A number of sector reviews, project documents and proposed development initiatives have suggested the feasibility of aquaculture in Afghanistan. There are however, relatively few concrete examples of sustainable aquaculture to be found in the country and therefore the technical and economic feasibility of aquaculture remains uncertain. There is limited documented information available although there have been a number of FAO reviews and some documents relating to previous aquaculture initiatives.This review was requested as part of an ongoing activity of the two FAO projects. The purpose of this discussion paper is to identify some of the key constraints and actions needed to initiate aquaculture development in Afghanistan. The paper will also propose some immediate initiatives which could lay the groundwork for such a development. It is not intended to answer all the questions, but rather to raise issues and initiate a debate that could encourage potential stakeholders to agree and act on the next steps to expand aquaculture in the country.