APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1. List of plant species mentioned by Maasai pastoralists as cattle feeds

¹⁰* Asterisk denotes species not identified by their botanical names.

APPENDIX 1. List of plant species mentioned by Maasai pastoralists as cattle feeds

APPENDIX 2: List of plants species with medicinal value mentioned by the Maasai

APPENDIX 3: List of plant species mentioned by Barbaig pastoralists as cattle feed

¹¹ *Asterisk denotes species not identified by their botanical names.

APPENDIX 4: List of plants/ Species with medicinal value mentioned by the Barbaig

¹² * Denotes species not identified by their botanical names.

APPENDIX 5: CHECKLIST

A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENT

Name of the respondent
Sex of the respondent
Age

Before you moved to this village where did you come from?

Why did you migrate to this area?

Do you keep livestock?

Which type of livestock species do you possess i.e. cattle, sheep, goat and why do you keep different species?

How many livestock species were you possessing before you migrated to this area. Are the numbers increasing or decreasing per today? Why?

B. PHYSICAL CHARACTERSISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

What do you know about the word climate
What are the major climatic factors affecting livestock production in this village?
Which is the most critical factor?
How do you monitor climatic conditions - rainfall, clouds, temperature, wind?

How do these weather elements affect rangeland quality and livestock productivity?
What is the rainfall pattern around the year?

SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

How do the following soil characteristics affect fodder availability and animal performance\ productivity Soil colour, texture, workability.

FERTILITY TREND

How do you evaluate soil fertility?
(Plant vigour, size of the fruit, size and colour of the leave, forage production, crop yield, presence of a certain plant species)

What do you do to overcome the problems caused by soil
Infertility (move to other pastures, virgin land, apply animal manure

WATER AVAILABILITY

What are the sources of animal water in your area?
Do you face the problem of animal water scarcity?
What are the indicators of water availability?
Does water availability affect animal performance or productivity ie milk production, growth?
If yes why?
What decision(s) do you make when there is water scarcity
Do you experience water competition among pastoralists, between pastoralists and farmers?
If yes, what are the reasons and what time of year is this situation critical?

WATER QUALITY

What are the indicators of good water for your livestock?
How does the quality of water affect the performance of your livestock?

C. VEGETATION AND MONITORING OF RANGE CONDITION

How do you classify your rangeland?
Which type vegetation type is dominant in each type of rangeland (botanical composition)? Why?
How and when are these rangelands used? How do you traditionally manage these different types of rangeland and why?
How does botanical composition relate to
- Dietary requirement of different animal species
- Preferred plant species
- Poisonous plants
- Medicinal plants
- Fattening of livestock

Do you see any change in botanical composition due to either grazing intensity or climatic change?
Are these changes positive or negative?
What do you do when the botanical composition changes?
Do you face the problem of overgrazing in your area? If yes why and what are the indicators?
How do you rate the rangeland condition (Soil indicators, plant vigour, litter cover or animal performance?)
What attributes do you use in assessing range land condition (animal performance, forage availability, distance to water, diseases incidences, security?)
What is the most important attribute of the above-mentioned indicators?
How do you ecologically rate the range suitability for livestock production? (What features characterize the following range suitability raking?)

Good
Fair
Bad

How do you traditionally manage the range lands for different grazing purposes i.e. ololili?
In case of any difference in management systems what is the reason for this?
How does these different management systems affect livestock productivity and the environment?

D. ANIMAL PRODUCTIVITY

PERFOMANCE

What are the attributes used in the assessment of animal performance? Rank them according to their importance (body condition, productivity, health)?
What are the factors affecting animal performance
How do you overcome each negative factor which causes poor animal performance?
How do you relate animal performance to range land conditions.

BREEDING

What is the breeding management system in your herd?
What types of breeding systems do you use in your herd-(traditional or modern)
Which one is most preferred by the pastoralists in this village and why?
Is there any significant increase in the use of modern breeding system in your area?
If yes do you consider it developmental or a problem towards livestock keeping in your area?
Which criteria do you use in the selection of breeding females and males? Rank them according to their importance?

ANIMAL HEALTH

What are major animal diseases in this area?
What are the local names of the mentioned diseases?
What are possible causes of these diseases?
How do you diagnose your sick animals?
How do you treat your sick animal?
What traditional herbs do you use in treating your animals?
How do you differentiate poisoning condition from diseases?

ANIMAL-LAND INTERACTION

How do you overcome harsh condition affecting your livestock (coping strategies) I.e. keeping mixed species, herd splits, rotational grazing

E. INSITUTIONAL SET UP OR ARRANGEMENT

Who normally heads the house hold?
Specifically what is the role of women and children in livestock management and production i.e. cattle rearing, milking, selection of breeding and range inventory?
How did you traditionally acquire knowledge over animal management and rangeland assessment techniques
Do you encounter conflicts between you and crop farmers?
If any how do you solve these problems
How do these problems affect your livestock productivity?
In your opinion what should be done to:

-improve rangeland management system
- livestock productivity
- income from livestock keeping.