The State of Food and Agriculture 2025 presents the most comprehensive global assessment to date of who produces the world’s food. Covering 77 countries and 120 crops, the report finds that while farms larger than 50 hectares supply about 60 percent of global dietary energy, smallholders under 2 hectares remain crucial for local food security, producing nearly 60 percent of food in low, and lower-middle-income countries. The findings highlight the complementary roles of farms of all sizes and the need for policies that balance efficiency, inclusion, and ecosystem sustainability.

Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2025 – Addressing land degradation across landholding scales.