Figure 1-1 Total wildfire hectares burned in the 11 western states on all Federal lands between 1916 and 1996. 25
Figure 2-1 Smoke from vegetation fires burning in northern Angola, Zaire and the Republic of Congo on 4 August 2000, depicted by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). 33
Figure 2-2 Map of southern hemisphere Africa showing the distribution of the most important vegetation types. 46
Figure 2-3 Fires in Northern Namibia for the 1997 burning season, colour coded according to approximate date of burn. 71
Figure 2-4 The six Zones used to describe the different fire regimes of Namibia. 72
Figure 2-5 Areas burned in Etosha National Park (Zone 4), and the areas of Zones 5 and 6 for which burned area maps are already available. 73
Figure 2-6 Percentage area burned in Etosha National Park (Zone 4), and the areas of Zones 5 and 6 for which burned area maps are already available. 74
Figure 2-7 The number of times the areas of Zone 6 (routinely monitored by AVHRR) burned over a four year period (1996-1999). 75
Figure 2-8 Percentage of land having burned different numbers of times within a set number of years. 75
Figure 2-9 Satellite image showing numerous heat signatures (red) and smoke (light blue) generated by savannah and agricultural fires in southern Sudan, Ethiopia and Congo Democratic Republic on 13 December 2000. 96
Figure 2-10 DMSP scene of the Bale region and Borana, Ethiopia, 10 March 2000 . 97
Figure 2-11 Monthly burned area in Sénégal between 1993 and 1998. 110
Figure 2-12 Fire occurrence in Sénégal between 1996 and 1998. 111
Figure 3-1 Sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the NINO 3-4 region coincide with the occurrence of ENSO events and droughts associated with increased burning activities in Southeast Asia. 133
Figure 3-2 The Keetch/Byram Dryness Index (KBDI) for East Kalimantan, 1980-2000. 134
Figure 3-3 Fire damage classification of the 1997-1998 fires in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, based on ERS-SAR images. 140
Figure 3-4 Organizational structure of the Directorate of Forest and Estate Fire Operations at national level. 142
Figure 3-5 Forest fire management organization in Malaysia. 156
Figure 3-6 Organizational structure of the Forest Fire Control Office, Royal Forest Department, Thailand 165
Figure 3-7 Forest and steppe area burned in Kazakhstan during the fire season 2000 (date of satellite image: 29 September 2000). 190
Figure 3-8 Causes of forest fires in Japan related to the number of fire incidents. 205
Figure 3-9 Distribution of the number of fire incidents over the year (5-year average between 1994-1998). 206
Figure 3-10 A forest fire map of Kazakhstan. 212
Figure 3-11 Organization of forest fire protection responsibilities in Kazakhstan. 217
Figure 3-12 Eco-regions of South Korea. 220
Figure 3-13 Large-scale forest fires during the period 1980-1999. 221
Figure 3-14 Number of fires and area burned in Mongolia 1963-1997. 230
Figure 3-15 Forest and steppe fire map of Mongolia for the spring fire season 1996. 232
Figure 3-16 Forest and steppe fire map of Mongolia for the spring fire season 1997. 232
Figure 3-17 Forest and steppe area burned in Mongolia in spring. 233
Figure 4-1 Numerous heat signatures (red) and large smoke plumes (light blue) are visible from fires burning in central Greece on 13 July 2000. 236
Figure 4-2 The Europe fire-weather forecast for 15 July 2000 indicates the extreme fire danger in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. 237
Figure 4-3 Burned area map of Chita Region and Buryatia Republic for the period 16 April to 21 June 2000. 238
Figure 4-4 Long-term fire statistics of Italy for the period 1970-1998. 277
Figure 4-5 Left: Areas at risk of forest fires in the first quarter (1989-1999 period). Right: Areas at risk of forest fires in the third quarter (1989-1999 period). 279
Figure 4-6 Fire causes and prevention policies in Spain 298
Figure 4-7 Causes of forest fires in Estonia during the 1990s. 317
Figure 4-8 The Finnish forest fire management system. 321
Figure 4-9 The Organization of fire and rescue services in Finland 322
Figure 4-10 Average forest area burned annually in Finland by decades since 1952 323
Figure 4-11 Average number of forest fires and area burned in Germany in 5- and 10-year periods, 1946-1999. 326
Figure 4-12 Number of forest fires in Germany, 1946-1999. 327
Figure 4-13 Area burned in Germany, 1946-1999. 327
Figure 4-14 Average size per forest fire in Germany, 1946-1999. 328
Figure 4-15 Average size per forest fire in Germany, 1977-1999. 329
Figure 4-16 Number of forest fires and area burned in Germany, 1977-1999. 329
Figure 4-17 Causes of fire in relation the number of fires in Germany, 1977-1999 330
Figure 4-18 Causes of fire in relation the area burned in Germany, 1977-1999. 330
Figure 4-19 Distribution of number of fires by month in Germany, 1995-1999. 331
Figure 4-20 Distribution of area burned by month in Germany, 1995-1999. 331
Figure 4-21 Map of fire lookout towers and fire stations in Latvia 337
Figure 4-22 Forest fire statistics of Latvia, 1980-1999. 338
Figure 4-23 Distribution of forest fire occurrences in Latvia by region, 1980-1999 339
Figure 4-24 Average area affected by a forest fire event in Latvia, 1991-1998 339
Figure 4-25 Distribution forest fire causes in Latvia, 1980-1999. 340
Figure 4-26 Distribution of forest ownership in Lithuania (1 January 2000) 341
Figure 4-27 Species composition of forests in Lithuania 342
Figure 4-28 Distribution of forest stands in Lithuania classified by fire hazard 342
Figure 4-29 Map of large forest and bog complexes in Lithuania 343
Figure 4-30 Number of forest fires in Lithuania, 1989-1999. 348
Figure 4-31 Organization of forest fire protection in Russia after the reorganization in 2000. 360
Figure 4-32 Example of a daily fire monitoring map 364
Figure 4-33 This map shows a 10-day product (9-19 July 2000). 365
Figure 4-34 Burned area map of Amurskaia Oblast for the period 16-27 May 2000 and 10 to 21 June 2000. The area burned is 1 934 407 ha. 366
Figure 4-35 Fire weather forecast map for 11 July 2000 for the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk regions 366
Figure 5-1 True-color image taken over northern Australia on 2 October 2000, by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), flying aboard NASA’s Terra spacecraft. 377
Figure 5-2 Fire Detection Map for Australia for 4 October 2000 overlaid on a pan-Australian vegetation cover map. 378
Figure 5-3 Smoke over Australia, 5 October 2000 depicted by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) products. 379
Figure 6-1 Number of fires and area burned in Canada, 1920-1999. 405
Figure 6-2 Greatest fire activity and area burned occur in boreal region of west central Canada. 406
Figure 6-3 Typical fire cycles in Canada. 406
Figure 6-4 Elk taking refuge from Montana wildfire, August 2000 412
Figure 6-5 Record heat and drought made 2000 one of the worst wildfire seasons in the West in 50 years. 413
Figure 6-6 A forest fire in Lagunas de Montebello National Park in 1998 resulted in the widespread establishment of bracken fern. 421
Figure 6-7 In 1998, many agricultural fires were free-burning, often escaping into adjacent forests. 423
Figure 6-8 SEMARNAP officers conducting a public fire prevention meeting with people from Zinacantan (Los Altos de Chiapas) in 1998. 424
Figure 6-9 Geographic location and administrative division of Chiapas. 428
Figure 7-1 Map of the regional centers grouped by the Fire Management Plan 460
Figure 7-2 Fire in Monterey pine and Eucalyptus sp. plantations. 478
Figure 7-3 Fire effects in humid temperate native forests. 479
Figure 7-4 CONAF and Army operations at “La Rufina” fire. 480
Figure 7-5 Homes threatened by fires near Concepción. 480
Figure 7-6 Government-private sector helitack crew, near Lautaro. 481
Figure 7-7 Typical initial attack ground crews. 482
Figure 7-8 Some of the air attack fleet ready for fires. 483
Figure 7-9 Controlled burning off in the VIII Region. 484
Figure 7-10 Fire prevention technology transfer day in Region IX. 485
Figure 7-11 CONAF´s prevention officer working with the future. 486
