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Intervening against bovine trypanosomosis in eastern Africa: mapping the costs and benefits

Year of publication 2017

Place of publication Rome, Italy ;

Pages 124 p.

Author FAO

Publisher FAO ;

Product type Book (series)

ISBN 978-92-5-109781-6

Series title PAAT Technical and Scientific Series

Series number 11

Edition 1

Synopsis (short abstract) This book brings together almost a decade’s innovative work analysing and illustrating the economics of tsetse and trypanosomosis (T&T) in a spatial context. It builds on a pioneering study West Africa, extending the approach to the tsetse-infested regions of Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda. Cattle production systems are categorised as pastoral, agro-pastoral or mixed farming and further subdivided according to their use of draught power and high yielding dairy animal s. Twelve cattle production systems are mapped and their production in the absence and presence of trypanosomiasis calculated, providing the basic data for mapping the losses, and hence potential benefits from interventions against T&T. The costs of trypanocides, targets, insecticide-treated cattle, aerial spraying and the sterile insect technique are calculated, applied as appropriate in the context of sustained control activities or the creation of permanent tsetse-free zones. Mapping these costs made it possible to go on to map the benefit-cost ratios. The key findings have been published in three scientific papers. This book provides a wealth of additional background material, maps, tables and references which are particularly valuable to those with an interest in trypanosomiasis, its impact on livestock and cattle production systems and productivity in the sub-region.

Language English

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    Article
    Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa 2015
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    This study builds upon earlier work mapping the potential benefits from bovine trypanosomosis control and analysing the costs of different approaches. Updated costs were derived for five intervention techniques: trypanocides, targets, insecticide-treated cattle, aerial spraying and the release of sterile males. Two strategies were considered: continuous control and elimination. For mapping the costs, cattle densities, environmental constraints, and the presence of savannah or riverine tsetse spe cies were taken into account. These were combined with maps of potential benefits to produce maps of benefit-cost ratios. Author’s Accepted Manuscript, published with permission.
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    Document
    Estimating the costs of tsetse control options: An example for Uganda 2013
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    Decision-making and financial planning for tsetse control is complex, with a particularly wide range of choices to be made on location, timing, strategy and methods. This paper presents full cost estimates for eliminating or continuously controlling tsetse in a hypothetical area of 10,000 km2 located in south-eastern Uganda. Four tsetse control techniques were analysed: (i) artificial baits (insecticide-treated traps/targets), (ii) insecticide-treated cattle (ITC), (iii) aerial sprayin g using the sequential aerosol technique (SAT) and (iv) the addition of the sterile insect technique (SIT) to the insecticide-based methods (i–iii). For the creation of fly-free zones and using a 10% discount rate, the field costs per km2 came to US$283 for traps (4 traps per km2), US$30 for ITC (5 treated cattle per km2 using restricted application), US$380 for SAT and US$758 for adding SIT. The inclusion of entomological and other preliminary studies plus administrative overheads add s substantially to the overall cost, so that the total costs become US$482 for traps, US$220 for ITC, US$552 for SAT and US$993 – 1365 if SIT is added following suppression using another method. These basic costs would apply to trouble-free operations dealing with isolated tsetse populations. Estimates were also made for non-isolated populations, allowing for a barrier covering 10% of the intervention area, maintained for 3 years. Where traps were used as a barrier, the total cost of elimination increased by between 29% and 57% and for ITC barriers the increase was between 12% and 30%. In the case of continuous tsetse control operations, costs were estimated over a 20-year period and discounted at 10%. Total costs per km2 came to US$368 for ITC, US$2114 for traps, all deployed continuously, and US$2442 for SAT applied at 3-year intervals. The lower costs compared favourably with the regular treatment of cattle with prophylactic trypanocides (US$3862 per km2 assu ming four doses per annum at 45 cattle per km2). Throughout the study, sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact on cost estimates of different densities of ITC and traps, costs of baseline studies and discount rates. The present analysis highlights the cost differentials between the different intervention techniques, whilst attesting to the significant progress made over the years in reducing field costs. Results indicate that continuous control activities can be cost- effective in reducing tsetse populations, especially where the creation of fly-free zones is challenging and reinvasion pressure high.
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    Document
    Mapping the benefits: developing a new decision tool for tsetse and trypanosomosis interventions | La mise en carte des bénéfices: un nouvel outil de prise de décisions pour la lutte contre les glossines et les trypanosomoses 2006
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    The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of linking quantitative economic variables to a geographical information system (GIS) spatial framework in order to provide new insights and reinforce the decision-making process for tsetse and trypanosomiasis (T&T) interventions. Hitherto, GIS studies have mapped a series of ecological, demographic and socio-economic indicators, but have stopped short of mapping a derived measure quantified in monetary units. Furthermore, the economic aspects of T&T control have historically been dealt with separately from their other effects, with results usually expressed in terms of benefit–cost ratios or extra income per head of livestock. Even when they have been expressed in terms of US dollars per square kilometre (US$/km2) these results have not been mapped; instead they have been used as inputs for benefit–cost type analyses. In contrast, the approach developed here combines – for the first time – economic herd models with mapping of both breed/production systems and the expansion of livestock populations under various scenarios. The first phase of the work tackled Benin, Ghana and Togo. The second phase extended the work to cover parts of Burkina Faso and Mali. A range of standardised livestock population, production and price data were collected at country, province and district level from each of these five countries, together with the most recent livestock population, cropping and disease data. These were amalgamated with the corresponding data layers derived and adapted from the Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis Information System (PAAT-IS). At the mapping stage, the data were extrapolated to cover the areas around the five countries, notably including Côte d’Ivoire for which considerable data already existed in the authors’ archives and databases. Four breed/production systems were defined and mapped: a predominantly taurine system with minimal use of animal traction; a crossbred taurine×zebu system with moderate use of animal traction; a crossbred zebu×taurine system with very high use of animal traction; and a zebu system with moderate animal traction use. By combining these definitions with the new data and the PAAT-IS data layers, a new distribution map was produced that linked trypanotolerant and susceptible cattle breeds to production systems. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’examiner la possibilité de lier des variables économiques quantitatives au cadre spatial d’un système d’information géographique (SIG) afin de fournir de nouvelles connaissances et de consolider le processus de prise de décisions dans les interventions contre les glossines et la trypanosomose. Jusqu’ici, les études de SIG ont cartographié une série d’indicateurs écologiques, démographiques et socioéconomiques mais ne sont pas allées jusqu’à mettre en carte une mesure synthétique quantifiée en unités monétaires. En outre, dans le passé, les aspects économiques de la lutte contre les glossines et la trypanosomose ont été traités séparément de leurs autres effets ; les résultats étaient généralement exprimés en termes de rapports bénéfices-coûts ou de revenus supplémentaires par tête de bétail. Même lorsque présentés en dollars par kilomètre carré ($EU/km2), ces résultats n’ont jamais été mis en carte, étant plutôt utilisés dans des analyses bénéfices-coûts. L’approche mise au point ici combine – pour la première fois – des modèles économiques de troupeaux avec une cartographie à la fois des systèmes de production/race et de l’expansion des populations de bétail selon divers scénarios. La première phase des travaux s’est concentrée sur le Bénin, le Ghana et le Togo. La seconde phase a étendu les travaux pour couvrir des parties du Burkina Faso et du Mali. Une gamme de données normalisées sur les populations, la production et les prix du bétail a été recueillie au niveau national, provincial et départemental de chacun de ces cinq pays. Les données les plus récentes sur la population de bétail, l’agriculture et la maladie ont été rassemblées. Ces données ont été amalgamées avec les couches de données correspondantes tirées et adaptées du Système d’Information du Programme de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Africaine (PLTA-SI). Lors de la mise en carte, les données ont été extrapolées pour couvrir les régions entourant les cinq pays, y compris notamment la Côte d’Ivoire pour laquelle des données considérables existaient déjà dans les archives et les bases de données des auteurs. Quatre systèmes de production/race ont été définis et cartographiés : un système essentielle-ment taurin associé à une utilisation minimum de la traction animale ; un système de croisements taurins×zébus avec une utilisation modeste de la traction animale ; un système de croisements zébus×taurins avec une utilisation très importante de la traction animale ; et un système zébu avec une utilisation modeste de la traction animale. En combinant ces définitions avec les nouvelles données et les couches de données du PLTA-SI, une nouvelle carte de répartition, qui associe les races bovines trypanotolérantes et trypanosensibles à des systèmes de production, a été produite.
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