SR# = cross–indexing to tables in Suo Ruying's book Laminaria Seafarming (1988)
Tables in the text:
Table 1.1
Table 3.7
Table 3.10
Table 4.6
Table 6.4
Table 9.1
Table 1.2. Effect of seawater temperature on growth rate in length (cm/day) of sporophyte plants following transplantation to grow–out rafts. Laminaria growth is stimulated by falling winter seawater temperatures and retarded by rising summer seawater temperatures. Early transplantation results in higher production at harvest. (SR#4)
mo/days: | N/25-D/5 → | D/15 → | D/25 → | J/14 → | J/24 → | F/5 → | F/16 → | F/26 → | M/2 → | M/20 → |
water temp (oC): | 10.9 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 |
TI (N/10) | 1.77 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 2.44 | 2.91 | 2.59 | 2.43 | 2.28 | 2.42 | 2.39 |
TII (D/10) | 1.46 | 1.86 | 1.71 | 2.30 | 2.59 | 2.81 | 2.77 | |||
TIII (J/10) | 1.42 | 2.21 | 2.26 | 3.11 | ||||||
mo/days (cont'd): | M/30 → | A/4 → | A/19 → | A/29 → | M/9 → | M/19 → | M/30 → | J/10 → | J/21 → | July/1 → |
water temp (oC): | 5.6 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 13.7 | 14.2 | 18.9 | 20.6 |
TI (N/10) | 1.98 | 1.86 | 1.52 | 0.78 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.05 |
TII (D/10) | 2.42 | 2.77 | 1.96 | 1.48 | 0.80 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
TIII (J/10) | 3.22 | 3.73 | 3.18 | 3.52 | 3.06 | 2.25 | 1.38 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.05 |
TI = first batch of early term sporophytes transplanted Nov 10
TII = second batch of middle term Dec 10
TIII = third batch of late or last term Jan 10
Table 3.1. Relation between depth of culture ropes and percentage of mature Laminaria fronds with sporangial sori. (SR#7)
water level (cm): | 0 | 33 | 66 | 100–250 | ||||
sampling date (mo/day) | mature | % mature | mature | % mature | mature | % mature | mature | % mature |
4/5 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4/15 | 8 | 89 | 7 | 70 | 2 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
4/25 | 9 | 100 | 8 | 80 | - | 25 | 0 | 0 |
5/6 | - | - | - | - | - | 25 | 0 | 0 |
5/15 | - | - | - | - | - | 25 | 0 | 0 |
5/25 | - | - | - | - | 4 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
total mature: | 9 | 100% | 8 | 80% | 4 | 50% | 0 | 0% |
experimental design: 9 plants sampled at each depth plants transplanted: 17 Dec. 1956
[-] = no change
Table 3.2. Correlation between density of spores attached to sporeling ropes and proportion (%) of sporelings suitable for transplantation to culture ropes. (SR#10)
density of attached zoospores | no. sporelings on 1 cm of seedling cord | av length of sporelings over 2 cm | % of sporelings which can be transplanted | |
(no. per 100x field) | total no. | no. > 2cm | (cm) | (%) |
10 | 94 | 19 | 11.3 | 6.7 |
20 | 122 | 27 | 11.7 | 6.9 |
50 | 171 | 29 | 14.4 | 6.9 |
100 | 213 | 21 | 12.6 | 6.0 |
200 | 185 | 24 | 12.9 | 4.8 |
Table 3.3. Effect of temperature on increase in cell diameter of female gametophyte. (SR#1)
zoospores collected (mo/day): | May 11 | June 4 | ||||||||||||
increase in cell diameter of female gametophyte (μm) | ||||||||||||||
- no. days after zoospore germination - | ||||||||||||||
water temp (oC) | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 24 |
5 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 11.4 | 13.0 | 14.7 | 16.4 | 10.2 | 12.0 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 18.6 | |
10 | 9.3 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 14.2 | 16.0 | 17.7 | 19.4 | 10.6 | 12.9 | 15.2 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 21.1 | |
15 | 10.5 | 12.5 | 14.4 | 16.2 | 18.3 | 20.2 | 22.2 | 10.7 | 13.3 | 15.8 | 18.4 | 20.9 | 22.2 | 22.2 |
20 | 9.4 | 11.2 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 18.5 | 20.3 | 10.7 | 13.3 | 16.8 | 18.4 | 20.9 | 22.2 | 30.6 |
light intensity 1000 lux 10 hours daily, water temp 10° C
culture time (days): | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 20 |
water temp (oC) | number of cells formed | ||||
5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
10 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 7 | >10 |
15 | 1 | 4 | 6 | >10 | >10 |
20 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
light intensity 1000 lux 10 hours daily
water temp | date zoospores collected | no. days to formation of zygotes | no. days until 50% transform into zygotes |
5 | 5/11 | 17 | 24 |
6/30 | 17 | 24 | |
11/4 | 15 | 19 | |
10 | 5/11 | 16 | 21 |
6/30 | 13 | 16.5 | |
11/4 | 12 | 15.5 | |
15 | 5/11 | 20 | -- |
6/30 | 15 | 22 | |
11/4 | 14 | 18 | |
20 | 5/11 | do not develop | do not develop |
6/30 | do not develop | do not develop | |
11/4 | do not develop | do not develop |
light intensity 1000 lux 10 hours daily
standard values of main factors | ||||
turbidity | specific gravity | salinity | pH | |
normal: | <30 | 1.018–1.026 | 24–26 | 7.8–8.3 |
warning: | <1.015 | <20 | >8.5 |
Table 3.6. Effect of light intensity on growth and development of gametophytes. (SR#5)
1.i. during embryospore germination (lux) | 1.i. during gametophyte growth period (lux) | 1.i. during formation of zygotes (lux) | diameter of female gametophyte cell (μm) | formation of zygotes (day) | % zygote formation after 15 days | ||||||||
- no. days after germination of zoospore - | |||||||||||||
3 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |||||
1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 8.3 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 14.7 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 10 | 69% | |||
500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 8.3 | 11.1 | 15.3 | 14.7 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 11 | 48 | |||
200 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 8.3 | 11.1 | 15.3 | 14.7 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 11 | 33 | |||
1,000 | 500 | 500 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 12 | <1 |
1,000 | 200 | 200 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 16.7 | 24 | 0 |
1,000 | 1,000 | 500 | 8.3 | 11.1 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 16.7 | 22.2 | 11 | 19 | |||
1,000 | 1,000 | 200 | 8.3 | 11.1 | 15.3 | 16.7 | 19.7 | 10 | 10 |
light exposure 10 hours daily, water temp 10o C
Table 3.8. Effect of nitrogen concentration on gametophyte development. (SR#9)
culture time (days): | 7 | 13 | 21 | 28 |
N-NO4 + N-NH4 concentration (mg/m3) | STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT REACHED | |||
0 | gametophyte | gametophyte | gametophyte | egg protruded |
50 | gametophyte | egg protruded | 1–16 cell sporeling | 4–30 cell sporeling |
150 | gametophyte | egg protruded | 1–8 cell sporeling | 2–30 cell sporeling |
500 | gametophyte | 1–4 cell sporeling | 1–16 cell sporeling | 4–20 cell sporeling |
5,000 | gametophyte | 1–4 cell sporeling | 1–32 cell sporeling | 100- cell sporeling |
15,000 | sporeling | 1–4 cell sporeling | 1–32 cell sporeling | 100- cell sporeling |
P-phosphorus = 300 mg/m3
light intensity 1,800 lux 10 hours daily, water temp 10° C
Table 3.9. Effect of phosphate-P concentration on gametophyte development. (SR#8)
culture time (days): | 7 | 13 | 21 | 28 |
P-PO4 concentration (mg/m3) | STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT REACHED | |||
0 | gametophyte | gametophyte | gametophyte | gametophyte |
10 | gametophyte | gametophyte | gametophyte | gametophyte |
30 | gametophyte | egg protruded | 4-cell sporeling | 2–4 cell sporeling |
100 | gametophyte | egg protruded | 1–8 cell sporeling | 4–16 cell sporeling |
300 | gametophyte | egg protruded | 1–8 cell sporeling | 2–30 cell sporeling |
1,000 | gametophyte | egg protruded | 4–8 cell sporeling | 4–12 cell sporeling |
N-nitrogen = 150 mg/m3
light intensity 1,800 lux 10 hours daily, water temp 10° C
Table 3.10. Light intensity, temperature and nutrition concentrations used in the seedling station during zoospore collection, gametophyte and sporeling development.
period of development | light intensity (10 hours/day) (lux) | temperature | N | P | Fe |
(oC) | (ppm) | (ppm) | (ppm) | ||
zoospore collection | 500–1,000 | 8–12 | 2 | ||
gametophyte | 500–2,000 | 5–15 | 3 | .10–.20 | |
very early sporelings (to .1 cm) | 1,000–2,000 | 6–10 | 4 | .15–.30 | .04 |
early sporelings (to .5–1.0 cm) | 2,000–3,000 | 6–10 | 4 | .20–.40 | .04 |
young sporelings (to 1–2cm) | 3,000–4,000 | 6–10 | 4 | .40 | .04 |
young sporelings (to 2–5 cm) | 4,000–5,000 | 8–12 | 4 | .40 | .04 |
Table 3.11. Comparative data illustrating the benefits of cleaning sporelings attached to culture mats. (SR#11)
no. and size (cm) of sporelings appearing on a 2 cm section of seedling rope | |||||||
total no. | 1.0-0.5 cm | % | 0.5-0.3 cm | % | 0.3-0.1 cm | % | |
culture mats not cleaned | 137 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 23.4 | 105 | 76.6 |
culture mats cleaned | 195 | 3 | 1.5 | 72 | 36.9 | 120 | 61.5 |
cleaning method: manual water pressure method
Table 4.1. Correlation between growth of young sporophytes and fertilizer application. (SR#14)
region | 15,000 plants/mu | 15,000 plants/mu | plant size | growth stage of plants | colour | beginning time of transplantation |
total fert appl (kg) | daily fert appl (kg) | (cm) | ||||
Longxudao | 20.0 | 1.25 | 20-25 | robust | dark brown | end of Oct |
County MF | 22.5 | 1.50 | 20-25 | robust | dark brown | end of Oct |
Wawushui | 15.0 | 1.00 | 20-25 | robust | dark brown | 15% by end of Oct |
N Coast Sanggouwan | 7.5 | 0.50 | 10 | ordinary | brown yellow | 5 Nov |
W Coast Sanggouwan | 5.0 | 0.25 | 4.5 | thin & narrow | light yellow | 10 Nov |
S Coast Sanggouwan | 5.0 | 0.25 | 7-8 | brown yellow | 10 Nov |
fert appl = fertilizer application MF = Mariculture Farm 1 mu = 667 m2
Table 4.2. Transplantation times and water temperatures in northern China. (SR#17)
region | First Class early term YS | Second Class middle term YS | Third Class late term YS | Fourth Class last term YS | ||||
TP | WT | TP | WT | TP | WT | TP | WT | |
(mo/day) | (°C) | (mo/day) | (°C) | (mo/day) | (°C) | (mo/day) | (°C) | |
Dalian | 10/end-11/15 | 14-17 | 11/16-11/25 | 11-13 | 11/26-12/10 | 8-10 | 12/11-12/end | 5-8 |
Shandong Prov (Northern) | 10/end-11/15 | 14-17 | 11/16-11/25 | 11-13 | 11/26-12/10 | 8-10 | 12/11-12/end | 5-8 |
Shandong Prov (Southern) | 10/end-11/15 | 14-17 | 11/16-11/25 | 11-13 | 11/26-12/10 | 8-10 | 12/11-12/end | 5-8 |
TP = time of transplantation
WT = water temperature
YS = young sporophyte
Table 4.3. Transplantation times and water temperatures in southern China. (SR#18)
region | First Class early term YS | Second Class middle term YS | Third Class late term YS | Fourth Class last term YS | ||||
TP | WT | TP | WT | TP | WT | TP | WT | |
(mo/day) | (°C) | (mo/day) | (°C) | (mo/day) | (°C) | (mo/day) | (°C) | |
Zhejiang | 12/1-12/20 | 16-17 | 12/21-1/10 | 12-15 | 1/11-1/end | 8-11 | 1/end-2/5 | 7-9 |
Fujian | 12/1-12/20 | 16-17 | 12/21-1/10 | 12-15 | 1/11-1/end | 8-11 | 1/end-2/5 | 7-9 |
TP = time of transplantation
WT = water temperature
YS = young sporophyte
Table 4.4. Relation of growth and weight of cultivated kelp to early and late transplantation times in the Longxudao Experimental Culture Region, 1976. (SR#15)
sampling date | transplantation period | av no. plants per kelp rope | length × width | daily growth | fresh:dry weight ratio | length flat part blade | kelp rope fresh weight | kelp rope dry weight | % ET yield higher than LT yield | remarks |
(month/day) | (early or late) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | (kg) | (kg) | (%) | |||
3/24-4/28 | early | 21 | 323.1 × 33.0 | 2.32 | 74.9 | 21.0 | -- | 2 ropes for growth measurement, 4 ropes for weight measurement for ET and LT samples | ||
2/26-4/28 | late | 23 | 239.1 × 27.8 | 1.94 | 29.9 | 18.15 | -- | |||
early | 21 | 310.6 × 34.9 | 0.44 | 4.68 | -- | 14.0 | 3.00 | |||
4/28–6/12 | late | 23 | 206.0 × 28.6 | 0.70 | 6.00 | -- | 11.2 | 1.85 | 62.2 | average wet and dry weight of 6 ropes for ET and LT samples |
Table 4.5. Comparison of dry weight yield per plant obtained from early and late transplantation times. (SR#16)
cultivation region | transplantation time: early, late (month/day) | no. plants | av dry wt single plant (gm) | increment of ET over LT, LT=100 | |
Rongchen County | early: | 11/10 | 510 | 156.7 | 177.5 |
Aquaculture Farm (1975) | late: | 11/end | 2,550 | 88.3 | 100.0 |
Jimo County | early: | 11/15 | 68 | 73.5 | 185.0 |
Yangshanhou (1978) | late: | 11/end | 68 | 39.7 | 100.0 |
Jiaonan County | early: | 11/19 | 34 | 82.3 | 180.5 |
Hongshiyan (1980) | late: | 12/9 | 34 | 45.6 | 100.0 |
ET = average dry weight/plant with early transplantation
LT = average dry weight/plant with late transplantation
Table 4.7. Correlation between sporophyte growth and length at time of transplantation. (SR#19)
size of sporophytes at time of transplantation (cm) | |||||
6–8 | 10–12 | 14–17 | 19–23 | ||
average daily growth in length (cm) | F | 0.50 | 0.93 | 1.50 | 2.17 |
S | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.83 | 2.16 | |
average | 0.22 | 0.60 | 1.16 | 1.56 |
F = first batch transplanted sporophytes
S = second batch transplanted sporophytes
Table 5.1. Comparison of kelp growth on different parts of kelp culture ropes using the hanging kelp rope raft method of grow-out. (SR#20)
date (mo/day) | blade length x width (cm) | daily growth in length (cm) | ||||
U | M | L | U | M | L | |
3/3-13 | 292 × 30 | 266 × 25 | 221 × 21 | 3.53 | 2.98 | 1.60 |
3/13-18 | 306 × 31 | 274 × 25 | 224 × 21 | 3.65 | 2.65 | 1.60 |
3/18-24 | 323 × 33 | 236 × 26 | 236 × 22 | 2.87 | 2.29 | 2.17 |
3/24-29 | 341 × 33 | 300 × 27 | 245 × 20 | 3.70 | 2.95 | 2.30 |
3/29-4/9 | 356 × 34 | 321 × 29 | 260 × 20 | 2.36 | 2.05 | 1.66 |
dry wt per plant (g): | remarks: | |||||
U | M | L | ||||
6/3 | 97.4 | 65.9 | 60.9 | - kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 59.9% more than plants on lower parts | ||
6/20 | 98.4 | 77.0 | 61.6 | - kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 59.7% more than plants on lower parts |
U, M, L = upper, middle and lower parts of kelp culture ropes
Table 5.2. Comparison of kelp growth on different parts of kelp culture ropes using the hanging kelp rope raft method of grow-out. (SR#26)
date (mo/day) | blade length x width (cm) | daily growth in length (cm) | ||||
U | M | L | U | M | L | |
3/3-13 | 202 × 29 | 282 × 31 | 234 × 31 | 3.65 | 3.15 | 2.60 |
3/13-18 | 303 × 30 | 291 × 31 | 245 × 32 | 3.50 | 2.75 | 3.00 |
3/18-24 | 322 × 33 | 303 × 32 | 256 × 32 | 3.83 | 2.25 | 2.29 |
3/24-29 | 336 × 34 | 318 × 33 | 269 × 35 | 3.25 | 3.65 | 3.05 |
3/29-4/9 | 367 × 36 | 340 × 35 | 290 × 37 | 3.34 | 2.34 | 2.27 |
dry wt per plant (g): | remarks: | |||||
U | M | L | ||||
6/20 | 98.5 | 64.3 | 70.7 | - kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 39.3% more than plants on lower parts | ||
7/10 | 107.6 | 68.8 | 86.2 | - kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 24.8% more than plants on lower parts |
U, M, L = upper, middle and lower parts of kelp culture ropes
Table 5.3. Comparison of kelp growth using horizontal and hanging kelp rope raft culture methods. (SR#21)
transplantation period (yr/mo) | culture depth (cm) (cm) | raft culture method (hang/horiz) | rate of growth per day sampled monthly | |||||||||||
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | |||||||||||
E | M | L | E | M | L | E | M | L | E | M | L | |||
1957/1,2 | 50 | horizontal | 1.36 | 2.67 | 2.51 | 2.80 | 2.73 | 1.66 | 1.77 | 2.05 | 1.84 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 0.84 |
hanging | 1.15 | 2.50 | 2.31 | 2.06 | 2.17 | 1.37 | 1.70 | 1.80 | 2.30 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.27 | ||
1958/1,2 | 50 | horizontal | 1.73 | 2.10 | 2.07 | 1.68 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 1.44 | 1.97 | 0.69 | 1.34 | 0.20 | -- |
hanging | 1.18 | 1.67 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.69 | 1.37 | 0.74 | 0.21 | 0.89 | 1.17 | -- |
Table 5.4. Comparison of kelp growth by weight and fresh/dry weight ratios for plants cultured using hanging and horizontal kelp rope raft methods. (SR#22)
seedlings summer (SS) autumn (AS) | transplantation date | harvest date | raft culture method | no. plants in sample | fresh weight | dry weight | fresh/dry | ||
total wt | av wt | total wt | av wt | wt ratio | |||||
(yr/mo/day) | (yr/mo/day) | (kg) | (g) | (kg) | (g) | ||||
SS | 1957/1/2 | 1957/5/20 | horizontal | 17 | 9.30 | 547 | 1.75 | 103 | 5.3:1 |
hanging | 17 | 7.19 | 423 | 1.28 | 75 | 5.6:1 | |||
AS | 1957/1/2 | 1957/5/20 | horizontal | 10 | 3.16 | 316 | 0.62 | 62 | 5.1:1 |
hanging | 11 | 3.00 | 273 | 0.53 | 48 | 5.7:1 | |||
SS | 1957/12/27 | 1958/5/3 | horizontal | 21 | 6.13 | 292 | 1.22 | 58 | 4.9:1 |
hanging | 24 | 5.38 | 224 | 0.78 | 33 | 6.8:1 | |||
AS | 1958/1/23 | 1958/5/4 | horizontal | 21 | 6.25 | 297 | 1.12 | 53 | 5.5:1 |
hanging | 19 | 3.25 | 171 | 0.56 | 29 | 5.7:1 |
SS = summer seedlings or summer sporelings
AS = autumn seedlings or autumn sporelings
Table 5.5. Comparison of kelp growth using hanging and horizontal raft culture methods, at Dalian in northern China. (SR#23)
kelp rope raft culture method | |||
horizontal | hanging | ||
daily growth (cm) | 3.6 | 2.6 | |
av growth per plant (cm) | upper part kelp rope | 79 | 66 |
lower part kelp rope | 67 | 28 | |
fresh wt of 20 plants (kg) | 4.46 | 3.17 | |
colouration of plants | even deep brown | uneven deep brown |
note: measurements were taken between 30 April and 29 May 1958 from samples on culture ropes at the same depth
Table 5.6. Kelp growth using the mixed hanging/horizontal kelp rope method compared with kelp growth using the hanging kelp rope raft method alone. (SR#25)
growth period | hanging/horizontal kelp rope method | hanging kelp rope method | ||
size of blade (length x width) | av daily growth | size of blade (length x width) | av daily growth | |
(mo/days) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) |
2/11-21 | 209 × 27 | 2.68 | 222 × 24 | 2.43 |
2/21-26 | 219 × 27 | 2.25 | 228 × 24 | 2.03 |
2/26-3/3 | 241 × 29 | 3.68 | 239 × 25 | 3.00 |
3/3-3/13 | 269 × 30 | 3.13 | 266 × 25 | 2.70 |
3/13-18 | 279 × 31 | 3.08 | 268 × 26 | 2.63 |
3/18-24 | 294 × 32 | 2.79 | 285 × 27 | 2.44 |
3/24-27 | 308 × 34 | 3.32 | 299 × 27 | 2.98 |
3/24-4/9 | 332 × 36 | 2.27 | 315 × 28 | 2.02 |
Table 5.7. Comparison of dry weight yield from kelp ropes using the mixed hanging/horizontal and the hanging kelp rope raft grow-out methods. (SR#24)
harvest time (mo/day) | hanging/horizontal kelp rope method | incremental increase in output for the mixed hanging/horizontal over the hanging method of kelp rope culture (%) | |||
no. plants per kelp rope | fresh wt per plant (g) | dry wt per plant (g) | f:d weight ratio | ||
4/30 | 15 | 713 | 85 | 8.39:1 | 20.4 |
5/19 | 17 | 588 | 106 | 5.55:1 | 14.7 |
5/26 | 14 | 821 | 107 | 7.67:1 | 19.0 |
harvest time (mo/day) | hanging kelp rope method | |||
no. plants per kelp rope | fresh wt per plant (g) | dry wt per plant (g) | f:d weight ratio | |
4/30 | 17 | 668 | 71 | 9.46:1 |
5/19 | 15 | 700 | 92 | 7.58:1 |
5/26 | 15 | 788 | 90 | 8.70:1 |
Table 5.8. Comparison of kelp growth using one-dragon and horizontal kelp rope raft culture methods. (SR#27)
one dragon kelp rope | horizontal kelp rope | |||||
blade part | fresh wt (kg) | dry wt (kg) | f:d ratio | fresh wt (kg) | dry wt (kg) | f:d ratio |
1 m basal part | 2.5 | 0.4 | 7.0:1 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 7.4:1 |
1 m middle part | 2.7 | 0.5 | 6.0:1 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 6.8:1 |
1-2 m apical part | 3.1 | 0.6 | 5.6:1 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 8.1:1 |
average f:d ratio | 6.7:1 | 7.4:1 |
f:d ration = fresh weight/dry weight ratio
Table 6.1. Comparison of Laminaria growth for different spacings between culture ropes. (SR#29)
date (mo/day) | space between culture ropes (cm) | fresh weight per rope (g) | average kelp length (cm) | |||
upper part | middle part | lower part | average | |||
12-7 to 1-13 | 100 | 4.75 | 163 | 180 | 170 | 171 |
80 | 5.15 | 206 | 183 | 140 | 176 | |
1-13 to 2-3 | 100 | 6.90 | 201 | 255 | 205 | 220 |
80 | 7.85 | 227 | 225 | 180 | 210 | |
2-3 to 3-12 | 100 | 12.0 | 240 | 250 | 265 | 252 |
80 | 14.0 | 300 | 230 | -- | 265 | |
3-12 to 4-12 | 100 | 22.5 | 305 | -- | 260 | 283 |
80 | 25.0 | 360 | 280 | 200 | 280 | |
4-12 to 6-6 | 100 | 24.0 | 298 | 248 | -- | 273 |
80 | 25.0 | 352 | 280 | -- | 316 |
Table 6.2. Statistics on seafarming area and Laminaria yield in the Weihai mariculture region, Shandong Province. (SR#30)
1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | |
farming area (mu) | 2,300 | 2,900 | 4,200 | 4,000 | 5,100 | 5,100 | 6,700 | 8,500 | 8,250 | 9,000 | 8,000 |
average yield per mu | 1,091 | 1,344 | 1,403 | 1,177 | 1,035 | 941 | 1,163 | 975 | 776 | 701 | 895 |
total production | 2,510 | 3,900 | 6,000 | 4,711 | 5,280 | 4,803 | 7,796 | 8,284 | 6,413 | 6,319 | 7,161 |
Table 6.3. Comparison of yield from increased planting density for vertical and horizontal kelp culture methods. (SR#31)
grow-out method | planting density (plants/mu) | average fresh wt/plant (g) | average dry wt/plant (g) | % increase for horiz over vert culture method | ||
no plants/mu | fresh wt/plant | dry wt/plant | ||||
horiz culture | 23,100 | 561.92 | 59.08 | 116.6 | 104.3 | 118.2 |
vert culture | 19,800 | 538.6 | 49.73 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Table 6.5. Comparison of Laminaria growth rates at different depths (60, 90, 120, 150 cm). (SR#33)
date of sampling (mo/day) | water temp (oC) | 60 cm | 90 cm | 120 cm | 150 cm | ||||||||
AIW (g) | DIWC (g) | IWC (%) | AIW (g) | DIWC (g) | IWC (%) | AIW (g) | DIWC (g) | IWC (%) | AIW (g) | DIWC (g) | IWC (%) | ||
4-1 | 7.3 | 295 | -- | -- | 335 | -- | -- | 230 | -- | -- | 235 | -- | -- |
4-7 | 8.1 | 370 | 12.5 | 25.4 | 441 | 17.7 | 31.6 | 291 | 10.5 | 26.5 | 277 | 7.0 | 17.9 |
4-20 | 9.7 | 430 | 4.6 | 16.2 | 491 | 3.9 | 11.3 | 379 | 6.6 | 30.2 | 355 | 6.0 | 28.2 |
4-29 | 11.5 | 450 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 509 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 391 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 368 | 1.4 | 3.7 |
5-9 | 13.1 | 497 | 4.7 | 10.4 | 525 | 1.6 | 31.1 | 406 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 382 | 1.4 | 3.8 |
5-17 | 14.0 | 475 | -2.8 | -4.4 | 500 | -3.1 | -4.8 | 370 | -4.5 | -8.8 | 353 | -3.6 | -7.6 |
5-30 | 16.4 | 415 | -4.6 | -12.8 | 440 | -4.6 | -12.0 | 310 | -4.6 | -16.2 | 290 | -4.9 | -17.8 |
6-7 | 18.3 | 358 | -7.1 | -13.7 | 351 | -11.1 | -20.2 | 242 | -8.5 | -21.9 | 222 | -8.5 | -23.4 |
AIW = average individual plant weight
DIWC = daily individual plant weight increase or decrease
IWC = % change in individual plant weight over the sampling period
Table 6.6. Comparison of Laminaria growth and quality of product at different depths. (SR#34)
water depth (cm) | fresh wt./ culture rope (kg) | dry wt./ culture rope (kg) | fresh/dry ratio | quality of product (%) | |||
class 1 | class 2 | class 3 | no class | ||||
20 | 16.71 | 2.885 | 5.79 | 59.03 | 27.08 | 9.72 | 4.17 |
40 | 16.2 | 2.77 | 5.84 | 60.33 | 28.67 | 6.00 | 5.00 |
60 | 16.6 | 2.755 | 6.02 | 55.08 | 30.51 | 9.32 | 5.08 |
100 | 13.85 | 2.01 | 6.89 | 50.47 | 35.05 | 10.74 | 3.74 |
140 | 13.85 | 1.79 | 7.18 | 38.91 | 45.15 | 11.48 | 4.42 |
Table 6.7. Comparison of fresh/dry conversion ratios for Laminaria cultured at different depths, observed at different harvest times. (SR#35)
harvest (mo/day) | water temperature (oC) | fresh/dry conversion ratio | ||||
av | max | min | 20 cm | 100 cm | 200 cm | |
5-8 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 10.45 | 7.25 | 7.31 | 9.05 |
5-20 | 12.2 | 13.1 | 11.8 | 6.98 | 7.24 | 8.80 |
6-3 | 14.52 | 15.4 | 13.2 | 6.20 | 6.51 | 7.43 |
6-12 | 16.36 | 17.5 | 15.6 | 6.04 | 6.34 | 6.48 |
6-20 | 18.33 | 19.0 | 17.8 | 5.80 | 6.11 | 6.28 |
7-1 | 19.28 | 20.7 | 18.2 | 4.94 | 5.40 | 5.50 |
Table 6.8. Commonly used inorganic fertilizers: nitrogen content, properties and precautions for use. (SR#36)
type of fertilizer | nitrogen content (%) | descriptive properties | precautions |
ammonium sulphate | 21 | white crystal powder, acidic, quickly. absorbed by kelp, easily dissolves in in water, absorbs moisture slowly when humid and forms lumps. | Do not mix with alkaline substances. |
ammonium nitrate | 33–35 | white or yellowish granular powder, neutral, quickly absorbed by kelp, easily dissolved in water, absorbs moisture quickly when humid and becomes liquid, explosive when heated or impacted | Should not be hit with metal object, will explode with impact. Lumps should be removed by knocking lightly with a wooden stick. |
ammonium chloride | 24–26 | white or yellowish granular powder, acidic, easily dissolves in water, quickly absorbed by kelp, absorbs moisture slowly when humid and forms lumps. | |
ammonium carbonate | 17 | white crystal powder, alkaline, easily dissolves in water, quickly absorbed by kel. | Care must be taken to prevent evaporation in storage. |
urea | 46 | white crystal, neutral, quickly absorbed by kelp, dissolves easily, slowly absorbs moisture when humid. | Not suitable for seafarming |
ammonia | 12–18 | colourless or dark green liquid, alkaline, quickly absorbed by kelp, extremely volatile, corrosive to skin and metal containers. | Avoid exposure to sunlight. Prevent evaporation in storage. |
Table 6.9. Comparison of blade tip falling and weight reduction of Laminaria between fertile seawaters at Qingdao and infertile seawaters at Weihai. (SR#37)
av length of fallen blade tips (cm) | av kelp fresh wt. per culture rope (kg) | |||||||||
FERTILE WATERS AT QINGDAO: | ||||||||||
date (mo/day) | 4/19 | 4/29 | 5/9 | 5/19 | 5/30 | date (mo/day) | 5/9 | 5/19 | 5/30 | 6/10 |
length of fallen blade tips (cm) | 7.0 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 13.0 | fresh wt per rope (kg) | 21.1 | 20.9 | 20.7 | 17.4 |
total length of fallen blade tips (cm) | -- | 10.8 | 16.0 | 22.0 | 35.0 | reduction of fresh wt/rope (kg) | -- | -0.2 | -0.2 | -3.3 |
INFERTILE WATERS AT WEIHAI: | ||||||||||
date (mo/day) | 4/12 | 4/22 | 5/2 | 5/12 | 5/22 | date (mo/day) | 5/2 | 5/12 | 5/22 | 6/1 |
length of fallen blade tips (cm) | 2.2 | 13.3 | 18.2 | 36.9 | 26.2 | fresh wt per rope (kg) | 15.94 | 18.06 | 17.38 | 13.13 |
total length of fallen blade tips (cm) | -- | 15.5 | 33.7 | 70.6 | 96.8 | reduction of fresh wt/rope (kg) | -- | 2.12 | -0.68 | -4.25 |
Table 6.10. Correlation of total growth length with fallen blade length for Laminaria plants grown at different depths. (SR#38)
depth (cm) | date of observation (mo/day) | total lengthfallen blades (cm) | % fallen blades of total length | total length (cm) | length at harvest (cm) | |||||
4–6 | 4–20 | 4–29 | 5–9 | 5–17 | 5–30 | |||||
60 | 6.7 | 20.1 | 11.2 | 15.5 | 12.2 | 30.6 | 96.2 | 28.0 | 343.7 | 247.4 |
90 | 4.2 | 21.0 | 12.6 | 15.8 | 19.8 | 29.8 | 101.2 | 33.2 | 304.7 | 203.7 |
120 | 3.0 | 24.6 | 17.1 | 23.5 | 14.7 | 30.7 | 113.6 | 38.3 | 293.2 | 179.6 |
150 | 4.9 | 21.8 | 12.0 | 16.5 | 13.4 | 25.7 | 94.3 | 35.2 | 267.8 | 173.6 |
Table 6.11. Relationship between blade tip cutting at different times and production rate per mu. (SR#39)
cutting time | av temp (oC) | av prod/mu (kg/mu) | dry wt of blade tips per mu (kg) | % blade tips of total dry wt (%) |
mid-March | 3.5-4.0 | 1,000 | 120 | 12.0 |
late-March | 5.0-6.0 | 1,150 | 200 | 17.4 |
early-April | 7.0-8.0 | 800 | 110 | 13.8 |
Table 7.1. Comparison of fresh weight and dry weight of Laminaria at different harvest times and comparison of yield and production value per plant. (SR#41)
harvest time (mo/day) | water temp. (oC) | fresh wt per rope (kg) | average kelp length (cm) | fresh:dry wt ratio | dry wt per rope (kg) | Class quality (% of total yield) | productvalue (yuan) | |||
Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | no class | |||||||
4/25 | 8.1 | 21.75 | 326 | 10:1 | 2.175 | 7.7 | 33.3 | 27.3 | 31.7 | 2.02 |
5/10 | 10.3 | 24.375 | 337 | 9:1 | 2.715 | 17.1 | 35.4 | 37.4 | 10.1 | 2.97 |
5/26 | 13.2 | 24.625 | 311 | 7.9:1 | 3.115 | 21.5 | 31.6 | 45.3 | 1.6 | 3.77 |
6/11 | 15.2 | 22.0 | 288 | 6.6:1 | 3.33 | 49.4 | 16.0 | 30.3 | 4.3 | 4.12 |
6/29 | 17.8 | 17.625 | 233 | 5.7:1 | 3.015 | 81.0 | 19.0 | 4.45 | ||
7/14 | 21.0 | 14.5 | 154 | 5:1 | 2.885 | 80.3 | 19.7 |
Table 7.2. Effects of water depth and water temperature on blade thickening of Laminaria. (SR#42)
harvest time (mo/day) | period (mo/day) | average water temp (oC) | maximum water temp (oC) | minimum water temp (oC) | water depth (cm) | fresh:dry ratio | average fresh:dry ratio | ||
high density | low density | high density | low density | ||||||
first crop | 5/1 to | 12.5 | 14.1 | 11.0 | 60 | 8.1 | 6.62 | 8.2 | 6.96 |
5/15 | 5/15 | 120 | 8.51 | 7.28 | |||||
second crop | 5/16 to | 14.12 | 16.0 | 13.2 | 60 | 6.16 | 5.85 | 6.73 | 6.26 |
5/30 | 5/30 | 120 | 7.23 | 6.65 | |||||
third crop | 5/31 to | 18.87 | 19.7 | 15.3 | 60 | 5.68 | 4.57 | 5.73 | 4.73 |
6/20 | 6/20 | 120 | 5.76 | 4.81 |
Table 7.3. Comparison of individual plant dry weights for 15 kelp plants grown at different positions and water depths on kelp ropes. (SR#43)
position of 15 kelp on culture rope fm top to bottom (cm) | 1–3 | 4–6 | 7–9 | 10–12 | 13–15 |
average fresh weight/ individual kelp plant (g) | 845.6 | 906.0 | 884.0 | 869.0 | 763.0 |
average dry weight/ individual kelp plant (g) | 131.8 | 123.0 | 108.48 | 106.13 | 97.78 |
fresh:dry weight ratio | 6.42 | 7.37 | 8.15 | 8.19 | 7.80 |
% decrease in dry weight/ plant with depth (g) (top plants = 0) | 0.00 | 6.70 | 17.72 | 19.57 | 25.82 |
Table 7.4. Classification of fresh-dried kelp plants.
plant characteristics | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | substandard |
total length of plant (cm) | 100 | 80 | 60 | 40 |
length of flat blade portion (cm) | 70 | 50 | 40 | 15 |
width of flat blade portion (cm) | 12.5 | 9.5 | 6.0 | |
water content maximum (%) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
impurities maximum (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2–4 |
Table 7.5. Classification of salt-dried kelp plants.
plant characteristics | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | substandard |
total length of plant (cm) | 100 | 80 | 60 | 40 |
length of flat blade portion (cm) | 70 | 50 | 40 | 15 |
width of flat blade portion (cm) | 14.0 | 11.0 | 7.0 | |
water content maximum (%) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
impurities maximum (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4–6 |
Table 8.1. Comparison of output and market value per mu between monoculture and polyculture of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#44)
LAMINARIA (dry weight): | monoculture | polyculture I | polyculture II | |
fresh/dry wt ratio | 7.22 | 6.95 | 5.84 | |
mean dry wt kelp + mussels (kg) | 96.50 | 108.60 | 119.10 | |
mean yield per mu | dry wt (kg) | 1,073 | 1,317 | 1,336 |
increased yield over MC (MC=100) | 100 | 123 | 125 | |
class ratios (%) | class I | 59.3 | 74.0 | 80.0 |
class II | 22.6 | 12.7 | 9.6 | |
class III | 8.8 | 5.5 | 4.8 | |
substandard | 9.3 | 7.8 | 5.6 | |
value/mu (yuan) | output value/mu | 1,021 | 1,291 | 1,333 |
increased value over MC (MC=100) | 100 | 127 | 131 |
MUSSELS (fresh weight): | monoculture | polyculture I | polyculture II | |
mean yield per mu fresh wt (kg) | mussel rope wt | 11.65 | 13.9 | 14.3 |
wt per mu | 3,495 | 4,172 | 4,290 | |
increased yield over MC (MC=100) | 100 | 119 | 123 | |
value/mu | output value | 419 | 501 | 515 |
increased value over MC (MC=100) | 100 | 119 | 123 |
MC = monoculture
1 mu = 667 m2 = approx. 1/6 acre (1 acre = 4000 m2)
Table 8.2. Comparison of market returns from monoculture and polyculture of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#50)
culture method | yield of Laminaria (kg) | yield of mussels (kg) | total yield (kg) | market value of total yield (yuan) | total investment (yuan) | profit (yuan) |
LM | 900 | -- | 900 | 684 | 442 | 242 |
P | 1,300 | 2,800 | 4,100 | 1,940 | 1,000 | 940 |
increase of P over LM | 400 | 2,800 | 3,200 | 1,256 | 588 | 698 |
LM = Laminaria monoculture
P = polyculture of Laminaria and mussels
Table 8.3. Market returns obtained from monoculture of Laminaria (L) compared with polyculture (PI-PIV) of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#49)
system used | species composition | no. culture ropes per raft rope | sea area (24 raft ropes) (mu) | mkt. value by species (yuan) | total mkt. value (yuan) | increase total mkt. value of P over M ML = 100 |
ML | L | 50 | 3.0 | 3,061 | 3,061 | 100 |
PI | L | 20 | 1.2 | 1,550 | 3,152 | 103 |
M | 40 | 3.2 | 1,602 | |||
PII | L | 40 | 2.4 | 3,198 | 4,845 | 158 |
M | 40 | 3.2 | 1,647 | |||
PIII | L | 30 | 1.8 | 2,325 | 3,927 | 128 |
M | 40 | 3.2 | 1,602 | |||
PIV | L | 30 | 1.8 | 2,398 | 3,634 | 119 |
M | 50 | 2.4 | 1,235 |
M = mussels
L = Laminaria
ML = monoculture of Laminaria (:50)
PI = polyculture with mussel ropes dominant (40:20)
PII = polyculture with equal number of culture ropes (40:40)
PIII = polyculture with mussel ropes dominant (40:30)
PIV = polyculture with mussel ropes dominant (50:30)
Table 8.4. Increase/decrease (+/-) in dissolved N and P levels over a twenty-four hour growing period for monoculture and polyculture of mussels and Laminaria. (SR#46)
date (mo/day) | total N | N-NH3 | N-NO3 | N-NO2 | PO4- | total P | water temp (°C) | |||||||||||||
M | P | L | M | P | L | M | P | L | M | P | L | M | P | L | M | P | L | |||
12/15–16 | base level (mg/m3) | 454 | 407 | 400 | 62 | 61 | 66 | 69 | 65 | 65 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 37 | 38 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 31 | 7.0 |
increase/decrease | 61 | 37 | -30 | 16 | 16 | -2 | -2 | 6 | -5 | -4 | 1 | -1 | 15 | 5 | 2 | 28 | 1 | 0 | ||
12/27–28 | base level (mg/m3) | 942 | 862 | 836 | 57 | 43 | 53 | 108 | 102 | 103 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 50 | 50 | 48 | 66 | 62 | 54 | 6.0 |
increase/decrease | 133 | -18 | -36 | 55 | 31 | -- | -- | -51 | -54 | 5 | -4 | -6 | 11 | 2 | -5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | ||
1/10–11 | base level (mg/m3) | 485 | 433 | 461 | 45 | 35 | 59 | 114 | 53 | 54 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 45 | 47 | 35 | 52 | 53 | 43 | 1.5 |
increase/decrease | 33 | -71 | -263 | 71 | 10 | -14 | 4 | -28 | -34 | 6 | -2 | -2 | 7 | -4 | -5 | 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
1/31–2/1 | base level (mg/m3) | 413 | 368 | 400 | 76 | 40 | 30 | 28 | 12 | 15 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 42 | 28 | 13 | 44 | 39 | 25 | 5.0 |
increase/decrease | 345 | 36 | -246 | 6 | -1 | 18 | 0 | -10 | -12 | 2 | -2 | 1 | 23 | -1 | 4 | 10 | 4 | -4 | ||
3/3–4 | base level (mg/m3) | 263 | 257 | 250 | 50 | 42 | 44 | 44 | 32 | 34 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 36 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 29 | 26 | 8.0 |
increase/decrease | 173 | 96 | -107 | 8 | -22 | -37 | 4 | -21 | -23 | 0 | -2 | -2 | 2 | 1 | -10 | 6 | -- | -2 | ||
3/14–15 | base level (mg/m3) | 245 | 168 | 247 | 34 | 35 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 25 | 25 | 18 | 28 | 19 | 29 | 7.7 |
increase/decrease | 318 | 203 | -85 | 46 | -2 | -19 | 7 | -13 | -15 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 27 | 10 | -6 | 30 | 24 | -9 | ||
3/29–30 | base level (mg/m3) | 237 | 235 | 212 | 36 | 23 | 38 | 24 | 16 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 31 | 26 | 17 | 39 | 46 | 22 | 10.4 |
increase/decrease | 397 | 118 | -47 | 58 | 13 | -32 | 27 | -10 | -9 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 73 | 14 | -4 | 57 | 8 | 1 |
base level = concentration at beginning of experiment (mg/m3)
increase/decrease (+/-) = change from base level after 24 hour growing period (mg/m3)
M = monoculture of mussels
P = polyculture of Laminaria and mussels
L = monoculture of Laminaria
Table 8.5. Comparison of dissolved nitrogen-N concentrations in seawaters supporting monoculture polyculture of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#45)
date (mo/day) | total N (mg/m3) | N-NO3- (mg/m3) | N-NH4 (mg/m3) | inorganic N (mg/m3) | water temp (°C) | ||||||||||||
ML | MM | PI | PII | ML | MM | PI | PI | ML | MM | PI | PII | ML | MM | PI | PII | ||
12/8 | 293 | 322 | 309 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 59 | 55 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 19 | 23 | 18 | 10 | 7.2 |
12/21 | 409 | 444 | 373 | 340 | 51 | 55 | 41 | 40 | 33 | 37 | 33 | 34 | 17 | 19 | 13 | 15 | 4.5 |
1/25 | 189 | 245 | 200 | 179 | 63 | 66 | 65 | 67 | 75 | 68 | 72 | 68 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 2.0 |
2/24 | 242 | 290 | 235 | 245 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 1.0 |
3/9 | 284 | 329 | 295 | 293 | 11 | 18 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 24 | 25 | 32 | 28 | 2.0 |
3/25 | 204 | 212 | 204 | 195 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 29 | 20 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 31 | 31 | 29 | 26 | 4.3 |
4/7 | 178 | 172 | 188 | 182 | 25 | 25 | 28 | 25 | 18 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 8 | 8.0 |
ML = monoculture of Laminaria
MM = monoculture of mussels
PI = polyculture of L and M (LCR:MCR ratio of 1:1)
PII = polyculture of L and M (LCR:MCR ratio of 1:2)
LCR = Laminaria culture rope MCR = mussel culture rope
Table 8.6. Comparison of levels of dissolved O2 and CO2 between monoculture of mussels, polyculture of Laminaria and mussels, and monoculture of Laminaria. (SR#48)
date (mo/day): | 12/15–16 | 12/27–28 | 1/10–11 | 1/31–2/1 | 3/3–4 | 3/14–15 | 3/29–30 | ||||||||
(ml/1): | BC | I/D | BC | I/D | BC | I/D | BC | I/D | BC | I/D | BC | I/D | BC | I/D | |
02 | Mussels | 6.6 | -0.4 | 6.36 | 0.12 | 7.61 | -0.24 | 7.3 | -0.96 | 7.16 | -1.12 | 7.6 | -3.03 | 6.73 | -3.29 |
Polyculture | 6.68 | 0.36 | 6.35 | 1.14 | 8.02 | 0.32 | 8.14 | 0.62 | 9.04 | 1.26 | 7.6 | 1.12 | 8.02 | 0.76 | |
Laminaria | 8.67 | 0.86 | 6.52 | 1.55 | 8.12 | 1.21 | 8.30 | 0.55 | 8.23 | 1.82 | 7.98 | 3.92 | 8.43 | 2.89 | |
CO2 | Mussels | 46.66 | 0.86 | 53.58 | -1.90 | 47.83 | 2.18 | 43.10 | 4.09 | 45.34 | 4.15 | 44.09 | 5.81 | 46.80 | 6.35 |
Polyculture | 46.17 | -0.62 | 51.51 | -3.06 | 46.92 | -0.06 | 41.11 | 1.23 | 41.23 | -4.42 | 43.36 | -3.37 | 44.31 | -7.62 | |
Laminaria | 44.35 | -2.61 | 51.51 | -5.52 | 46.92 | -3.41 | 40.31 | -1.79 | 41.44 | -6.08 | 42.25 | -11.53 | 43.24 | -13.17 | |
water temp (oC): | 8.0 | 6.0 | 1.5 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 10.4 |
BC = base concentration
I/D = increase (+) or decrease (-)
Table 8.7. Comparison of outputs and market values between monoculture of Laminaria and polyculture of Laminaria and Undaria (SR#51)
yield (kg/mu) | value of Laminaria | value of Undaria | total output value (yuan/mu) | % increase in output value of polyculture over monoculture (monoculture = 100) | ||||
Laminaria dry wt | Undaria fresh wt | (yuan/kg) | (yuan/mu) | (yuan/kg) | (yuan/mu) | |||
Laminaria monoculture | 1,105 | -- | 1.00 | 1,105 | 1,105 | 100 | ||
Laminaria and Undaria polyculture | 722 | 4,409 | 1.00 | 722 | 0.20 | 882 | 1,603 | 145 |
Table 8.8. Growth of Undaria plants cultivated at different depths. (SR#52)
depth of culture rope (cm): | 80 | 160 | 220 |
average size of plants at transplantation length x width (cm): | 20 x 4.5 | 21.4 x 7 | 19.5 x 6 |
average size of plants 63 days after transplantation length x width (cm): | 74.75 x 66.5 | 80.5 x 58.1 | 81.5 x 44 |
increase in length (cm): | 54.75 | 59.10 | 62.00 |
no. times length greater than original length (%): | 3.74 | 3.74 | 4.18 |
increase in width (cm): | 62.00 | 51.10 | 38.00 |
no. times width greater than original width: | 14.73 | 8.15 | 7.33 |
average fresh weight per plant at end of growth period (g): | 116.70 | 89.60 | 71.80 |
comparison of weight per plant at different depths (%): | 162 | 115 | 100 |
time of transplantation: 17 January 1962
growth period: 17 January to 21 March (63 days)
Table 8.9. Comparison of dissolved levels of nitrates and phosphates in seafarming areas supporting different monoculture (L or S) and polyculture (L and S) systems. (SR#54)
seafarming system | dissolved nitrates N-NO3- (mg/m3) | dissloved phosphates P-PO4- (mg/m3) |
no seafarming | 12.5 | 8.3 |
L monoculture | 8.1 | 8.0 |
polyculture with L dominant | 11.6 | 8.6 |
polyculture withS dominant | 12.9 | 12.4 |
S monoculture | 13.1 | 10.5 |
Table 8.10. Comparison of dissolved levels of 02, N and P between monoculture (L or S) and polyculture (L and S) system. (SR#55)
culture method | tank volume (1) | water temp (oC) | scallop size | size of kelp plants | DO | inorg-N | N-NH4- | N-NO3- | P-PO4- | |||
length (cm) | width (cm) | weight (g) | length (cm) | width (cm) | (ml/l) | (mg/m3) | (mg/m3) | (mg/m3) | (mg/m3) | |||
PI | 8,000 | 6–8 | 7.74 | 7.31 | 63.8 | 161 | 12.3 | -0.43 | -0.6 | +13 | -13.6 | +15.4 |
MI | 8,000 | 6–8 | 7.77 | 7.20 | 62.1 | -- | -- | -2.97 | +586.6 | +568.3 | +18.3 | +49.1 |
MII | 4,000 | 6–8 | -- | -- | -- | 73 | 3.6 | +1.33 | -567.7 | -518.5 | -49.2 | -55.7 |
+/- = increase/decrease in levels of O2, N and P
L = Laminaria S = scallops
Experiment design:
PI = polyculture system (4.3S:1.7L), 3 trials using 6 tanks each trial,total of 26 scallops and 10 Laminaria plants.
MI = monoculture (av. 4.3S per tank), 3 trials using 6 tanks each trial,total of 26 scallops.
MII = monoculture (3L), 1 trial using 3 plants.
Table 8.11. Comparison of yield and market returns per mu between Laminaria monoculture and polyculture of Laminaria and scallops. (SR#53)
LAMINARIA | ||||||||||
culture method | fw:dw ratio | dw/plant (kg) | yield per mu | class of product (total = 100%) | market value/mu | |||||
dw % over M | I | II | III | sub | value (yuan) | % increase (M=100) | ||||
(kg) | (M=100) | |||||||||
M: L | 7.4:1 | 63.5 | 1,068 | 100 | 29.9 | 57.7 | 10.3 | 2.3 | 669 | 100 |
PI: L dominant | 7.2:1 | 70.5 | 1,272 | 119 | 31.2 | 48.1 | 16.0 | 4.7 | 788 | 118 |
PII: S dominant | 6.8:1 | 78.5 | 1,458 | 133 | 43.2 | 38.5 | 10.8 | 7.5 | 911 | 136 |
SCALLOPS: | |||||
av length shell (cm) | yield per mu | market value/mu | |||
dw (kg) | % over M (M=100) | value (yuan) | % increase (M=100) | ||
M: S | 5.5 | 87 | 100 | 3,583 | 100 |
PI: L dominant | 5.8 | 111 | 127 | 4,357 | 121 |
PII: S dominant | 5.67 | 67 | 76 | 2,605 | 72 |
M = monoculture
L = Laminaria
“over M” = increase over monoculture
P = polyculture
S = scallops
dw = dry weight
fw = fresh weight
sub = substandard (no class)
Experimental design: seafarming area = 1 mu = 667 m2
culture systems used:
M:L = 420 kelp culture ropes
M:S = 504 scallop net cages
PI: = 420 kelp culture ropes + 210 scallop net cagesratio 2L:1S (Laminaria dominant)
PII: = 210 kelp culture ropes + 500 scallop net cagesratio 2L:5S (scallops dominant)
total annual market | ML - 669 |
income per mu (yuan): | MS - 3,583 |
PI - 5,145 → preferred system | |
PII - 3,516 |
Table 9.2 Correlation between occurrence of red tides and incidence of sporeling disease in three hatcheries. (SR#60)
occurrence of red tide (mo/day) | duration of red tide (days) | examination of sporelings in seedling stations (mo/day) | % of diseased sporelings in three seedling stations | ||
#1 | #2 | #3 | |||
9/26 | 2 | 9/28 | 42 | 62.5 | 40.8 |
9/30 | 3 | 10/2 | 62 | 66 | 52 |
10/4 | 4 | 10/5 | 41 | 43 | 38 |
year: 1981