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This paper discusses the difficulties of diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease in sheep due to the often mild clinical signs and the similarity of the lesions to other endemic diseases (in the United Kingdom) of sheep. The paper also discusses common differential diagnoses for oral lesions in sheep including orf and idopathic oral ulceration as well as other miscellaneous diseases and those exotic to the United Kingdom (bluetongue, peste des petits ruminants and red foot).
Author: P. Watson
Date: 2004
These are photos showing lesions caused by malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. These include photos of lesions on the muzzle and oral mucosa. These can appear similar to the lesions produced by foot-and-mouth disease, for which malignant catarrhal fever is a differential diagnosis.
Author: the Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University (CFSPH), USA
Date: 2004
This is a guide to lesion ageing which contains both images and gives descriptions of foot-and-mouth disease lesions at different ages. The guide shows lesions in sheep, cattle and pigs.
Author: Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs (DEFRA), UK
Date: 2004
This paper is part of a series of "Livestock Policy Discussion Papers". The series aims to provide up-to-date reviews of topics relating to the livestock sector and its development in various regions of the world. This paper discusses the economic rational for public intervention in the control of transboundary animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth diseases. Factors determining the level of control for transboundary animal diseases and their economic impact is also discussed.
Author: M.J. Otte, R. Nugent, A. Mcleod, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Livestock Information and Policy Branch (AGAL)
Date: 2004
This is the directive which foot-and-mouth disease contingency plans for European Union Member States are based on. It lays down the minimum actions which must be taken in response to a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The foot-and-mouth disease contingency plan for each Member State must describe how they would implement the activities prescribed in the Directive.
Author: The Council of the European Union
Date: 2003
