Relevant papers and conference proceedings were identified using CAB Abstracts 1972–2002 and the search terms “invasions” and “trees” or “woody”, “forestry”, “agroforestry”, “silviculture” or “plantations”. This covered most articles describing “woody weed” entries. Key texts were Cronk and Fuller (1995), Henderson (2001) and the various SCOPE volumes, e.g. Macdonald et al. (1986), Di Castri et al. (1990) and Groves and Di Castri (1991). Articles describing the successional processes of trees in their native ranges were excluded. To include “grey” literature sources and unpublished information, contacts were established with representative national institutions and the private sector, via a request for information on invasive tree species that was published on the Aliens-L list server, an international mailing group for researchers and practitioners active in the study and control of invasive species. Additional information on the mode and history of introduction of species was obtained by searching CAB Abstracts using the search term “introductions” in combination with each of the major genus names listed in the database.
Spelling and species names were checked using the International Plant Names Index (The Plant Names Project 1999). Genera were allocated to families using Brummitt (1992). As far as possible, data were checked to remove the duplicate appearance of a species under two or more synonyms. The International Legume Database and Information Service website (International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) 2002) provided useful information on the latest taxonomy of leguminous species, but for other species it was more difficult to determine the most recent taxonomic classification. The original terms of reference requested that the common names of trees (in various languages) and synonyms be listed. This requirement was renegotiated as being beyond the timeframe of this short review, as alternative names of trees, including invasive species, are widely available (e.g Binggeli (1999); CAB International (2000); FAO (1999); International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) (2002); World Agroforestry Centre (2002)).
Forestry species. A species was defined as a commercial forestry species if it met one of the following criteria:
(i) It was listed in the FAO Ecocrop (FAO 1999) list of 760 species that were returned using the search terms “life form: tree” and “category: forest or wood”.
(ii) It appeared in the Forestry Compendium Global Module (CAB International 2000) species selection module as a species planted for fuelwood, round wood, sawn or hewn building timber, wood-based materials or pulp. The species selection module was queried systematically in connection with different regions (Europe, Americas, Asia, etc.) with the aim of focusing on planted species as opposed to those exploited from natural populations.
(iii) It was referred to as a forestry species by an author, correspondent or electronic source.
Agroforestry species. A tree/woody shrub was classified as an agroforestry species if it met one of the following criteria:
(i) It was listed in the ICRAF Agroforestree database (World Agroforestry Centre 2002).
(ii) It was listed in the Forestry Compendium Global Module (CAB International 2000) species selection module as a species used in agroforestry.
(iii) It was referred to by an author, correspondent or electronic source as an agroforestry species, or described as a commercially planted tree for the harvesting of a nonwood product.
Amenity species. The term amenity was used in connection with species that were grown as ornamentals, or species conferring a benefit (e.g. hedge, windbreak, soil improver, etc.) that was not a harvestable product. A tree was listed as an amenity species if:
(i) The ICRAF Agroforestree database (World Agroforestry Centre 2002) identified it as a species with amenity use.
(ii) It was identified in the Forestry Compendium Global Module species selection module (CAB International 2000) as a species with an amenity or ornamental function.
It was named as an amenity or ornamental species by an author, correspondent or electronic source.
Name |
Department |
Organization |
Country |
WebPage |
Laura Arriaga |
CONABIO |
Mexico |
||
Nick Brown |
Department of Plant Sciences |
University of Oxford |
UK |
|
Chris Buddenhagen |
Plantas Introducidas |
Estacion Cientifica Charles Darwin |
Galapagos, Ecuador |
|
Chris Buss |
Government of Botswana, Ngamiland region |
Botswana |
||
Sean Carrington |
University of the West Indies |
Barbados |
||
Joana Castleton |
Regional Environmental Office for South America |
U.S. Embassy |
Brazil |
|
Martin Cheek |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
Europe |
||
Colin Clubbe |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
UK |
||
Joseph Cobbinah |
Forestry Research Institute of Ghana |
Africa |
||
Mathew Cock |
CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre |
Switzerland |
||
Mick Crawley |
Department of Biological Sciences |
Imperial College at Silwood Park |
UK |
|
Sarah Darwin |
Natural History Museum |
UK |
||
Roger Day |
Knowledge & Information Systems |
CAB International Africa Regional Centre |
Africa |
|
Fern Duvall |
Hawaii |
|||
Julian Evans |
T H Huxley School |
Imperial College |
UK |
|
Grant Flanagan |
KI Natural Resources Board |
Australia |
||
Anne Franklin |
Invertebrates dept |
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences |
Belgium |
|
Kevin Frediani |
The Crown Estate |
UK |
||
Rachel Garthwaite |
Biosecurity |
Department of Conservation |
Australia |
|
Jodi Graham |
Pibara Mesquite management committee Inc. |
Australia |
||
Alexis Guttierrez |
John Hopkins University |
USA |
||
Michael Hailu |
Information Services Group |
CIFOR |
Indonesia |
|
Alan Hamilton |
|
WWF International |
UK |
|
John Hammerton |
Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology Commission |
Bahamas |
||
Juan Herrero |
Direccion Forestal |
Departmento Ordenacion Forestal |
Cuba |
|
Colin Hughes |
Department of Plant Sciences |
University of Oxford |
UK |
|
Heinke Jäger |
Department of Botany |
Charles Darwin Research Station |
Galapagos |
|
Melanie Josefsson |
Sweden |
|||
Moses Kairo |
CAB International Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre |
Trinidad & Tobago |
||
Ben Lawson |
School of Natural and Rural Systems Management |
University of Queensland |
Australia |
|
Sandy Lloyd |
State Weed Plan |
Department of Agriculture |
Australia |
|
Wai Hong Loke |
CAB International South-East Asia Regional Centre |
Malaysia |
||
Vyju Lopez |
CAB International Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre |
Trinidad & Tobago |
||
Juan Jose May Montero |
OIRSA |
El Salvador |
||
Gwen Mayo |
University of Adelaide;Co-operative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems, Australia |
Australia |
||
Rodney Milner |
Revive Our Wetlands |
Conservation Volunteers Australia |
Australia |
|
Robert Nasi |
CIFOR |
Indonesia |
||
Nick Pasiecznik |
CABI Publishing |
UK |
||
Tim Pearce |
Seed Conservation Department |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
UK |
|
Vicente Quevedo Bonilla |
Division de Patrimonio Natural |
Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales |
Puerto Rico |
|
Marcela Ramirez |
Regional Environmental Hub for Central America and the Caribbean |
U.S. Embassy |
Costa Rica |
|
Don Reilly |
Department of Business, Industry and Research Development |
Government of Australia |
Australia |
|
Victor Sanchez-Cordero |
Departmento de Zoologia |
Instituto de Biologia, UNAM |
Mexico |
|
Peter Savill |
Department of Plant Sciences |
University of Oxford |
UK |
|
Erich Schaitza |
Embrapa Forestry |
Brazil |
||
Douglas Sheil |
CIFOR |
|||
Paul Smith |
Seed Conservation Department |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
UK |
|
Jim Space |
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) |
South Pacific |
||
Demel Teketay |
Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization |
Africa |
||
Gerard van Buurt |
Department of Agriculture |
Curacao |
||
David Wainhouse |
Forest Research |
Forestry Commission |
UK |
|
Oliver Whalley |
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
UK |
||
Carmen Lucia Yurrita Obiols |
OTECBIO-CONAP |
Guatemala |
||
Sergio Zalba |
GEKKO - Grupo de Estudios en Conservacion y Manejo, Departmento de Biologia, Bioquimica y Farmacia |
Universidad Nacional del Sur |
Argentina |
|
Zang Runguo |
Chinese Academy of Forestry |
People's Republic of China |
||
Silvia Renate Ziller |
Institute for Development of Natural Energy and Sustainability |
Brazil |
Table 3. The 24 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in Europe.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and invasive |
ACERACEAE |
Acer platanoides |
UK | |
ACERACEAE |
Acer pseudoplatanus |
Denmark, Norway |
UK, Ireland |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Rhus typhina |
UK |
|
CUPRESSACEAE |
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana |
UK |
|
CUPRESSACEAE |
Thuja plicata |
UK |
|
ELAEAGNACEAE |
Hippophae rhamnoides |
UK, Netherlands | |
FAGACEAE |
Castanea sativa |
England |
|
FAGACEAE |
Quercus cerris |
UK | |
FAGACEAE |
Quercus ilex |
UK | |
HIPPOCASTANACEAE |
Aesculus hippocastanum |
UK |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia dealbata |
Portugal | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
Netherlands, France, Germany, UK, Switzerland, Hungary, Greece | |
PINACEAE |
Larix decidua |
UK |
|
PINACEAE |
Larix kaempferi |
UK |
|
PINACEAE |
Picea sitchensis |
UK |
|
PINACEAE |
Pinus contorta |
Sweden, UK | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus sylvestris |
England | |
PINACEAE |
Tsuga heterophylla |
UK |
|
ROSACEAE |
Malus domestica |
Poland, Byelorussia | |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus lusitanica |
England |
|
ROSACEAE |
Prunus serotina |
Belgium, UK, Netherlands | |
ROSACEAE |
Sorbus intermedia |
UK |
|
SIMAROUBACEAE |
Ailanthus altissima |
Europe | |
ULMACEAE |
Ulmus minor |
UK |
Table 4. The 98 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in Africa.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where Naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and Invasive |
ACERACEAE |
Acer pseudoplatanus |
Madeira | |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Mangifera indica |
Mauritius | |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus molle |
Botswana | |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus terebinthifolius |
Botswana, St Helena | |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Jacaranda mimosifolia |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana | |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Spathodea campanulata |
Tanzania (East Usambara) |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tabebuia heterophylla |
Diego Garcia | |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tecoma stans |
Botswana | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina cunninghamiana |
South Africa, Botswana | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
Mauritius, South Africa, Botswana, Reunion | |
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia catappa |
Botswana | |
CUPRESSACEAE |
Callitris endlicheri |
Zimbabwe | |
CUPRESSACEAE |
Cupressus lusitanica |
Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana | |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Hevea brasiliensis |
Tanzania |
|
FAGACEAE |
Quercus robur |
South Africa |
|
FLACOURTIACEAE |
Flacourtia indica |
Mauritius | |
LAURACEAE |
Cinnamomum camphora |
Reunion, Botswana, South Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Bauhinia variegata |
South Africa, Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Delonix regia |
Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Gleditsia triacanthos |
Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Parkinsonia aculeata |
Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Senna siamea |
Ghana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Senna spectabilis |
Uganda |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia baileyana |
South Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia cyclops |
South Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia dealbata |
South Africa, Zimbabwe | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia decurrens |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia elata |
Zimbabwe |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia implexa |
South Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia leptocarpa |
Tanzania | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia longifolia |
South Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mangium |
Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mearnsii |
Zimbabwe |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia melanoxylon |
Zimbabwe |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia nilotica |
Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia paradoxa |
South Africa |
South Africa |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Acacia pendula |
South Africa |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia podalyriifolia |
Zimbabwe |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia saligna |
South Africa, Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia chinensis |
Tanzania |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia lebbeck |
Africa |
South Africa, Botswana |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia procera |
South Africa, Zimbabwe | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Falcataria moluccana |
Seychelles | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena diversifolia |
Africa |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena leucocephala |
Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Botswana, Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Pithecellobium dulce |
Tanzania |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis glandulosa |
Sudan |
South Africa, Botswana, Namibia |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Prosopis juliflora |
Ethiopia | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis velutina |
Botswana, South Africa | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
Botswana | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Tipuana tipu |
South Africa, Botswana | |
MELIACEAE |
Azadirachta indica |
Mauritius, Egypt |
Ghana, Botswana |
MELIACEAE |
Cedrela odorata |
Tanzania |
South Africa |
MELIACEAE |
Melia azedarach |
Tanzania |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana |
MELIACEAE |
Toona ciliata |
Tanzania |
South Africa, Zimbabwe |
MORACEAE |
Artocarpus heterophyllus |
Tanzania (East Usambara) |
|
MORACEAE |
Broussonetia papyrifera |
Uganda |
Ghana, Uganda |
MORACEAE |
Morus alba |
South Africa | |
MORACEAE |
Morus nigra |
South Africa |
|
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus citriodora |
Zimbabwe | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus cladocalyx |
South Africa | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus diversicolor |
South Africa | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus globulus |
Zimbabwe | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus grandis |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus lehmannii |
South Africa | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus microcorys |
Zimbabwe | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus paniculata |
South Africa, Zimbabwe | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus robusta |
Zimbabwe | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus sideroxylon |
South Africa, Botswana | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus tereticornis |
Zimbabwe, Botswana | |
MYRTACEAE |
Psidium guajava |
Uganda |
Seychelles, Mauritius, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana |
OLEACEAE |
Ligustrum robustum |
Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues | |
PALMAE |
Phoenix dactylifera |
Botswana | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus canariensis |
South Africa | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus elliottii |
South Africa, Zimbabwe | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus halepensis |
South Africa | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus kesiya |
Zimbabwe | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus patula |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus pinaster |
South Africa | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus pinea |
South Africa | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus radiata |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus taeda |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Canary Islands, St Helena | |
PITTOSPORACEAE |
Pittosporum undulatum |
St. Helena, Canary Islands |
Canary Islands, South Africa, Azores |
PROTEACEAE |
Grevillea robusta |
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana | |
RHAMNACEAE |
Maesopsis eminii |
Rwanda, Tanzania (East Usambaras), East Africa | |
RHAMNACEAE |
Ziziphus mauritiana |
Zimbabwe, Zambia |
Zimbabwe, Zambia |
RUBIACEAE |
Cinchona succirubra |
St Helena | |
RUBIACEAE |
Coffea arabica |
Tanzania |
|
SALICACEAE |
Populus canescens |
South Africa, Zimbabwe | |
SALICACEAE |
Populus alba |
South Africa | |
SALICACEAE |
Populus deltoides |
South Africa | |
SALICACEAE |
Populus nigra |
South Africa | |
SALICACEAE |
Salix babylonica |
Botswana, South Africa | |
SALICACEAE |
Salix fragilis |
Botswana, South Africa | |
SOLANACEAE |
Solanum mauritianum |
Reunion, South Africa, Uganda | |
STRELITZIACEAE |
Ravenala madagascariensis |
Mauritius | |
TAMARICACEAE |
Tamarix chinensis |
South Africa |
Table 5. The 53 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in Australasia.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and invasive |
ACERACEAE |
Acer pseudoplatanus |
New Zealand |
New Zealand |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus terebinthifolius |
New Zealand, Australia (Norfolk Island) | |
ASCLEPIADACEAE |
Calotropis procera |
Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory) | |
BETULACEAE |
Alnus glutinosa |
New Zealand | |
CAPRIFOLIACEAE |
Sambucus nigra |
New Zealand | |
LAURACEAE |
Cinnamomum camphora |
Australia (New South Wales) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Parkinsonia aculeata |
Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, Northern Territory) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia catechu |
Australia (Western Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia dealbata |
Australia (South Queensland, South Australia), New Zealand |
New Zealand |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia decurrens |
Australia (New South Wales, Australian Capital, Territory, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, South Australia), New Zealand |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia farnesiana |
Australia | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia karroo |
Australia (Western Australia, New South Wales, Queensland) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia laeta |
Australia (Western Australia) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia longifolia |
New Zealand |
New Zealand |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mangium |
Australia (Western Australia) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mearnsii |
New Zealand | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia melanoxylon |
New Zealand, Australia (Western Australia) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia nilotica |
Australia (Western Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia paradoxa |
New Zealand, Australia (Western Australia, Queensland) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Pithecellobium dulce |
Australia (Western Australia, Queensland) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis glandulosa |
Australia (Queensland) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis pallida |
Australia (Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, Northern Territory) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Dalbergia sissoo |
Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
New Zealand, Australia | |
MELIACEAE |
Azadirachta indica |
Australia | |
MELIACEAE |
Khaya senegalensis |
Australia | |
MORACEAE |
Ficus carica |
New Zealand | |
MORACEAE |
Ficus macrophylla |
New Zealand | |
MYRTACEAE |
Acmena smithii |
New Zealand | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus botryoides |
New Zealand | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus globulus |
New Zealand | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus saligna |
New Zealand | |
MYRTACEAE |
Psidium guajava |
New Zealand | |
PALMAE |
Trachycarpus fortunei |
New Zealand | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus caribaea |
Australia |
|
PINACEAE |
Pinus contorta |
New Zealand |
New Zealand |
PINACEAE |
Pinus elliottii |
Australia | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus halepensis |
Australia (South Australia) | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus mugo |
New Zealand |
|
PINACEAE |
Pinus nigra |
New Zealand | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus pinaster |
New Zealand |
New Zealand |
PINACEAE |
Pinus radiata |
Australia (Tasmania), New Zealand | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus rigida |
New Zealand |
|
PINACEAE |
Pseudotsuga menziesii |
New Zealand | |
PITTOSPORACEAE |
Pittosporum undulatum |
New Zealand |
Australia (New South Wales, South Central Victoria, Norfolk I., Lord Howe I.) |
RHAMNACEAE |
Ziziphus mauritiana |
Australia (South Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland) | |
ROSACEAE |
Eriobotrya japonica |
New Zealand | |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus lusitanica |
New Zealand | |
SALICACEAE |
Populus alba |
New Zealand | |
SALICACEAE |
Salix fragilis |
New Zealand | |
SIMAROUBACEAE |
Ailanthus altissima |
Australia (Victoria, New South Wales) | |
SOLANACEAE |
Solanum mauritianum |
New Zealand, Australia (Norfolk Island) | |
TAMARICACEAE |
Tamarix aphylla |
Australia (South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory) |
Table 6. The 74 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in North America.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and invasive |
ACERACEAE |
Acer platanoides |
USA (Idaho, Montana, Washington) |
USA (Oregon, Virginia), Canada |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus molle |
Mexico, USA |
USA (California) |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus terebinthifolius |
USA (Florida) | |
APOCYNACEAE |
Alstonia macrophylla |
USA (Florida) | |
BETULACEAE |
Alnus glutinosa |
Canada (Nova Scotia, Newfoundland) |
Canada (Ontario) |
BETULACEAE |
Betula pendula |
Canada | |
BORAGINACEAE |
Cordia dichotoma |
USA (Florida) | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina cunninghamiana |
USA (Florida) | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
USA (Florida) | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina glauca |
USA (Hawaii, Florida) | |
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia catappa |
USA (Florida) | |
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia muelleri |
USA (Florida) | |
ELAEAGNACEAE |
Elaeagnus angustifolia |
USA (Idaho, Montana, Tennessee, Washington, Wyoming) |
USA (California, Oregon) |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Aleurites fordii |
USA (Florida) | |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Bischofia javanica |
USA (Florida) | |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Sapium sebiferum |
USA (California, Florida, Georgia, gulf coast Texas to Florida, east coast Louisiana up to N. Carolina) | |
FAGACEAE |
Quercus acutissima |
USA (Virginia) | |
FAGACEAE |
Quercus robur |
USA (Idaho) |
|
FLACOURTIACEAE |
Flacourtia indica |
USA (Florida) | |
GUTTIFERAE |
Calophyllum inophyllum |
USA (Florida) | |
JUGLANDACEAE |
Juglans regia |
USA (Idaho) |
|
LAURACEAE |
Cinnamomum camphora |
USA (Florida) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Bauhinia variegata |
USA (Florida) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia auriculformis |
USA (Florida) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia cyclops |
USA (California) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia longifolia |
USA (California) |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia melanoxylon |
USA (California) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia saligna |
USA (California) |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Adenanthera pavonina |
USA (Florida) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia julibrissin |
USA (Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia lebbeck |
USA (Florida) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena leucocephala |
USA (Texas) |
USA (Florida) |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis alba |
USA (Idaho, Tennessee) |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis juliflora |
Mexico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Dalbergia sissoo |
USA (Florida) | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Gliricidia sepium |
Mexico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
North America |
North America (beyond northeast), Canada |
MALVACEAE |
Thespesia populnea |
USA (Florida) | |
MELIACEAE |
Melia azedarach |
USA (Florida, Virginia) | |
MORACEAE |
Broussonetia papyrifera |
USA (Florida) | |
MORACEAE |
Ficus benghalensis |
USA (Florida) | |
MORACEAE |
Ficus carica |
USA (California) | |
MORACEAE |
Morus alba |
USA (Oregon, Virginia) | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus globulus |
USA (California) | |
MYRTACEAE |
Melaleuca quinquenervia |
USA (Florida) | |
MYRTACEAE |
Psidium guajava |
USA (Florida) | |
MYRTACEAE |
Syzygium cumini |
USA (Hawaii, Florida) | |
PALMAE |
Phoenix reclinata |
USA (Florida) | |
PINACEAE |
Picea abies |
USA (Idaho) |
|
PINACEAE |
Pinus sylvestris |
USA (New England, Lake States) |
Canada |
PINACEAE |
Pinus thunbergii |
USA (Virginia, Oregon) | |
RHAMNACEAE |
Rhamnus cathartica |
USA | |
ROSACEAE |
Crataegus monogyna |
USA (Pacific Northwest) | |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus avium |
USA (Idaho, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus cerasifera |
USA (Idaho, Montana, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus cerasus |
USA (Montana, Washington) |
|
ROSACEAE |
Prunus lusitanica |
USA (Oregon) | |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus mahaleb |
USA (Idaho, Montana, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus padus |
USA (Montana, Washington) |
|
ROSACEAE |
Prunus persica |
USA (Idaho) |
|
ROSACEAE |
Prunus spinosa |
USA (Idaho, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Prunus tomentosa |
USA (Idaho, Montana, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Pyrus communis |
USA (Idaho, Montana, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Sorbus aucuparia |
USA (Idaho, Washington) |
USA (Oregon) |
ROSACEAE |
Sorbus hybrida |
USA (Idaho) |
|
SALICACEAE |
Populus alba |
USA (Montana, Washington, throughout North America) |
USA (Oregon, Virginia), Canada |
SALICACEAE |
Salix alba |
USA (Idaho, Montana) |
|
SALICACEAE |
Salix babylonica |
USA (Oregon) | |
SALICACEAE |
Salix fragilis |
USA(Idaho, Montana, Washington) |
|
SCROPHULARIACEAE |
Paulownia tomentosa |
USA (Washington, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast) |
USA (Georgia, Kentucky, Oregon, Tennessee) |
SIMAROUBACEAE |
Ailanthus altissima |
USA (Idaho) |
USA (California, Kentucky, Oregon, Tennessee, Virginia) |
TAMARICACEAE |
Tamarix chinensis |
USA (California, all western states except Washington and N. Dakota) | |
TAMARICACEAE |
Tamarix sp. |
USA (Idaho, Washington) |
USA (Oregon, Wyoming) |
ULMACEAE |
Ulmus pumila |
USA (Washington) |
USA(Oregon, Virginia, Utah, Idaho and eastward) |
Table 7. The 114 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in South America.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and invasive |
ACERACEAE |
Acer pseudoplatanus |
Chile | |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Mangifera indica |
Guatemala, Curacao |
Antigua, Puerto Rico |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus terebinthifolius |
Puerto Rico |
Bahamas, Puerto Rico |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Spondias mombin |
Curacao |
|
ANNONACEAE |
Puerto Rico |
||
APOCYNACEAE |
Funtumia elastica |
Puerto Rico |
|
ARAUCARIACEAE |
Agathis robusta |
Puerto Rico |
|
ASCLEPIADACEAE |
Calotropis procera |
Curacao |
Puerto Rico |
BALANITACEAE |
Balanites aegyptica |
Curacao, Caribbean | |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Jacaranda mimosifolia |
Guatemala |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
Spathodea campanulata |
Guatemala |
Puerto Rico |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tabebuia chrysantha |
Puerto Rico |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tabebuia donnell-smithii |
Puerto Rico |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tabebuia heterophylla |
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Anguilla, Antigua-Barbuda, Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Monserrat, Netherlands Antilles |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tecoma stans |
Brazil | |
BIXACEAE |
Bixa orellana |
Puerto Rico |
|
BORAGINACEAE |
Cordia alliodora |
Galapagos |
|
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina cunninghamiana |
Bahamas |
|
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
Bahamas, Puerto Rico |
Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Brazil |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina glauca |
Bahamas |
|
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina jungimiana |
Bahamas |
|
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia catappa |
Barbados, Puerto Rico | |
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia ivorensis |
Puerto Rico |
|
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia myriocarpa |
Puerto Rico |
|
COMBRETACEAE |
Terminalia oblonga |
Puerto Rico |
|
CUPRESSACEAE |
Cupressus lusitanica |
Puerto Rico |
|
CUPRESSACEAE |
Cupressus sempervirens |
Argentina | |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Aleurites fordii |
Puerto Rico |
|
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Aleurites moluccana |
Puerto Rico |
|
GRAMINEAE |
Bambusa vulgaris |
Puerto Rico |
|
GUTTIFERAE |
Calophyllum inophyllum |
Puerto Rico |
|
LAURACEAE |
Persea americana |
Galapagos, Puerto Rico |
Galapagos |
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Bauhinia tomentosa |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Bauhinia variegata |
Bahamas, Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Delonix regia |
Barbados, Puerto Rico | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Dialium guianense |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Parkinsonia aculeata |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Peltophorum pterocarpum |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Schizolobium parahyba |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Senna siamea |
Puerto Rico | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Caesalpinioideae |
Senna spectabilis |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Tamarindus indica |
Curacao, Puerto Rico |
Antigua |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia dealbata |
Chile |
Argentina |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Acacia farnesiana |
Puerto Rico | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Acacia mangium |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia melanoxylon |
Argentina | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia nilotica |
Puerto Rico |
Antigua-Barbuda, Anguilla, Ecuador |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Adenanthera pavonina |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia lebbeck |
West Indies, Bahamas |
Venezuela, Caribbean, Puerto Rico |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia procera |
Venezuela, Puerto Rico | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Dichrostachys cinerea |
Cuba | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Enterolobium cyclocapum |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena diversifolia |
Caribbean |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena leucocephala |
Galapagos |
West Indies, south of Mexico to Brazil, Brazil (Fernando de Noron) Puerto Rico, Bahamas |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Lysiloma latisiliqua |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Pithecellobium dulce |
Puerto Rico | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis juliflora |
Brazil |
Puerto Rico |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Prosopis pallida |
Puerto Rico | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Samanea saman |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Dalbergia sissoo |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Erythrina berteroana |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Erythrina fusca |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Erythrina poeppigiana |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Gliricidia sepium |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Myroxylon balsamum |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Pterocarpus indicus |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Pterocarpus macrocarpus |
Puerto Rico |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
Argentina | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Papilionoideae |
Sesbania grandiflora |
Puerto Rico |
|
MALVACEAE |
Thespesia populnea |
Bahamas |
Puerto Rico |
MELIACEAE |
Azadirachta indica |
Puerto Rico | |
MELIACEAE |
Carapa guianensis |
Puerto Rico |
|
MELIACEAE |
Cedrela odorata |
Galapagos |
Galapagos |
MELIACEAE |
Khaya nyasica |
Puerto Rico |
|
MELIACEAE |
Khaya senegalensis |
Puerto Rico |
|
MELIACEAE |
Melia azedarach |
Bahamas, Puerto Rico |
Brazil |
MELIACEAE |
Swietenia macrophylla |
Puerto Rico |
|
MELIACEAE |
Swietenia mahogoni |
Puerto Rico |
|
MORACEAE |
Artocarpus altilis |
Puerto Rico | |
MORACEAE |
Artocarpus heterophyllus |
Puerto Rico |
|
MORACEAE |
Broussonetia papyrifera |
Peru | |
MORACEAE |
Castilla elastica |
Puerto Rico |
|
MORACEAE |
Morus nigra |
Puerto Rico |
|
MORINGACEAE |
Moringa oleifera |
Puerto Rico |
|
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis |
Argentina | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus robusta |
Puerto Rico |
Brazil |
MYRTACEAE |
Melaleuca quinquenervia |
West Indies, Bahamas |
Bahamas, Puerto Rico |
MYRTACEAE |
Psidium guajava |
Galapagos, Bahamas |
Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Brazil |
MYRTACEAE |
Syzygium malaccense |
Puerto Rico |
|
OLEACEAE |
Fraxinus uhdei |
Puerto Rico |
|
PALMAE |
Cocos nucifera |
Puerto Rico |
|
PALMAE |
Hyphaene thebaica |
Curacao |
|
PALMAE |
Ptychosperma macarthurii |
Barbados, Panama | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus caribaea |
Puerto Rico |
|
PINACEAE |
Pinus elliottii |
Brazil | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus halepensis |
Argentina | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus radiata |
Argentina | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus taeda |
Brazil | |
PITTOSPORACEAE |
Pittosporum undulatum |
Bermuda |
Jamaica |
PROTEACEAE |
Grevillea robusta |
Jamaica | |
RHAMNACEAE |
Maesopsis eminii |
Puerto Rico |
Puerto Rico |
RHAMNACEAE |
Ziziphus mauritiana |
Barbados, Jamaica, Guadaloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico |
|
ROSACEAE |
Eriobotrya japonica |
Guatemala |
|
RUBIACEAE |
Cinchona succirubra |
Galapagos | |
RUBIACEAE |
Coffea arabica |
Puerto Rico | |
RUBIACEAE |
Morinda citrifolia |
Puerto Rico |
|
RUBIACEAE |
Neolamarckia cadamba |
Puerto Rico |
|
SAPOTACEAE |
Chrysophyllum cainito |
Puerto Rico |
|
SIMAROUBACEAE |
Simarouba amara |
Puerto Rico |
|
STERCULIACEAE |
Sterculia foetida |
Puerto Rico |
|
TAMARICACEAE |
Tamarix sp. |
Peru | |
TILIACEAE |
Muntingia calabura |
Puerto Rico | |
ULMACEAE |
Ulmus minor |
Chile |
|
VERBENACEAE |
Tectona grandis |
Guatemala |
Table 8. The 57 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in the Pacific region.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and invasive |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Anacardium occidentale |
Niue | |
ANACARDIACEAE |
Schinus terebinthifolius |
Hawaii | |
ANNONACEAE |
Cananga odorata |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Niue | |
APOCYNACEAE |
Funtumia elastica |
Samoa (Upolu, Savai‘i) |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
Spathodea campanulata |
Hawaii | |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tabebuia heterophylla |
Kwajalein, Guam |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Hawaii, Diego Garcia |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Tecoma stans |
Tonga, French Polynesia |
|
BOMBACACEAE |
Ceiba pentandra |
Samoa, Tonga |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Tonga |
BORAGINACEAE |
Cordia alliodora |
Samoa |
Vanuatu, Tonga (Tongapatu, 'Eua, Vava'u) |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
Niue, French Polynesia, Hawaii | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina glauca |
Hawaii | |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Aleurites moluccana |
Pacific |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Delonix regia |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Niue, Tonga | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia auriculformis |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Tonga | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia confusa |
Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia decurrens |
Hawaii |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia farnesiana |
Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia glauca |
Cook Islands | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mangium |
American Samoa, Chuuk | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mearnsii |
Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia melanoxylon |
Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Albizia lebbeck |
Chuuk | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Falcataria moluccana |
Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena leucocephala |
Chuuk, Tonga, Guam, Vanuatu, Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Pithecellobium dulce |
Chuuk, Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis juliflora |
Hawaii |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis pallida |
Hawaii | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Samanea saman |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Hawaii, Tonga | |
MELIACEAE |
Azadirachta indica |
Fiji |
|
MELIACEAE |
Cedrela odorata |
Tonga | |
MELIACEAE |
Melia azedarach |
Chuuk | |
MELIACEAE |
Swietenia mahogoni |
Hawaii | |
MELIACEAE |
Toona ciliata |
Hawaii, Tonga | |
MORACEAE |
Broussonetia papyrifera |
Pacific Islands |
|
MORACEAE |
Castilla elastica |
French Polynesia |
Samoa, Hawaii |
MORINGACEAE |
Moringa oleifera |
Chuuk, Niue | |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus globulus |
Hawaii | |
MYRTACEAE |
Melaleuca quinquenervia |
Hawaii | |
MYRTACEAE |
Psidium guajava |
Hawaii, the Marquesas, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Fiji |
American Samoa, Chuuk, Hawaii, Tonga |
MYRTACEAE |
Syzygium cumini |
Niue |
Hawaii |
OLEACEAE |
Fraxinus uhdei |
Hawaii | |
PALMAE |
Elaeis guineensis |
Chuuk, Niue | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus caribaea |
French Polynesia, Hawaii | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus patula |
Hawaii | |
PINACEAE |
Pinus pinaster |
Hawaii | |
PITTOSPORACEAE |
Pittosporum undulatum |
Hawaii |
|
PROTEACEAE |
Grevillea robusta |
Hawaii |
Niue, Hawaii |
RHAMNACEAE |
Maesopsis eminii |
Fiji |
|
RHIZOPHORACEAE |
Rhizophora mangle |
Hawaii | |
RUBIACEAE |
Coffea arabica |
Guam, Samoa |
|
RUTACEAE |
Flindersia brayleyana |
Hawaii | |
SIMAROUBACEAE |
Ailanthus altissima |
Hawaii | |
SOLANACEAE |
Solanum mauritianum |
Hawaii, Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga |
Tonga, Cook Islands (Raratonga) |
TAMARICACEAE |
Tamarix aphylla |
Hawaii | |
TILIACEAE |
Muntingia calabura |
Chuuk | |
ULMACEAE |
Trema orientalis |
Hawaii | |
VERBENACEAE |
Gmelina arborea |
Cook Islands, 'Atiu |
Table 9. The 29 alien forestry species found to be associated with naturalization or invasion events in Asia.
Locations of naturalization / invasion events are listed.
Family |
Species |
Countries where naturalized |
Countries where naturalized and invasive |
BIGNONIACEAE |
Spathodea campanulata |
Singapore | |
CASUARINACEAE |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
China |
Japan |
LEGUMINOSAE-Caesalpinioideae |
Parkinsonia aculeata |
India |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia auriculformis |
Malaysia, western Malaysia |
Borneo (Sabah, Brunei), Singapore, Bangladesh |
EUPHORBIACEAE |
Aleurites moluccana |
Christmas Island | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia confusa |
Japan (Saipan, Okinawa) |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia dealbata |
India |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia longifolia |
Israel | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia mangium |
Malaysia (Sabah), Bangladesh | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Acacia nilotica |
Indonesia | |
LEGUMINOSAE- Mimosoideae |
Adenanthera pavonina |
Malaysia | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Falcataria moluccana |
Singapore | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena diversifolia |
Southeast Asia |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Leucaena leucocephala |
Phillipines, Indonesia (Java), Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, New Britain, Pakistan | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Pithecellobium dulce |
India, Philippines |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Mimosoideae |
Prosopis juliflora |
Pakistan, India | |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Flemingia macrophylla |
Papua New Guinea |
|
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
Pakistan |
Turkey, Cyprus, Israel |
LEGUMINOSAE-Papilionoideae |
Tephrosia candida |
Southeast Asia |
|
MELIACEAE |
Azadirachta indica |
Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand |
|
MELIACEAE |
Swietenia macrophylla |
Sri Lanka | |
MORACEAE |
Broussonetia papyrifera |
Pakistan, Thailand |
India, Pakistan |
MYRTACEAE |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis |
Bangladesh, Pakistan | |
MYRTACEAE |
Melaleuca quinquenervia |
India, Philippines |
|
RHAMNACEAE |
Maesopsis eminii |
India | |
RHAMNACEAE |
Ziziphus mauritiana |
Myanmar, Iran, Sri Lanka, Syria |
|
SCROPHULARIACEAE |
Paulownia tomentosa |
Japan, North Korea, South Korea |
|
SIMAROUBACEAE |
Ailanthus altissima |
Pakistan | |
SOLANACEAE |
Solanum mauritianum |
Solomon Islands |
