Appendix B
Individual country information on policy content

Answer

Supporting Reference

Section A: Policy Targets/Indicators

1a.
1b.

Does policy contain specific development targets for capture fisheries?
If so, pls elaborate.

2a.

2b.

Does policy contain specific management targets for capture fisheries?
e.g. area under MPAs, etc.
If so, pls elaborate.

3a. 3b.

Does policy contain specific development targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

4a. 4b.

Does policy contain specific management targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

5a.

5b.

Does policy contain any other specific targets or indicators e.g. value of exports?
If so, what are they. (List all)

6.

Is there a sense in development targets that aquaculture is more, less, or as important as capture fisheries production?

Section B: Natural Resource Management

1.

Does policy include the use of fishery co-management and/or community management?

2.

Does fisheries policy (as opposed to national non-sectoral policy) specifically provide for decentralization/devolution of management powers and responsibilities?

3a. 

3b.

Does policy include attempts to expand national offshore fisheries e.g. through the use of larger vessels?
If so, is such expansion at the expense of any foreign fishing interests currently operating in the country.

4.

Does policy encourage the movement of small-scale fisheries into offshore areas, due to resource constraints and technical improvements/efficiencies?

5a. 5b.

Does policy specifically recognize and address any issues of over capacity?
If so, what and how.

6a. 6b.

Does policy refer to and/or deal with IUU fishing?
If so, in what way.

7a. 7b.

Is policy attempting to introduce user rights to fishers?
If so, how and in what way.

8.

Does policy refer to need for integration/coordination with other sectoral policies?

9a. 9b.

Does policy mention ecosystems management?
If so, what measures are suggested.

10.

Does policy include the use of MPAs?

11a. 11b.

Does policy include specific measures related to conflict management?
If so, what are they.

Section C: Financial/economic and marketing issues

1a. 1b. 1c.

Does policy provide for the provision of subsidies?
What are the main form of “good” subsidies provided?
If so, what are the main forms of “bad” subsidy provided and what is their time frame.
(pls use your own judgment to decide whether subsidies (e.g. training, social support, boat building, fuel, etc.) are good or bad)

2.

Is there an overall thrust/trend towards reducing or increasing the level of subsidy provided?

3.

Does policy include increasing attempts to introduce user payments e.g. charges imposed on the fishing industry?

4.

Does fisheries policy include mention of the need to support the traceability and/or certification of products?

5a.
5b

Does policy refer to increasing value-added?
If so, how is this to be achieved.

6.

Does policy refer to tariff barriers and/or free trade areas in the region?

7.

Does policy seek to increase exports?

8a.

8b.

Are there any specific policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of fisheries administrations? e.g. public/private partnerships
If so, pls elaborate.

Section D: Socio-economic and poverty issues

Does policy refer to issues of poverty?
If so, in what capacity e.g. references to PRSPs, non-fisheries sector poverty reduction strategies, etc.

Does policy include mention of, or provide for, micro-finance?

Does policy include reducing the number of those engaged in fishing maintaining current numbers, or increasing/maximizing employment?

Does policy include assistance to fishers to leave the fisheries sector or to supplement livelihoods from non-fishing activities?

Does policy refer to food security?
If so, to what extent (if at all) is policy specific about whether fisheries should provide direct food security (i.e. fish being consumed domestically) or indirect food security (fish exported with money then available for food imports).

Policy Issue/Question

Answer

Supporting Reference

Section A: Policy Targets/Indicators

Does policy contain specific development targets for capture fisheries?
If so, pls elaborate.

Not in NFP, but production increases are a key objective of the policy and 5 year plans have production targets

Does policy contain specific management targets for capture fisheries? e.g. area under MPAs, etc.
If so, pls elaborate.

Does policy contain specific development targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Not in NFP, but production increases are a key objective of the policy and 5 year plans have production targets

Does policy contain specific management targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Does policy contain any other specific targets or indicators e.g. value of exports?
If so, what are they. (List all)

No, although M&E Strategy implies that such indicators should be specified

Draft M&E Strategy 2004

Is there a sense in development targets that aquaculture is more, less, or as important as capture fisheries production?

Boost in production under current 5-yr plan is expected to come from aquaculture more than capture fisheries.

Section B: Natural Resource Management

Does policy include the use of fishery co-management and/or community management?

Not in policy per se, but Yes in recent action plan -“The local fishing community will be encouraged to form a fishing community based organization (FCBO) to formulate and implement a fisheries management plan.” Communities also to be used in enforcement activities. However, co-/community management activities are currently strongly driven/supported by donors and NGOs

Marine Action Plan V1. doc Macfadyen et al., 2005

Does fisheries policy (as opposed to national non-sectoral policy) specifically provide for decentralization/devolution of management powers and responsibilities?

Decentralization is not explicitly addressed in fisheries policy documents and at present, the government system in Bangladesh is primarily “de-concentrated” rather than “devolved”.

Macfadyen et al., 2005

Does policy include attempts to expand national offshore fisheries e.g. through the use of larger vessels?
If so, is such expansion at the expense of any foreign fishing interests currently operating in the country.

Yes. “Develop resource assessment methodologies to identify new fisheries potentials. Establish plan to collect information on deep water fishes” b. ?

Marine Action Plan V1. doc

Does policy encourage the movement of small-scale fisheries into offshore areas, due to resource constraints and technical improvements/efficiencies?

Yes. “From the shoreline to 1 kilometre fishing will be banned extending to 5 metre depth as implementation is achieved”. “50 metre from estuary shoreline.

At mouth point of the estuary fishing will be prohibited”. “Artisanal fisheries will operate from the 5 metre depth line”.

Policy states that “Small-scale fisheries contribute about 95 percent of the total fish harvested from the marine water. Emphasis will be given to the small-scale fisher folk communities in the coastal areas”, and that “Small-scale fishers in the coastal region will get fish harvesting rights. A separate fish harvest area will be demarcated for the small and large-scale fishers.”

Marine Action Plan V1. doc NFP

Does policy specifically recognize and address any issues of over capacity?
If so, what and how.

Not in policy but yes in action plan. “Based on the assessment of the resource prepare national allocation for the total number of mechanized commercial boats permitted”, and “Distribute allocated numbers across the districts where boats are traditionally harboured”.

Marine Action Plan V1. doc

Does policy refer to and/or deal with IUU fishing?
If so, in what way.

Yes. “International collaboration with navy and coast guard to guard fishing rights against foreign illegal fishing.
International protocols IUU Fishing”.

Marine Action Plan V1. doc

Is policy attempting to introduce user rights to fishers?
If so, how and in what way.

Yes through the proposition that “Artisanal fishers will be encouraged to manage their local resource by being allocated fishing in the area between 5-metre depth and 10-metre depth”. And “Fishing permits together with Identification Cards should be issued by FCBO in conjunction with local DoF (MFO).

Marine Action Plan V1. doc

Does policy refer to need for integration/ coordination with other sectoral policies?

Yes. Draft M&E Strategy lists guiding policy documents, and this includes 9 policy documents in other sectors e.g. women, land, water, and environment.

And Action Plan provides for “Support the formation of a Natural Resource Coordination Committee and Fisheries Management Executive Committee to support national planning of marine sector”.

Draft M&E Strategy 2004 Marine Action Plan V1. doc

Does policy mention ecosystems manage­ment?
If so, what measures are suggested.

Not specifically. But one of policy objectives is “Maintain ecological balance, conserve bio­diversity and improve public health”. And NFP and other related policy documents have a strong emphasis on biodiversity.

Draft M&E Strategy 2004, NFP

Does policy include the use of MPAs?

Yes, thought to be include in legislation.

Does policy include specific measures related to conflict management?
If so, what are they.

Indirectly through “Existing Marine Fisheries Ordinance of 1983 should be enforced which restrict industrial vessels to the waters beyond 40 metres”, and “Small-scale fishers in the coastal region will get fish harvesting rights. A separate fish harvest area will be demarcated for the small and large-scale fishers.” But no conflict resolution measures.

Marine Action Plan V1. doc NFP

Section C: Financial/economic and marketing issues

Does policy provide for the provision of subsidies?
What are the main form of “good” subsidies provided?
If so, what are the main forms of “bad” subsidy provided and what is their time frame.
(pls use your own judgment to decide whether
subsidies (e.g. training, social support, boat building, fuel, etc.) are good or bad)

Under policy for credit, NFP states that “Shrimp sector as the important export orientated industry, credit to shrimp culture shall be on low interest rates, income tax free and shall have tax holiday”.

Government support takes a number of forms including direct tax breaks (tax holidays, accelerated depreciation, reduced rates of income tax), reductions in indirect tax (e.g. VAT, statutory duty, customs duty, etc.), funding for development projects, and banking sector support in the form of reduced interest rates.

For shrimp, Govt. provides 10 percent cash incentive against shrimp export, has declared shrimp aquaculture as tax free earning, and import tax exempted for shrimp industry related equipments, medicine and chemicals.

Is there an overall thrust/trend towards reducing or increasing the level of subsidy provided?

Does policy include increasing attempts to introduce user payments e.g. charges imposed on the fishing industry?

Not really, except small licence fees. But cost recovery is minimal, with no licenses being issued for 94 percent of the marine capture sector (by volume of landings).

FAO Country Review

Does fisheries policy include mention of the need to support the traceability and/or certification of products?

Yes, under policy of transportation and marketing, “Cold-chain system will be established in fish marketing. Businesspersons will be encouraged to establish cold-chain based marketing systems.”

Bangladesh has initiated a Seal of Quality Program with the assistance of the Agro-based Industry and Technology Development Project. The focus of the SSOQ is an industry-led set of standards.

Does policy refer to increasing value-added?
If so, how is this to be achieved.

Yes, policy has specified actions relating to:

• “Establishment of hygienic fish landing centers”.
• “Transportation and marketing”.
• “Fish Processing- and Quality-Control” including “Value-Added Products of frozen fish will be strengthened for local and international markets”.
• “Exports including “Technologies related to produce different value-added products would be encouraged, based on international demand”.

Does policy refer to tariff barriers and/or free trade areas in the region?

Does policy seek to increase exports?

Yes. One of policy objectives is “Achieve economic growth and earn foreign currency by exporting fish and fisheries”.

Specific policy actions include:

• Quality control system of the Department of Fisheries will be strengthened through the implementation of quality control laws on processed fisheries products.
• All fish processing plants should have their own quality control systems. Strict punishment will be taken against the exporters and owners of the plants in case of exporting below standard products.
• Emphasis will be given to export shrimp of different species, fish, turtles and other aquatic species instead of existing 2 or 1 shrimp species.
• Differentiation and diversification of the presentation of processed products of shrimp, fish, turtle, etc. wilt be initiated. Technologies related to produce different value-added products would be encouraged, based on international demand.

Govt. has set up an export promotion bureau and works closely with the Bangladesh Frozen Food Exporters Association (BFFEA).

Draft M&E Strategy 2004 NFP

Are there any specific policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of fisheries adminis­trations? e.g. public/private partnerships
If so, pls elaborate.

Some. Many throughout policy document on issues such as hatchery and shrimp farming, research, exports, facility improvements, extension, etc., to ensure that private sector involved wherever possible.

Section D: Socio-economic and poverty issues

Does policy refer to issues of poverty?
If so, in what capacity e.g. references to PRSPs, non-fisheries sector poverty reduction strategies, etc.

Yes. One objective of fisheries policy is “Poverty alleviation through creating self-employment and improvement of socio-economic conditions of the fishers”.

Draft M&E Strategy 2004

Does policy include mention of, or provide for, micro-finance?

No, but credit yes. “Sources of credit will be identified that will enable fishers to upgrade fishing technologies that help them fulfil the requirement of the Fisheries Management Plan”.

The NFP has a number of actions specified under the heading of Fisheries Credit Policy to ensure access to credit by the poor at affordable interest rates.

Marine Action Plan V1. doc NFP

Does policy include reducing the number of those engaged in fishing maintaining current numbers, or increasing/maximizing employment?

Policy objective is to “Poverty alleviation through creating self-employment and improvement of socio-economic conditions of the fishers”.

“Credit programme to alleviate poverty and generate employment”.

“Cooperation will be extended to lease out existing un-utilized khas ponds, lakes and water bodies to the trained unemployed youths”.

Does policy include assistance to fishers to leave the fisheries sector or to supplement livelihoods from non-fishing activities?

Yes. AIGA will be identified to encourage fishers to seek alternative employment and reduce the fishing pressure.

Marine Action Plan V1. doc

Does policy refer to food security? If so, to what extent (if at all) is policy specific about whether fisheries should provide direct food security (i.e. fish being consumed domestically) or indirect food security (fish exported with money then available for food imports).

Yes. One of policy objectives is “Meet the demand for animal protein”.

Not specific about direct or indirect.

Draft M&E Strategy 2004

Section E: Overall impression of policy trends

No management plans exist.

Policy Issue/Question

Answer

Supporting Reference

Section A: Policy Targets/Indicators

Does policy contain specific development targets for capture fisheries?
If so, pls elaborate.

Did in 2001-2006 5 year plan, but not any more

FDAP, Donnelly Pers. Comm.

Does policy contain specific management targets for capture fisheries? e.g. area under MPAs, etc.
If so, pls elaborate.

• At least 50 maps of fishing lots, public fisheries domain and areas for community fisheries will be prepared and printed.
• Establishing a conservation site in each commu­ nity fisheries and limit fishing violations within the community fisheries.
• More than 30 ha of lake and canal will be renovated.
• 20 new conservation sites will be defined.

Indicators/targets for 2006 include:

• Development of existing fish sanctuaries and assessment of 36 deep pools in Kratie and Stung Treng to determine suitable conservation areas.
• 20 maps indicating clear boundaries of flooded forest produced
• Existing community fisheries strengthened and new seventy five (75) community fisheries established.

www.twgf.org on monitoring indicators for 2006

Does policy contain specific development targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Did in 2001-2006 5 year plan, but not any more

Donnelly Pers. Comm.

Does policy contain specific management targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Does policy contain any other specific targets or indicators e.g. value of exports?
If so, what are they. (List all)

Number of community fisheries – currently 480 organizations throughout the country.

FDAP, Donnelly Pers. Comm.

Is there a sense in development targets that aquaculture is more, less, or as important as capture fisheries production?

No relative importance attached to either sector in FDAP or FAP for 2006.

Section B: Natural Resource Management

Does policy include the use of fishery co-management and/or community manage­ment?

Yes. Policy includes statement that “Encouraging the effective establishment of community fisheries in inland and coastal areas in order to enhance the management of sustainable fisheries resources by empowering local communities”.

One of 6 priorty actions in FDAP is “Community based fisheries management to promote local participation in fisheries management linked to livelihood diversification”.

In October 2000, Prime Minister Hun Sen initiated a reform of the fisheries sector and announced the release of 56 percent of the fishing lots from private control to be used by community fisheries.

RGC Statement on Policy

Macfadyen et al., 2005

Sub-Decree on Community Fisheries Management promotes co-management of fisheries resources. It provides the rules and procedures for establishing and managing community fisheries throughout Cambodia.

Sub-Decree on Community Fisheries Management

Does fisheries policy (as opposed to national non-sectoral policy) specifically provide for decentralization/devolution of management powers and responsibilities?

Yes. FDAP states that “Institutions also need to be reformed to ensure effective management from the central through to the local level and for a sound legislative basis for ensuring that access rights to both land and aquatic resources are effectively protected in law”.

Strong emphasis on local fisheries councils for community management. And in March 2001, the King promulgated the Law on Administration of Communes (Khum/Sangkat) and the Commune Election Law, which provided the legal framework for the establishment of elected councils in Cambodia’s 1621 communes and sangkat in February 2002. The goal of commune adminis­tration is the promotion of good governance through the sustainable utilization of local resources to satisfy people’s basic needs for present and future generations (Article 41 of the Law on Administration of Communes).

Macfadyen et al., 2005

Does policy include attempts to expand national offshore fisheries e.g. through the use of larger vessels?
If so, is such expansion at the expense of any foreign fishing interests currently operating in the country.

Does policy encourage the movement of small-scale fisheries into offshore areas, due to resource constraints and technical improvements/efficiencies?

Does policy specifically recognize and address any issues of over capacity?
If so, what and how.

Does policy refer to and/or deal with IUU fishing?
If so, in what way.

Yes. Policy states that “Revising and disseminating regulations for law enforcement and crackdown of all illegal fishing activities and preserving the inundated forest”, and FDAP includes references to improved law enforcement and reducing use of illegal fishing gears.

RGC Statement on Policy FDAP

Is policy attempting to introduce user rights to fishers?
If so, how and in what way.

FDAP refers to “ensuring that access rights to both land and aquatic resources are effectively protected in law”, and focuses on community “rights”.

Does policy refer to need for integration/ coordination with other sectoral policies?

Yes. FDAP refers to “cross-sectoral approaches into Department of Fisheries’ strategies to enable fisheries to work in harmony with other sectors such as agriculture, forestry and water manage­ment”.

Does policy mention ecosystems manage­ment?
If so, what measures are suggested.

No, although policy refers for need to improve environmental degradation.

Does policy include the use of MPAs?

FDAP refers to “lot, protected areas, reservoirs, and community fisheries refuge ponds”.

Fisheries Law also refers to fish sanctuaries.

FDAP Fisheries Law

Does policy include specific measures related to conflict management?
If so, what are they.

Yes. Fishing lot reforms “were initiated by Prime Ministerial decree and aimed to the growing conflicts between private fishing lot owners and rural people regarding access to fishing areas.”, and one expected result of policy implementation is “Conflicts over resource access will be reduced and livelihoods of fish folk are improved”.

Fisheries Law also refers to conflict resolution of utilization of fishing areas.

FDAP Fisheries Law

Section C: Financial/economic and marketing issues

Does policy provide for the provision of subsidies?
What are the main form of “good” subsidies provided?
If so, what are the main forms of “bad” subsidy provided and what is their time frame.
(pls use your own judgment to decide whether subsidies (e.g. training, social support, boat building, fuel, etc.) are good or bad)

Is there an overall thrust/trend towards reducing or increasing the level of subsidy provided?

Does policy include increasing attempts to introduce user payments e.g. charges imposed on the fishing industry?

Does fisheries policy include mention of the need to support the traceability and/or certification of products?

Not specifically. Although a medium action is “Developing and operating a domestic and export quality assurance system and associated facilities.” And an EU-Cambodia project starting August 1^st has stated project purposes.

To provide 1) Technical Assistance (TA) to the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) on the basic practices for managing at international and regional levels the Standardization, Accreditation, Testing and Conformity Assessment procedures and infrastructure. 2) To encourage the national authorities to transfer to the private sector the knowledge acquired through the project (mainly in the areas of GMP and HACCP).

http:// www.twgf.org

Does policy refer to increasing value-added?
If so, how is this to be achieved.

Not specifically, although there are specified post-harvest actions which would help to increase value-added.

Does policy refer to tariff barriers and/or free trade areas in the region?

Does policy seek to increase exports?

Yes. One of the objectives of the post-harvest fisheries programme in the FDAP is “Developing appropriate post-harvest policies and plans for the domestic and export industries to support and guide these activities.” And a medium action is “Developing and operationalising a domestic and export quality assurance system and associated facilities.”

Are there any specific policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of fisheries adminis­trations? e.g. public/private partnerships
If so, pls elaborate.

Yes, review of financing mechanisms is part of ongoing reform process, as is institutional review of DoF carried out under the auspices of the Technical Working Group on Fisheries (TWGF). And one priority action areas of FDAP 2005-2008 is “reviewing, revising and improving the policy, plans, legislation, institution and capacity (human and physical) of the Fisheries sector”.

And through training of personnel, reform of administration, and emphasis on private sector through policy goal 4 which states that “Providing effective and adequate support is provided to help private sector development and expansion in fisheries, in particular aquaculture where Cambodia has significant comparative advantages”.

RCG policy statement includes measures to promoting human resource development within the fisheries sector to: “ensure quality service within fisheries in order to improve socio-economic development; Providing training courses on fisheries and fisheries related laws to ensure awareness of all regulations and fisheries management processes; Encouraging and promoting fisheries research programmes”.

And note DoF moving to being a fisheries administration.

RGC Statement on Policy

Post-harvest Sector Guidance

Section D: Socio-economic and poverty issues

Does policy refer to issues of poverty?
If so, in what capacity e.g. references to PRSPs, non-fisheries sector poverty reduction strategies, etc.

Strategy is devoted to fisheries reforms which aim is law enforcement, making action plans, and strengthening all relevant institutions to achieve the national goals of environmental fisheries protection, conservation of biodiversity, socio­economic development, good governance and poverty alleviation. And policy includes “Managing and utilizing sustainable fisheries resources to enhance food security and food safety and to contribute to poverty alleviation”.

Poverty reduction (expressed in terms of food security and socio-economic development) is identified as a priority in fisheries sector policies where these elements are seen as part of a strategy ultimately to enhance livelihoods and to enhance the nation’s prosperity.

RGC Statement on Policy

Post-harvest Sector Guidance

The goal of the fisheries sector is to maximize the contribution of fisheries to the achievement of national development objectives especially those related to improving rural livelihoods of the poor, enhancing food security and the sustainable development and equitable use of the fisheries resource base. The action plan aims to achieve this goal taking into account the wider policy framework defined by the Socio-economic Development Plan and the Poverty Reduction Strategy, and reflecting the requirement of the Government Rectangular Strategy.

FDAP refers to “poor” 9 times and “poverty” 4 times. Key aspect of recent forms have been fishing lot reforms to benefit small-scale fishers.

Does policy include mention of, or provide for, micro-finance?

Yes, FAP for 2006 refers to “pilot interventions in micro-finance and “commence four (4) programmes to improve access to micro-finance service.”.

Does policy include reducing the number of those engaged in fishing maintaining current numbers, or increasing/maximizing employment?

Increasing. One of 6 priority action areas in FDAP aims to “Improving livelihood of poor rural people by enhancing the role of fish in food security, employment and income generation…

Does policy include assistance to fishers to leave the fisheries sector or to supplement livelihoods from non-fishing activities?

Yes. On medium term action is “Researching the potential role of rural livelihood enhancement and diversification, and livelihood alternatives to reduce the pressure on fishing resources from the growing rural population and collaborating with other agencies to develop these livelihood options.” And “The poverty reduction strategy suggests that the future development of the fishery must be tackled on four fronts: 1. Increasing alternative livelihoods in order to decrease exploitation of the fishery resources…”.

Does policy refer to food security?
If so, to what extent (if at all) is policy specific about whether fisheries should provide direct food security (i.e. fish being consumed domestically) or indirect food security (fish exported with money then available for food imports).

Yes. The Vision for the Fisheries Sector is: “Management, conservation, and development of sustainable fisheries resources to contribute to ensuring people’s food security and to socio­economic development in order to enhance people’s livelihoods and the nation’s prosperity”.

And policy includes “Managing and utilizing sustainable fisheries resources to enhance food security and food safety and to contribute to poverty alleviation”.

The goal of the fisheries sector is to maximize the contribution of fisheries to the achievement of national development objectives especially those related to improving rural livelihoods of the poor, enhancing food security and the sustainable development and equitable use of the fisheries resource base. And on the 6 priorty action areas in the FDAP includes enhancing the role of fish in food security.

RGC Statement on Policy

FDAP 2005-2008

Key aspect of recent forms have been fishing lot reforms.
Recent policy planning strongly supported by donors.

Important to note that:

1. That policy in the sector is influenced by the mandate of the DoF as defined by legislation and is changing as DoF moves towards being a Fisheries administration.
2. That it is subservient to the Rectangular Strategy of the government which in turn provides the basis for the National Strategic Development Plan, the Public Investment Plan and the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework.
3. Fisheries policy is also influenced by policies from a range of other sectors that relate to a range of cross-cutting issues such as food security, gender, poverty reduction, food safety, WTO etc.
4. Fisheries policy is also influenced by international obligations and commitments, not least of these is the CCRF. Cambodia is currently implementing a self-assessment of the implementation of the Code.
5. DoF is also moving much more to a people-centered service delivery agency and is putting policy-influencing mechanisms in place that allow greater feedback from communes and communities into the policy process.
6. DoF has also started to embark upon a process of sub-sector policy guidance which feeds into sector policy and reflects the realities of changes in the sub-sector and in the livelihoods of those who depend upon the sector.

The aim of the ongoing reform programme is to fully implement the policy and institutional reforms needed to create an efficient and effective institution capable of supporting and promoting service delivery to a decentralized government system in line with Royal Government of Cambodia’s (RGC) fisheries policy. The FRP is embedded in the Fisheries Development Action Plan (FDAP) (2005-2008) and, specifically, the Fisheries Action Plan 2006 (Appendix 1) which has been agreed by the Technical Working Group on Fisheries (TWGF) which, in turn, reflects the NSDP. The FRP also responds to the Department’s response to the Government’s Action Plan for Harmonization and Alignment by reviewing and addressing institutional effectiveness and moving the support to the sector towards a more programmatic approach.

Policy Issue/Question

Answer

Supporting Reference

Section A: Policy Targets/Indicators

Does policy contain specific development targets for capture fisheries?
If so, pls elaborate.

Production targets for 2005 = 46 million tonnes (total capture and culture), aquaculture = 67%, capture = 33%.

10^th 5-yr plan

Does policy contain specific management targets for capture fisheries? e.g. area under MPAs, etc.
If so, pls elaborate.

Closes area and seasons in the coastal areas, but not sure if these there are targets associated with these measures.

Does policy contain specific development targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Production targets for 2005 = 46 million tonnes (total capture and culture), aquaculture = 67%, capture = 33%.

10^th 5-yr plan

Does policy contain specific management targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Does policy contain any other specific targets or indicators e.g. value of exports?
If so, what are they. (List all)

Exports, but again not sure if these there are targets associated.

Is there a sense in development targets that aquaculture is more, less, or as important as capture fisheries production?

Emphasis is more on aquaculture expansion, and capture fisheries management/protection with increase in offshore fishing.

Section B: Natural Resource Management

Does policy include the use of fishery co-management and/or community manage­ment?

Pers. Comm. Jin

Does fisheries policy (as opposed to national non-sectoral policy) specifically provide for decentralization/devolution of management powers and responsibilities?

Article 6 of Law of 1986 specifies that “Departments of Fishery Administration under people’s governments at or above the county level and their fishery superintendency agencies may appoint fishery inspectors who will carry out assignments that those departments and agencies entrust to them”.

Article 7 of the same Law states that “State superintendence of fisheries shall operate under the principle of unified leadership and decentralized administration. Marine fishery shall be under the superintendence of departments of fishery administration under the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and centrally-administered municipalities contiguous to the sea, with the exception of those sea areas and fishing grounds with specially designated fishery resources that the State Council has put under direct administration of its fishery department and subordinate fishery superintendency agencies”.

In 2001 Law Article 10 states that “The department in charge of marine administration under the State Council shall, in conjunction with the departments concerned and the people’s governments of coastal provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government work out marine function zoning plans”.

Law 1986

2001 Law

Does policy include attempts to expand national offshore fisheries e.g. through the use of larger vessels?
If so, is such expansion at the expense of any foreign fishing interests currently operating in the country.

Yes (“China will…rationally develop and protect the offshore areas”) and distant water fishing in particular.

Article 14 of 1986 law states that “The state shall encourage and support the development of offshore and deep-sea fisheries and make rational arrangement of fishing capacity for inland and inshore fisheries”.

1998 White Paper

PEMSEA, 2003 1986 Law

Does policy encourage the movement of small-scale fisheries into offshore areas, due to resource constraints and technical improvements/efficiencies?

Pers. Comm. Jin

Does policy specifically recognize and address any issues of over capacity?
If so, what and how.

Yes as there is Fishing Vessel and Power Control Quota for Marine Capture Fisheries. In addition, In 2002, China started to carry out policy of “minus growth” for catch of marine and inland capture fisheries. In order to achieve the goal of minus growth of her marine fishery catch, China started a 5-year buy back program in 2002. According to the program, China would reduce 30000 fishing vessels.

FAO Country Review

Does policy refer to and/or deal with IUU fishing?
If so, in what way.

Yes. With respect to the domestic IUU there were 104200 vessels operated in the marine water of China in 2000. From that year, China has taken steps to deter the IUU fishing activities based on the principle of “Bring into Management and Treating Differently”. By the end of 2002, 92000 vessels have been brought into management and over 10000 vessels have been scrapped or used for other no fishing purposes. With respect to the vessels operated on high seas, in particular for tuna longline vessels, China conducted investigations on the business relation between present Chinese owners and the fishermen having been or being engaged in IUU fishing activities. China submitted a progress report on the issue to International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) Working Group on IUU Fishing in May 2002.

FAO Country Review

Is policy attempting to introduce user rights to fishers?
If so, how and in what way.

Law seeks to use a property rights and quasi-exclusive ownership approach to manage the principal ocean uses and ocean resources in China’s territorial sea. The Law sets out a framework for classifying uses of ocean space and granting licences to use ocean space according to the functions classified.

Article 10 of 1986 Law also states that “In conformity with the overall arrangement made by the state for utilization of water areas, people’s governments at and above the county level may assign state-owned water surfaces and tidal flats that have been designated for aquaculture to units under ownership by the whole people and units under collective ownership to develop aquaculture, and after examining their qualifications grant those units aquaculture licences to confirm their rights to the use of such water surfaces and tidal flats…. Ownership and rights to the use of water surfaces and tidal flats shall be protected by law and shall not be subject to encroachment by any units or individuals”.

The 2001 Law reinforces this by stating in that Article 6 “The State establishes a registration system for the right to the use of sea areas. Such right shall, once registered in accordance with law, be protected by law.” Numerous other articles then provide detail on the mechanisms for this.

Administration Law on the Use of Ocean Space of the People’s Republic of China, effective as of January 1, 2002

Law of 1986

Law of 2001

Does policy refer to need for integration/ coordination with other sectoral policies?

White Paper makes extensive reference to non-fishing use of seas.

Does policy mention ecosystems manage­ment?
If so, what measures are suggested.

Yes. Article 26 of 1986 Law states that “In accordance with the Marine Environmental Protection Law and the Water Pollution Prevention Law, people’s governments at all levels shall take

measures to protect and improve the ecosystem of fishery waters, prevent pollution…”.

Does policy include the use of MPAs?

Yes. White Paper refers to marine sanctuaries. Marine nature reserves are composed of core, buffer and experimental zones, in order to facilitate multiple uses and protect sensitive resources. At present, over 69 marine protected areas in PR China (including bays, islands, estuaries, coasts, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons, marine natural history sites, seaweed beds and wetlands) have been developed, covering an area of 12674 km ². The SC, concerned national agencies, and the subnational governments may designate natural reserves and take protective measures.

White Paper PEMSEA, 2003

Does policy include specific measures related to conflict management?
If so, what are they.

Yes. 1986 Law Article 12 states that “Disputes over the ownership and rights to the use of water surfaces or tidal flats that arise between units under ownership by the whole people, between units under collective ownership or between units under ownership by the whole people and units under collective ownership shall be solved through consultation between the parties concerned. If no agreement is reached through consultation, the disputes shall be handled by a people’s government at or above the county level. If a party refuses to accept the decision of the people’s government, it may file a suit in a people’s court within 30 days after receiving notification of the decision. Before the disputes over ownership and rights to the use of certain water surfaces or tidal flats are solved, no party may disrupt fishery production in the disputed areas”.

And 2001 law provides for functional zoning.

1986 Law

2001 Law

Section C: Financial/economic and marketing issues

Does policy provide for the provision of subsidies?
What are the main form of “good” subsidies provided?
If so, what are the main forms of “bad” subsidy provided and what is their time frame.
(pls use your own judgment to decide whether subsidies (e.g. training, social support, boat building, fuel, etc.) are good or bad)

Yes for vessel scrapping and job redeployment… good subsidies.

Is there an overall thrust/trend towards reducing or increasing the level of subsidy provided?

Does policy include increasing attempts to introduce user payments e.g. charges imposed on the fishing industry?

A user fee scheme has been developed and implemented according to the assessments of ecosystems and socio-economic values of the sea areas, thus contributing to the sustainable use of the resources.

Article 19 of 1986 law states that “Departments of Fishery Administration under the people’s governments at and above the county level shall work out overall plans and take measures to increase fishery resources in the fishery waters under their jurisdiction. These departments may collect fees from the units and individuals profited by the use of such waters and devote the money thus collected to the increase and protection of fishery resources. The procedures for collecting such fees shall be formulated by the department of fishery administration and the department of finance under the State Council, and must be approved by the State Council before going into effect”.

Does fisheries policy include mention of the need to support the traceability and/or certification of products?

Starting end of 2002, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture has implemented a programme called “Non Human Hazard Agriculture production”. The aim of this programme is to guide the farmers including fish farmers to farm their products according to required procedures and standards, and those products qualified will be labeled with the seal “Non human hazard agricultural products”. The programme is currently implemented on a voluntary basis.

Aquaculture Regulation on Quality and Safety Management (2002) aims to encourage fish farmers to adopt good practices for fish farming and to provide quality and safety products for human consumption. The regulation set stringent aquaculture measures to substantially improve the safety and quality of China’s farmed aquatic products. It takes a hard look at every aspect of fish farming from the quality of water and aquatic seeds to feeds, technology, fish drugs and marketing. It stipulates that fish farmers must use pollution-free water in line with the Water Standards for Aquaculture. This, along with an emphasis on the use of disease-free aquatic seeds, is aimed at preventing outbreak of diseases. The regulations stipulate that fish farms must have permits, keep daily logs on aquaculture production and drug use, and have their products examined and labeled before selling them.

Does policy refer to increasing value-added?
If so, how is this to be achieved.

Yes “restructuring fisheries to improve quality and increase income (not production) = value addition.

10^th 5-yr plan

Does policy refer to tariff barriers and/or free trade areas in the region?

No. But note that until accession to WTO, Beijing historically protected its domestic shrimp sector by imposing a tariff totaling 52.1 percent (comprising a 30-percent tariff plus 17 percent VAT) on all shrimp imports.

Does policy seek to increase exports?

Are there any specific policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of fisheries adminis­trations? e.g. public/private partnerships
If so, pls elaborate.

Yes. The National Economic and Social Develop­ment Programme for 2001-2005, adopted by the NPC, gives priority to the following activity which is closely associated with the COMAR area (People’s Daily, 2001): Restructuring of ownership and corporate systems, including those of the ocean industries for improved economic efficiency.

Section D: Socio-economic and poverty issues

Does policy refer to issues of poverty?
If so, in what capacity e.g. references to PRSPs, non-fisheries sector poverty reduction strategies, etc.

Does policy include mention of, or provide for, micro-finance?

Does policy include reducing the number of those engaged in fishing maintaining current numbers, or increasing/maximizing employment?

Reducing. China started a 5-year buy back program in 2002. According to the program, China would reduce 30000 fishing vessels and arrange 300000 fishermen transmit to other jobs within the 5 years. The central government will input 33 million US dollars each year and local government will input about 1 to 1 counterpart fund in supporting the program.

FAO Country Review

Does policy include assistance to fishers to leave the fisheries sector or to supplement livelihoods from non-fishing activities?

Does policy refer to food security?
If so, to what extent (if at all) is policy specific about whether fisheries should provide direct food security (i.e. fish being consumed domestically) or indirect food security (fish exported with money then available for food imports).

Pers. Comm. Jin

Section E: Overall impression of policy trends

In summary, what are the main trends and changes in fisheries policy over the past 10 years. Please also consider in the response to this question that the seriousness with which a certain policy is pursued can often be measured by the share of the budget allocated to it, or by whether it finds expression in specific legislation or regulations.

Policy Issue/Question

Answer

Supporting Reference

Section A: Policy Targets/Indicators

Does policy contain specific development targets for capture fisheries?
If so, pls elaborate.

FAO Country Review

Does policy contain specific management targets for capture fisheries? e.g. area under MPAs, etc.
If so, pls elaborate.

Not at national level.

Does policy contain specific development targets for aquaculture? If so, pls elaborate.

FAO Country Review

Does policy contain specific management targets for aquaculture? If so, pls elaborate.

Not at national level.

Does policy contain any other specific targets or indicators e.g. value of exports?
If so, what are they. (List all)

Yes. The primary national goal for fisheries is to increase per capita availability of fish from the current level of around 5 kg/year to around 11 kg/year.

FAO Country Review

Is there a sense in development targets that aquaculture is more, less, or as important as capture fisheries production?

Section B: Natural Resource Management

Does policy include the use of fishery co-management and/or community management?

Yes. Co-management and/or community manage­ment are referred to in the national Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy of 2004, in so far as “Fish aggregating devices would be promoted as a community-based activity”, and “Ornamental fish breeding and coastal cage aquaculture would be developed with a community orientation”.

Government encourages the formation of associations in all sectors (aquaculture, inland fisheries, mariculture, coastal fishing, offshore fishing, etc.) in order to put in place an enabling framework to engage in discussions with stakeholders, to receive realistic reports of field activities, constructive recommendations for strategy and policy formulation, and to receive feedback on government proposals. And there are extensive and numerous community management regimes in place in India.

Marine Fishing Policy

FAO Country Review

Does fisheries policy (as opposed to national non-sectoral policy) specifically provide for decentralization/devolution of management powers and responsibilities?

Yes. Under the Constitution of India, fisheries within the territorial waters, which extend up to a distance of twelve nautical miles from shore, is a State subject and the primary responsibility of its development rests with the State Government.

Items on List I (Union List) are dealt with by the Union Government, and items on List II are dealt with by State Governments. List III contains a list of items which fall under the shared responsibility of both the Union Government and the States (Concurrent List).

FAO Country Review

There are no legal provisions in place below State level to legislate for fisheries management at the local level.

3b.

Does policy include attempts to expand national offshore fisheries e.g. through the use of larger vessels?
If so, is such expansion at the expense of any foreign fishing interests currently operating in the country.

Yes. India has never signed a fisheries access agreement with a distant water fishing nation (DWFN), and has persisted for decades in its attempts (e.g. 1981 Charter Policy, joint ventures) to develop its own offshore industrial fisheries by nationally-owned interests. Despite proceeding with national development of its offshore fisheries, India’s inshore fisheries have always been the most important sub-sector, both in terms of catch and numbers of people depending on the fisheries.

“As the bulk of incremental catch to augment annual marine fish production has to come from deep-sea sector and beyond EEZ limit, the Government would encourage introduction of more resource specific vessels of above 20 m length”.

FAO Country Review

Marine Fishing Policy

Does policy encourage the movement of small-scale fisheries into offshore areas, due to resource constraints and technical improvements/efficiencies?

Policy advocates technology transfer to small-scale sector and “The small-mechanized sector would be encouraged by providing incentives for acquisition of multi-day fishing units”.

Marine Fishing Policy

5b.

Does policy specifically recognize and address any issues of over capacity?
If so, what and how.

Yes. Policy states that “Assessment of existing fishing capacity and plans for regulating or developing one or the other sectors of EEZ would be taken up”.

A range of capacity reduction measures are used in different fisheries e.g. shrimp, and sardines, on East coast.

A Government sub-group has been constituted to assess fishing capacity, and the Government intends to have capacity measured by 2005. In addition to this, the new deep-sea policy is mentioned in the capacity study, and is expected to address these issues.

Marine Fishing Policy

FAO Questionnaire

FAO Country Review

6b.

Does policy refer to and/or deal with IUU fishing?
If so, in what way.

The extent of IUU fishing and related problems is also being assessed by a sub-group.

FAO Country Review

7b.

Is policy attempting to introduce user rights to fishers?
If so, how and in what way.

Coastal Fishing Policy is defined by an open access regime, which has given rise to a sector with many entrants exploiting coastal marine resources to, and beyond, their full potential. Community use rights are afforded to certain castes of fishers, and non-fisheries specific legislation can also make provision community use rights. However, principal fisheries legislation is not thought to provide for community use rights.

But recent public notice following 2004 Fisheires Policy provides detail on the optimum number of deep-sea fishing vessels of each category to be operated in EEZ in next five years, numbers of Letters of Permission (LOPs) surrendered and numbers of LOPs which may be issued.

FAO Country Review

No. 21001/17/ 2004-FY (Ind)

Does policy refer to need for integration/ coordination with other sectoral policies?

Yes. “close liaison need to be maintained with Central and State Pollution Control Board for considering suitable legislation for all industrial establishments discharging effluents in to the sea”.

Marine Fishing Policy

9b.

Does policy mention ecosystems manage­ment?
If so, what measures are suggested.

Yes. Policy states that fisherman as the main stakeholder of the marine environment has to be sensitized against the land based pollution besides educating him in responsible fishing practices, which would cause the least disturbance to the marine ecosystem including mangroves.

Marine Fishing Policy

Does policy include the use of MPAs?

Yes. The concept of no-fishing zones in open waters is gaining importance in several regions of the west coast of India (Vivekanandan, 2002). And fish sanctuaries and MPAs are part of formal policy.

11b.

Does policy include specific measures related to conflict management?
If so, what are they.

Yes especially at State level where State Marine Fishing Regulation Acts and regulations are primarily put in place to deal with conflicts. E.g. The Tamil Nadu Marine Fisheries Act, 1983, was formulated to regulate fishing activities, protect interest of different sections, conserve fish and resolve law and order at sea. Kerala passed the Marine Fishing Regulation Act in 1980 based on the recommendations of the Majumdar Committee and banned trawlers during monsoon period June-August in 1981.

There are also dispute resolution mechansisms and use of seasonal trawl bans and zonation to reduce conflicts.

FAO Questionnaire

Section C: Financial/economic and marketing issues

1b.

1c.

Does policy provide for the provision of subsidies?
What are the main form of “good” subsidies provided?
If so, what are the main forms of “bad” subsidy provided and what is their time frame.
(pls use your own judgment to decide whether subsidies (e.g. training, social support, boat building, fuel, etc.) are good or bad)

Modernization of the fleet and upgrading of infrastructure receives attention through subsidies, although amounts are modest, and one-time payments.

Fishermen cooperative societies are exempted from income tax.

“The small-mechanized sector would be encouraged by providing incentives for acquisition of multi-day fishing units”.

“Vessels, which are landing quality fish for export would be provided with suitable incentive as in other export oriented agri-ventures”.

“Special incentives would be provided for wholly Indian owned vessels for venturing into inter­national waters and for concluding fishing arrangements with other nations under license”.

FAO Questionnaire

FAO Country Review

Marine Fishing Policy

Is there an overall thrust/trend towards reducing or increasing the level of subsidy provided?

Reduced through targeted subsidies, and rationalization. Policy states that “Uniformity in welfare schemes that are being implemented in different regions would be ensured. Schemes operated parallely by States and Centre would be rationalized”, and that “Greater participation of cooperatives, NGOs and local self-governance would be sought in implementation of welfare schemes for fishermen, thereby reducing the direct role of Central and State Governments in the process”.

Marine Fishing Policy

Does policy include increasing attempts to introduce user payments e.g. charges imposed on the fishing industry?

Only though licence fees. Participation by operators in the fisheries to cost-sharing for fisheries management is minimal. License fees are levied in the mechanized sector, but fees are low, as are penalties applied for fisheries offences. These sources of revenue do not represent a serious contribution to the overall cost Government faces for the management of the resource.

FAO Country Review

Does fisheries policy include mention of the need to support the traceability and/or certification of products?

Yes. In addition to requiring improvements in quality regimes, policy states that “Packaging and bar coding would be made mandatory for authorized sale of fish and fish products through registered outlets for ensuring food safety”.

Marine Fishing Policy

5b.

Does policy refer to increasing value-added?
If so, how is this to be achieved.

Indirectly by stating that “Total utilization of harvested fish for food and non-food uses would be the central theme”. Creation of MPEDA also intended to increase value-added and exports.

Marine Fishing Policy

Does policy refer to tariff barriers and/or free trade areas in the region?

Does policy seek to increase exports?

Yes, the first of three key policy goals is “to augment marine fish production of the country up to the sustainable level in a responsible manner so as to boost export of seafood from the country and also to increase per capita fish protein intake of the masses”.

The Marine Products Export Development Authority, a nodal agency was set up by the Govt. of India in 1972 for the promotion of seafood exports from India.

Establishment of liaison offices of the Marine Products Export Development Agency in target markets.

Marine Fishing Policy

8b.

Are there any specific policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of fisheries administrations? e.g. public/private partner­ships
If so, pls elaborate.

Section D: Socio-economic and poverty issues

Does policy refer to issues of poverty?
If so, in what capacity e.g. references to PRSPs, non-fisheries sector poverty reduction strategies, etc.

No specific mention of poverty in Marine Fisheries Policy, but a special section on Fishermen’s Welfare.

Marine Fishing Policy

Does policy include mention of, or provide for, micro-finance?

No, but provision of micro-finance is notable in India through a wide variety of mechanisms e.g. South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in India which runs what is probably the largest micro-finance programme in the world.

Does policy include reducing the number of those engaged in fishing maintaining current numbers, or increasing/maximizing employment?

Does policy include assistance to fishers to leave the fisheries sector or to supplement livelihoods from non-fishing activities?

Does policy refer to food security?
If so, to what extent (if at all) is policy specific about whether fisheries should provide direct food security (i.e. fish being consumed domestically) or indirect food security (fish exported with money then available for food imports).

Yes. The primary national goal for fisheries is to increase per capita availability of fish from the current level of around 5 kg/year to around 11 kg/year. And the opening words of the foreword to the Comprehensive Marine Fishing Policy are: “Relevance of the Marine Fisheries Sector extends beyond the livelihood security of the large coastal population to the food security of our countrymen and our foreign exchange generation”. b. Not specific.

FAO Country Review
Marine Fishing Policy

In summary, what are the main trends and changes in fisheries policy over the past 10 years. Please also consider in the response to this question that the seriousness with which a certain policy is pursued can often be measured by the share of the budget allocated to it, or by whether it finds expression in specific legislation or regulations.

Increasing emphasis on resource sustainability whereas previously policy was focused more on conflict management.

Policy Issue/Question

Answer

Supporting Reference

Section A: Policy Targets/Indicators

1b.

Does policy contain specific development targets for capture fisheries?
If so, pls elaborate.

Yes, 4.97 million tonnes to 5.44 million tonnes by 2009.

2005-2009 Strategy

2b.

Does policy contain specific management targets for capture fisheries? e.g. area under MPAs, etc.
If so, pls elaborate.

3b.

Does policy contain specific development targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Yes. Production of 5 million tonnes by 2009. Revitalizing aquaculture plan has specific area and production targets for 10 key species. 2.25 in 2005 to 4.27 in Stategy.

Policies on Aquaculture Development, Revitalisasi PB 2006-2009

Does policy contain specific management targets for aquaculture?
If so, pls elaborate.

Does policy contain any other specific targets or indicators e.g. value of exports?
If so, what are they. (List all)

• Increasing average-income of groups which are the target of the program becomes 1.5 million rupiah/month;
• Increasing knowledge and skill of 75000 people within 5 years and 7500 apparatus;
• Contribution to the gross domestic product at 5.1 percent;
• Total Fisheries production at 9.7 million tonne;
• Export value of fisheries products at 5 billion USD;
• Fish consumption at 32.29 kg/capita/year;
• Providing cumulative employment opportunities at 10.2 million people:
  a. Capture Fisheries: 3.7 million people;
  b. Aquaculture: 6.5 million people;
• Scope of poverty alleviation program at 18 percent of coastal community population (21 million people).

2005-2009 Strategy

Is there a sense in development targets that aquaculture is more, less, or as important as capture fisheries production?

More given potential of sector to grow.

Section B: Natural Resource Management

Does policy include the use of fishery co-management and/or community management?

Yes. In the Fisheries Act No. 31 of 2004, reference is made to community participation. The Act promotes community participation in fisheries management and provides for the taking into account of adat law (customary law and tradition). It establishes new institutions such as the Council for the Assessment of National Fisheries Development, led by the President, which consists of representatives of the private sector in addition to relevant Ministers. Furthermore, it provides for the empowerment of small-scale fishermen and fish farmers through access to credit, education and training, and development of small-scale fishermen and fish farmers groups and fisheries cooperatives. It also makes provision for the delegation of “fisheries functions” from the central Government to regional Governments, and for community participation in law enforcement through reporting of violations of fisheries laws and regulations by local communities.

Stratgegy also states that “Established community participation in marine and fisheries resource management through efforts of (1) establishing the autonomous surveillance institutions, (2) pro­visioning surveillance facilities and infrastructure and personnel, (3) developing surveillance technology, (4) increasing community participation and roles in surveillance implementation, (5) law compliance and enforcement”.

Macfadyen et al., 2005.

2005-2009 Strategy

Does fisheries policy (as opposed to national non-sectoral policy) specifically provide for decentralization/devolution of management powers and responsibilities?

Yes. 1999 Autonomy Act devolves power to district level especially, rather than Provincial. But more in terms of implementation. E.g., licence issue: >30 gt central govt., 10-30 gt provincial, <10 gt district. Districts should follow national policy, but sometimes national policy not applicable in different locations, and district levels lack capacity to plan and formulate policies.

Under the Act, budgets now go straight to the district level e.g. more than 10 percent of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries budget, and the deconcentrated budget for marine and fisheries development and management has significantly increased in recent years. Eighty percent of licence/fee revenue at province and district level can also be retained.

Policy Questionnaire

Does policy include attempts to expand national offshore fisheries e.g. through the use of larger vessels?
If so, is such expansion at the expense of any foreign fishing interests currently operating in the country.

Law and Strategy

Does policy encourage the movement of small-scale fisheries into offshore areas, due to resource constraints and technical improvements/efficiencies?

Law and Strategy

Does policy specifically recognize and address any issues of over capacity?
If so, what and how.

Said to be measuring capacity and capacity reduction programmes being used following NPOA preparation in 2003.

FAO Country Review and Quesitonnaire

6b.

Does policy refer to and/or deal with IUU fishing?
If so, in what way.

Reported to be preparations for a National Plan of Action for IUU Fishing, and that Indonesia is introducing VMS, MCS, and strengthening its licensing, law enforcement and inter-agency enforcement capacity to address IUU fishing.

Also strategy for 2005-2009 refers to illegal fishing as a “major problem”.

FAO Country Review

Strategy for 2005-2009

7b.

Is policy attempting to introduce user rights to fishers?
If so, how and in what way.

Legislation does not provide for community use rights, but village tenure over a defined area of both land and sea is strongly entrenched in the culture and recognized as legitimate by fishers even though it is not formally supported by law.

Macfadyen et al., 2005

Does policy refer to need for integration/ coordination with other sectoral policies?

National coordinating committee prepares policy.

Policy Questionnaire

9b.

Does policy mention ecosystems manage­ment?
If so, what measures are suggested.

Yes, to the extent that the fisheries sector policy statement in the National Development Plan (REPELITA VII for 2000-2005 supported by ADB) includes efficient and sustainable management of maritime resources and the rehabilitation of damaged coastal and marine ecosystems, through improved spatial planning.

And strategy says “Increasing rehabilitation and conservation of marine and fisheries resources as well as its ecosystem”.

FAO TP 488 2005-2009

Does policy include the use of MPAs?

Yes. Already 5 million ha of MPAs specified centrally. Under 1999 Auto Act, under 4 miles from coast is responsibility of the district, 4-12 is Provincial. Districts are now declaring their own MPAs, and already have community-based manage­ment areas, and traditional/indigenous MPAs.

Policy Questionnaire

11b.

Does policy include specific measures related to conflict management?
If so, what are they.

Yes, through conflict resolution mechanisms, and seasonal and area trawl bans.

Efforts in the Ministry are concentrated on mini­mizing conflicts.

FAO Questionnaire

Section C: Financial/economic and marketing issues

1b.

1c.

Does policy provide for the provision of subsidies?
What are the main form of “good” subsidies provided?
If so, what are the main forms of “bad” subsidy provided and what is their time frame.
(pls use your own judgment to decide whether subsidies (e.g. training, social support, boat building, fuel, etc.) are good or bad)

Law and Strategy

Is there an overall thrust/trend towards reducing or increasing the level of subsidy provided?

Does policy include increasing attempts to introduce user payments e.g. charges imposed on the fishing industry?

Very little except for licence fees, but some resource recent collection in industrial fisheries. But law does allow for it by stating that “All person who derives direct benefit from the fisheries resources and its environment within the fisheries management areas of the Republic of Indonesia shall be subjected to payment of fees”.

FAO Country Review 2004 Law

Does fisheries policy include mention of the need to support the traceability and/or certification of products?

Does policy refer to increasing value-added?
If so, how is this to be achieved.

Yes. Fisheries management shall be carried out “to increase the productivity, quality, added value, and competitiveness”.

Does policy refer to tariff barriers and/or free trade areas in the region?

Does policy seek to increase exports?

Yes. One of objectives of IMBUDKAN aquaculture programme is “to support increment of export oriented aquaculture production to increase export-earning and national food security”.

And one objective of policy/legislation is to increase foreign exchange earnings.

FAO Questionnaire

8b.

Are there any specific policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of fisheries adminis­trations? e.g. public/private partnerships
If so, pls elaborate.

Section D: Socio-economic and poverty issues

Does policy refer to issues of poverty?
If so, in what capacity e.g. references to PRSPs, non-fisheries sector poverty reduction strategies, etc.

Yes. Strategy says that “In this relation, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries needs to formulate a proper development strategy appropriate with three pillars of national development strategies, namely, pro-poor, pro-job, and pro-growth”.

2005-2009 Strategy

Does policy include mention of, or provide for, micro-finance?

Law and Strategy

Does policy include reducing the number of those engaged in fishing maintaining current numbers, or increasing/maximizing employment?

Maximizing employment, especially through aquaculture. One objective of policy/legislation is employment opportunities.

Questionnaire and FAO TP 488 and 2005-2009 Strategy

Does policy include assistance to fishers to leave the fisheries sector or to supplement livelihoods from non-fishing activities?

Law and Strategy

Does policy refer to food security?
If so, to what extent (if at all) is policy specific about whether fisheries should provide direct food security (i.e. fish being consumed domestically) or indirect food security (fish exported with money then available for food imports).

Yes, two objectives of rural aquaculture programme are “to optimize backyard productivities in order to fulfill family nutrition and to increase family income through aquaculture of consumable fish, local fish and ornamental fish”, and “to increase economic development and food security in rural areas”.

And one objective of policy/legislation is supply of fish protein and fish consumption.

FAO
Questionnaire and FAO TP 488