12497
time-to-treatment, 12689
Uganda, 12589, 12963

infertility, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967
inflammation, 12729
pathology, 12968
Trypanosoma congolense

diagnosis, 12511, 12724, 12726
drug resistance, 12743, 12974
effect on chronic T. b. brucei infection, 12935
effect on fertility, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967
effect on work rate, 12739
epidemiology, 12692, 12700, 12963

Trypanosoma vivax

diagnosis, 12511, 12724, 12726
effect on fertility, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967
epidemiology, 12691, 12693, 12963

Trypanosoma mixed infections, 12700, 12724, 12726, 12935
veterinary services, 12594, 12973

trypanosomiasis in dogs, 12696

trypanosomiasis in donkeys, 12968

trypanosomiasis in goats

biochemistry, 12744
diagnosis, 12725
epidemiology (Zambia), 12510
haematology, 12961
pathology, 12968

trypanosomiasis in horses, 12791, 12968

trypanosomiasis in humans

apoptosis, 12590, 12873
autoantibodies, 12714, 12946
Chagas' disease, 12573, 12586, 12659, 12718, 12938
climate change, 12934
CNS involvement

apoptosis, 12590, 12873
circadian rhythm disturbance, 12505
general reviews, 12715, 12944, 12950
staging, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12715, 12716, 12937

control, 12500, 12588, 12592, 12703, 12704

DCPP, 12938

countries

Angola, 12703, 12704
Cameroon, 12502, 12697
Central African Republic, 12502
Chad, 12712
Congo D. R., 12503, 12705, 12941, 12942
Côte d'Ivoire, 12498, 12588, 12706, 12932, 12945
OCEAC zone, 12711
Tanzania, 12591
Togo, 12591
Uganda, 12496, 12919, 12921, 12929, 12939, 12959

cytokines, 12947
diagnosis

delayed, 12939
general reviews, 12937
immunoblot, 12716
in vitro culture, 12706, 12943
LATEX/IgM, 12499, 12707
LATEX/T. b.g., 12502, 12709
misdiagnosis, 12708, 12946
PCR, 12516, 12707, 12921, 12928, 12945
proteomic analysis, 12940, 12962
returning travellers, 12504, 12708, 12946
saliva, 12709
screening, 12502, 12941
staging, 12499, 12707, 12710, 12715, 12716, 12937

drugs

eflornithine, 12719, 12948, 12956
general reviews, 12718, 12720 12721, 12954, 12955, 12957
human experiments 1900-1914, 12591
melarsoprol, 12703, 12704, 12718, 12723
pentamidine, 12717, 12723
research, 12509, 12659, 12660, 12718
suramin, 12723

economics, 12893
epidemiology

Angola, 12703, 12704
Chad, 12712
Congo D. R., 12503, 12705, 12942
Côte d'Ivoire, 12498, 12588, 12932
early detection, 12929
gender differences, 12503
general reviews, 12936
models of spread, 12688, 12697
molecular techniques, 12921
risk index, 12922
T. b. gambiense, 12498, 12503, 12936, 12959
T. b. rhodesiense, 12496, 12919, 12929, 12936
transmission, 12589, 12713, 12932
Uganda, 12496, 12919, 12921, 12929, 12959

history, 12500, 12509, 12591, 12711, 12885, 12886, 12919, 12936
immune response, 12947, 12951
pregnancy, 12933
skin lesions, 12953
surveillance, 12696, 12712
T. b. gambiense

Côte d'Ivoire, 12498, 12588, 12706, 12945
diagnosis, 12502, 12706, 12708, 12709, 12943
epidemiology, 12498, 12503, 12936, 12959
genetic variability, 12945
pathology, 12590, 12710, 12950
treatment, 12717, 12719, 12948

T. b. rhodesiense

epidemiology, 12496, 12919, 12929, 12936
pathology, 12501, 12950

travellers, 12501, 12504, 12708, 12713, 12946, 12953

trypanosomiasis in pigs

T. b. gambiense, 12706, 12926
transmission cycles, 12589

trypanosomiasis in sheep

megazol treatment, 12980
pathology, 12961, 12968
transmission cycles, 12589
trypanotolerance, 12961

trypanothione metabolism, 12609, 12624, 12842, 13011, 13025

drug targets, 12521, 12957

trypanothione reductase, 12536, 12761, 13010, 13068
trypanothione synthetase, 12982, 13011

other peroxidases, 12543
role in

glyoxalase II, 13036
metabolism of S-nitrosothiols, 12651
reduction of antimony(V), 12615
reduction of ribonucleotides, 13040

spermidine, 12623
trypanothione reductase, 12541, 12957, 13068
trypanothione synthetase, 12847
trypanothione S-transferase, 13083
tryparedoxin, 12604, 12785, 13040
tryparedoxin peroxidase, 12785, 13074

T. b. brucei, 12607
T. cruzi, 13074

trypanotolerance

Cape buffalo, 12523
cattle

breed choice, 12970
clinical parameters, 12515, 12740
general reviews, 12971
genetics, 12593, 12733, 12735, 12971
N'Dama, 12733, 12971
N'Dama/Boran chimaeras, 12515
N'Dama/Boran crosses, 12593, 12735, 12740

mice

arginase, 12969
genetics, 12736, 12737, 12738, 12748

sheep, 12961

trypsin, 12488, 12674

Tsetse control: the next 100 years, meeting reports, 12577, 12578, 12579, 12580, 12581, 12583, 12585, 12586, 12587, 12912

tubulin

as an immunogen, 12597, 12630
as a drug target, 13002
microtubules, 13051

tumour necrosis factor-á (TNF-á)

antagonists, 12640
genes, 13039
in humans, 12947
in monkeys, 12964
receptor, 12978

TUTase (3' terminal uridylyl transferase), 12528, 12613, 12844, 12999

Uganda

T. congolense, 12963
T. vivax, 12963
trypanosomiasis in cattle, 12589, 12726, 12963
trypanosomiasis in humans

delayed diagnosis, 12939
epidemiology, 12921

T. b. gambiense, 12959
T. b. rhodesiense, 12496, 12919, 12929

trypanosomiasis in pigs, 12589
trypanosomiasis in sheep, 12589
tsetse and monitor lizards, 12701

Unguja Island (Tanzania), 12911

vaccination, 12597, 12630, 12769, 12773

Varanus niloticus, 12701

variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)

see also procyclin; transferrin receptor
aptamers, 12550
control of antigenic variation, 13034
endocytosis & recycling, 12848, 13015, 13021, 13022, 13061
ESAG6, 12544, 13004
general reviews, 12526, 12996, 13050, 13064
genetics

expression sites, 12506, 12644, 13003

bloodstream form, 12776, 13070
downregulation, 12652
ESAG6, 12544

minichromosomes, 13085
recombination, 13003
VSG genes, 12506, 12996, 13052

glycosylation, 12552, 12997
GPI anchors, absence of, 13004
host immune response, 12608, 12792, 12996
interaction with tsetse, 12699
structural features affecting expression, 12655
structure, 12552, 12824
T. equiperdum, 12544
T. evansi, 13079
transcription, 12618

vegetation patterns, 12485, 12571, 12666

Veriben see diminazene aceturate

Veridium see isometamidium chloride

veterinary services

21st century, 12686
Kenya, 12973
Tanzania, 12497
Togo, 12594

vitamin C, 12514

waterbuck, 12669

West African trypanosomiasis see trypanosomiasis in humans, T. b. gambiense

WHO (World Health Organization), staging of trypanosomiasis, 12710

Wigglesworthia glossinidia, 12670

genome, 12574, 12672, 12702, 12895

wildlife

elephants and woodland, 12571
Kenya (Masai Mara), 12889
odour attractants, 12669
as reservoir for trypanosomes, 12512, 12513, 12701
tsetse host preference, 12904

woodlands, 12571, 12905, 12907

World Health Organization (WHO), staging of trypanosomiasis, 12710

Zambia

drug resistance, 12743
trypanosomiasis in cattle, 12687, 12743
trypanosomiasis in goats, 12510

Zanzibar (Tanzania), 12911

Zebu cattle (Bunaji), 12972

Friesian crosses, 12730, 12731, 12966, 12967

Zimbabwe

G. m. morsitans, 12492, 12911
G. pallidipes, 12492
tsetse control, 12492, 12582, 12911
woodlands, 12571